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[ "Flurazepam[1] (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a very long half-life (40250 hours), which may stay in the bloodstream for up to four days.[1] Flurazepam is therefore unsuitable as a sleeping medication for some individuals due to next-day sedation; however, this same effect may also provide next-day anxiety relief.", "Flurazepam is a \"classical\" benzodiazepine; some other classical benzodiazepines include diazepam, clonazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, bromazepam, and clorazepate.[10] Flurazepam generates an active metabolite with a very long elimination half-life of 40250 hours. Residual 'hangover' effects after nighttime administration of flurazepam, such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive functions, may persist into the next day, which may impair the ability of users to drive safely and increase risks of falls and hip fractures.[11]\nFlurazepam is lipophilic, is metabolised hepatically via oxidative pathways. The main pharmacological effect of flurazepam is to increase the effect of GABA at the GABAA receptor via binding to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor causing an increase influx of chloride ions into the GABAA neuron.[12][13] Flurazepam is a unique benzodiazepine in that it is a partial agonist of benzodiazepine receptors whereas other benzodiazepines are full agonists of benzodiazepine receptors.[14]\nFlurazepam is contraindicated in pregnancy. It is recommended to withdraw flurazepam during breast feeding, as flurazepam is excreted in breast milk.[15]", "A review paper found that long term use of flurazepam is associated with drug tolerance, drug dependence, rebound insomnia and CNS related adverse effects. Flurazepam is best used for a short time period and at the lowest possible dose to avoid complications associated with long term use. Non-pharmacological treatment options however, were found to have sustained improvements in sleep quality.[3] Flurazepam and other benzodiazepines such as fosazepam, and nitrazepam lost some of their effect after seven days administration in psychogeriatric patients.[4] Flurazepam shares cross tolerance with barbiturates and barbiturates can easily be substituted by flurazepam in those who are habituated to barbiturate sedative hypnotics.[5]\nAfter discontinuation of flurazepam a rebound effect or benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur about four days after discontinuation of medication.[6]", "During the final stage of AD, the person is completely dependent upon caregivers.[27] Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech.[27][31] Despite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often understand and return emotional signals.[27] Although aggressiveness can still be present, extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common results.[27] People with AD will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks without assistance.[27] Muscle mass and mobility deteriorate to the point where they are bedridden, and they lose the ability to feed themselves.[27] AD is a terminal illness, with the cause of death typically being an external factor, such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia, not the disease itself.[27]", "Flurazepam, similar to other benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs causes impairments in body balance and standing steadiness in individuals who wake up at night or the next morning. Falls and hip fractures are frequently reported. The combination with alcohol increases these impairments. Partial, but incomplete tolerance develops to these impairments.[8] An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that there is considerable evidence of the effectiveness and durability of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all ages and that these interventions are underutilized. Compared with the benzodiazepines including flurazepam, the nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics appeared to offer few, if any, significant clinical advantages in efficacy in elderly persons. Tolerability in elderly patients, however, is improved marginally in that benzodiazepines have moderately higher risks of falls, memory problems, and disinhibition (\"Paradoxical agitation\") when compared to non-benzodiazepine sedatives. It was found that newer agents with novel mechanisms of action and improved safety profiles, such as the melatonin agonists, hold promise for the management of chronic insomnia in elderly people. Chronic use of sedative-hypnotic drugs for the management of insomnia does not have an evidence base and has been discouraged due to concerns including potential adverse drug effects as cognitive impairment (anterograde amnesia), daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of sedative hypnotics has been determined to be no better than placebo after 3 months of therapy and worse than placebo after 6 months of therapy. (NEJM, 1983, 1994, et seq.)[9]", "The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.[5] Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.[21] These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities.[22] The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.[21][23]\nSubtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD.[21] Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.[24] Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly.[25] The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment,[23] but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute.[26]", "Flurazepam is officially indicated for mild to moderate insomnia and as such it is used for short-term treatment of patients with mild to moderate insomnia such as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. Flurazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep. Intermediate half-life benzodiazepines are also useful for patients with difficulty in maintaining sleep (e.g. loprazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam). Hypnotics should only be used on a short term basis or in those with chronic insomnia on an occasional basis.[2]", "Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living.[27] Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary, which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions (paraphasias). Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost.[27][31] Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses, so the risk of falling increases.[27] During this phase, memory problems worsen, and the person may fail to recognise close relatives.[27] Long-term memory, which was previously intact, becomes impaired.[27]\nBehavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent. Common manifestations are wandering, irritability and labile affect, leading to crying, outbursts of unpremeditated aggression, or resistance to caregiving.[27] Sundowning can also appear.[32] Approximately 30% of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms.[27] Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations (anosognosia).[27] Urinary incontinence can develop.[27] These symptoms create stress for relatives and caretakers, which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long-term care facilities.[27][33]", "In people with AD the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems.[27] AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories.[28][29]\nLanguage problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language.[27][30] In this stage, the person with Alzheimer's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately.[27][30][31] While performing fine motor tasks such as writing, drawing or dressing, certain movement coordination and planning difficulties (apraxia) may be present but they are commonly unnoticed.[27] As the disease progresses, people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently, but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities.[27]", "The most common adverse effects are dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, and ataxia. Flurazepam has abuse potential and should never be used with alcohol or any other substance that can cause drowsiness. Additive and possibly fatal results may occur. Flurazepam users should only take this drug strictly as prescribed, and should only be taken directly before the user plans on sleeping a full night. Next day drowsiness is common and may increase during the initial phase of treatment as accumulation occurs until steady-state plasma levels are attained.", "Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.[13]", "Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.[1] This requires the heart to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels. Blood pressure is summarised by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole) and equate to a maximum and minimum pressure, respectively. Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100-140mmHg systolic (top reading) and 60-90mmHg diastolic (bottom reading). High blood pressure is said to be present if it is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg.\nHypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension; about 9095% of cases are categorized as \"primary hypertension\" which means high blood pressure with no obvious underlying medical cause.[2] The remaining 510% of cases (secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system.\nHypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attacks), heart failure, aneurysms of the arteries (e.g. aortic aneurysm), peripheral arterial disease and is a cause of chronic kidney disease. Even moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment is often necessary in people for whom lifestyle changes are not enough or not effective.", "Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a class of apolipoprotein found in the chylomicron and Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDLs) that is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents.[1] In peripheral tissues, ApoE is primarily produced by the liver and macrophages, and mediates cholesterol metabolism in an isoform-dependent manner. In the central nervous system, ApoE is mainly produced by astrocytes, and transports cholesterol to neurons via ApoE receptors, which are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family.", "The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick's disease and Alzheimer's pathology.[12]", "There is currently no known curative treatment for this condition. Supportive care is essential in what is a greatly debilitating problem.", "The gene, ApoE, is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with Apolipoprotein C1 and the Apolipoprotein C2. The APOE gene consists of four exons and three introns, totaling 3597 base pairs. ApoE is transcriptionally activated by the liver X receptor (an important regulator of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor?, nuclear receptors that form heterodimers with Retinoid X receptors.[5] In melanocytic cells APOE gene expression may be regulated by MITF.[6]", "APOE [2] is 299 amino acids long and transports lipoproteins, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol into the lymph system and then into the blood. It is synthesized principally in the liver, but has also been found in other tissues such as the brain, kidneys, and spleen. In the nervous system, non-neuronal cell types, most notably astroglia and microglia, are the primary producers of APOE, while neurons preferentially express the receptors for APOE. There are seven currently identified mammalian receptors for APOE which belong to the evolutionarily conserved low density lipoprotein receptor gene family.\nAPOE was initially recognized for its importance in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Defects in APOE result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia aka type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron, VLDL and LDL remnants[citation needed]. More recently, it has been studied for its role in several biological processes not directly related to lipoprotein transport, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), immunoregulation, and cognition.\nIn the field of immune regulation, a growing number of studies point to APOE's interaction with many immunological processes, including suppressing T cell proliferation, macrophage functioning regulation, lipid antigen presentation facilitation (by CD1) [3] to natural killer T cell as well as modulation of inflammation and oxidation.[4]", "Structural MRI imaging shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior. This distinguishes it from Alzheimer's disease.[10] Meta-analyses on MRI and FDG-PET studies confirmed these findings by identifying alterations in the inferior temporal poles and amygdalae as the hotspots of disease - brain regions that have been discussed in the context of conceptual knowledge, semantic information processing, and social cognition.[11] Based on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia.", "Although 40-65% of AD patients have at least one copy of the 4 allele, ApoE4 is not a determinant of the disease - at least a third of patients with AD are ApoE4 negative and some ApoE4 homozygotes never develop the disease. Yet those with two e4 alleles have up to 20 times the risk of developing AD.[citation needed] There is also evidence that the ApoE2 allele may serve a protective role in AD.[37] Thus, the genotype most at risk for Alzheimer disease and at an earlier age is ApoE 4,4. The ApoE 3,4 genotype is at increased risk, though not to the degree that those homozygous for ApoE 4 are. The genotype ApoE 3,3 is considered at normal risk for Alzheimer disease. The genotype ApoE 2,3 is considered at lower risk for Alzheimer disease. Interestingly, people with both a copy of the 2 allele and the 4 allele, ApoE 2,4, are at normal risk, similar to the ApoE 3,3 genotype.", "Patients perform poorly on tests of semantic knowledge. Published tests include both verbal and non-verbal tasks, e.g., The Warrington Concrete and Abstract Word Synonym Test,[9] and The Pyramids and Palm Trees task (Howard and Patterson, 1992)\nTesting will also reveal deficits in picture naming (with semantic errors being made e.g. \"dog\" for a picture of a hippopotamus) and decreased category fluency.", "SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms.", "The connection between neuron failure in Alzheimer disease and depleted myelin cholesterol (via ApoE deficiency) has also been described in Cholesterol Depletion and consequently is a known adverse drug reaction to statin therapy.[38][39][40][41][42]", "The pivotal role of ApoE in AD was first identified through linkage analysis by Margaret Pericak-Vance[35] while working in the Roses lab at Duke University[36] Linkage studies were followed by association analysis confirming the role of the ApoE4 allele as a strong genetic risk factor for AD.[20][21]", "Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia.[1][2][3]\nSD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences.[4]\nSD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD).[5]\nIt was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975,[6] however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989.[7] The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992.[8]", "The E4 variant is the largest known genetic risk factor for late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) in a variety of ethnic groups.[32] Caucasian and Japanese carriers of 2 E4 alleles have between 10 and 30 times the risk of developing AD by 75 years of age, as compared to those not carrying any E4 alleles. While the exact mechanism of how E4 causes such dramatic effects remains to be fully determined, evidence has been presented suggesting an interaction with amyloid.[33] Alzheimer disease is characterized by build-ups of aggregates of the peptide beta-amyloid. Apolipoprotein E enhances proteolytic break-down of this peptide, both within and between cells. The isoform ApoE-e4 is not as effective as the others at catalyzing these reactions, resulting in increased vulnerability to AD in individuals with that gene variation.[34]", "If the person's forgetfulness could put them at risk in any way, you may be able to take precautions that can help them live safely. These might include leaving a written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Or it could mean fitting a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. (For more information on devices to help with memory see factsheet 437, Assistive technology devices to help with everyday living). However, on the whole, it's important to help a person continue to do things for themselves and to remain independent. Those around the person with memory loss should try to be flexible and patient as far as possible. They should also encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders for example.\nAlthough memory loss affects each person differently, there are some characteristics that are relatively common in people with dementia. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty:\nremembering events\ntaking in new information\nrecognising people and places\nseparating fact from fiction.", "Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. They will also be accompanied by changes in thinking and feeling that make it more difficult to cope with everyday life.\nMemory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. For example, some people with dementia retain certain skills until quite a late stage. They may recall a surprising range of facts or experiences, especially earlier memories, even though they are very forgetful about other things such as recent events or familiar situations.", "Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available.\nThe term 'dementia' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making.\nBeing told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer's Society's National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet.", "To be healthy and function properly, brain cells need a good supply of blood. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia.\nA number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. This means it is important that these conditions are identified and treated at the earliest opportunity. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia", "People in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may:\nbecome confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events\nexperience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss\nbecome more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems\nhave difficulty carrying out everyday activities - they may get muddled checking their change at the shops or become unsure how to work the TV remote.\nAs the disease progresses, people with Alzheimer's will need more support from those who care for them. Eventually, they will need help with all their daily activities.\nWhile there are some common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, it is important to remember that everyone is unique. No two people are likely to experience Alzheimer's disease in the same way.", "Memory loss is a distressing part of dementia, both for the person with dementia and for those around them. However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips.", "Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience:\nproblems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication\ndepression and anxiety accompanying the dementia\nsymptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis\nmemory problems (although this may not be the first symptom)\nseizures\nperiods of severe (acute) confusion.\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include:\nvisual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond)\nchanges in behaviour (such as restlessness)\ndifficulties with walking and unsteadiness\nhallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true)\nproblems with continence\npsychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\nIt is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. Other factors can also play a part. For example, visual misperceptions may be the result of poor lighting or the particular way a home has been decorated, and some behavioural changes may be a consequence of care needs not being fully met.", "Sub-cortical vascular dementia is sometimes referred to as small vessel disease. There is also a specific form of sub-cortical vascular dementia called Binswanger's disease. Sub-cortical vascular dementia is caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels that lie deep within the brain. Symptoms may include difficulties walking, clumsiness, lack of facial expression and speech difficulties. Loss of bladder control early on in the disease is also common. These symptoms, however, are not always present and may come and go. Some people may experience sub-cortical vascular dementia as well as stroke.", "People with memory problems will find it very hard to absorb and remember new information and events. In some people with dementia, the part of the brain that allows new information to be processed may be damaged and they may have no recollection of hearing a piece of information before. Because their brain has not retained the information they have been given, they may believe that this is the first time they have heard it.\nThe following tips will help:\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently.\nBreak new activities down into small steps.\nTry to enhance what is to be remembered by using words, pictures, gestures, calendars and notice boards.\nWhen asking for information give cues and context rather than using vague questions. For example, ask, 'Did you have breakfast this morning?' instead of, 'Have you eaten?'\nRoutines and keeping things the same are very helpful. Try to begin any new routines as soon as possible, to give the person time to get used to the new way of doing things.\nTry to avoid telling the person that they have had this information before.", "Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 496,000 people in the UK. The term 'dementia' describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by certain diseases and conditions, including Alzheimer's disease. This factsheet outlines the symptoms and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, and describes what treatments are currently available.", "Most people with dementia remember the distant past more clearly than recent events. This is because memories tend to decline in reverse order to when they were experienced. People will often have difficulty remembering what happened a few minutes or hours ago, but can recall, in detail, life when they were much younger. However, as the condition progresses, even these long-term memories will eventually decline.\nPeople with dementia are often understandably anxious about forgetting their past. This is particularly concerning in the early stages of the condition. Those around them should try to provide opportunities to share memories by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together. This can help jog the person's memory, and may help them feel more calm and in control. Talking about the past can be enjoyable for the person with dementia. It may also help the person retain their sense of who they are.\nSometimes, a person with dementia may seem to be living in the past and insist, for example, that they have to wait for their mother to take them to school. If this happens, those around them should try to relate to what the person is remembering or feeling, as this is their reality, rather than contradicting what is being said.\nNot all memories are happy ones. If the person seems very upset by certain memories they will need the chance to express their feelings, and to feel that they are understood. If they seem sad, it can help to encourage them to talk about it and offer comfort, rather than changing the subject.", "About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer's disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two.", "A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. This interruption in blood supply causes permanent damage to the brain. A stroke is usually the result of a burst blood vessel (known as haemorrhagic stroke) or a blood clot (known as an ischemic stroke).\nThe symptoms that a person experiences as a result of a stroke depend on which area of the brain has been damaged. For example, if the area affected is responsible for movement of an arm or leg, paralysis might occur. If it is responsible for speech, the person might have problems communicating. Equally, damage to particular areas in the brain can cause the symptoms of dementia.\nThe most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. These can be so tiny that the person might not notice any symptoms, or the symptoms may only be temporary.\nWhen vascular dementia develops after an obvious stroke, it is sometimes called post-stroke dementia (or 'single-infarct dementia').", "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms become more severe.", "Someone with dementia may eventually lose the ability to recognise people, places or things. This is because the brain can no longer remember things or put information together. The person may even fail to recognise their own reflection in a mirror and think it is someone else. Or they might worry that a relative or close friend is an intruder in their home. It is common to think that a younger relative is their spouse or parent. Some cases of problems with recognition are linked to family resemblance.\nThis can be distressing for the person, but it can also be upsetting for those around them. If this happens, try to find tactful ways to give the person reminders or explanations. This will reassure them, and will help them to continue to make some sense of their environment and the people around them. Family and friends can find it distressing if the person with dementia no longer recognises them. In such situations it's important that they talk these feelings through with someone they trust.", "As dementia progresses, the person may sometimes confuse fact with things they have imagined. If this happens, try to focus on the feelings they are trying to express, and relate to them, rather than correcting the detail. For example, if they think their bag has been stolen when actually they have just put it somewhere and forgotten, this may make them feel that the world is a threatening place which can lead them to feel insecure. The feeling is true (a sense of feeling threatened) even if the details (the bag being stolen) are not.\nIt may sometimes appear that a person with dementia is making up stories. However, what they believe to be true may be related to some residual, patchy memories and their way of making sense of these.\nNo one likes being corrected all the time it may simply be irritating, but it can also severely undermine a person's confidence. If you continually correct the small details of what a person with dementia is saying, they may become reluctant to join in conversation or activities. For this reason, it is important to focus on the emotions behind the statement rather than the facts or details.\nThere may be some instances where it is important to clarify or correct what the person with dementia is saying for example, if they incorrectly accuse someone of something. In this case, it must be done sensitively, in a way that does not criticise, undermine or embarrass the person. However, it is also worth remembering that they may not recall the correction and this might need to be repeated.", "Alzheimer's disease, first described by the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, is a physical disease affecting the brain. During the course of the disease, protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain.", "There are different types of vascular dementia. The difference between these types depends on what has caused the damage in the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged.", "The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. These include:\ntaking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems\nadopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation\nreceiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions.\nThe National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer's disease is predominant.\nFor details of Alzheimer's Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo \nFor information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets", "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease. The GP will need to find out about the person's symptoms, medical history, current health and lifestyle.\nUnless another cause can be found for the symptoms, the doctor should refer the person to a specialist for cognitive tests to assess their attention, planning and thinking speed. The specialist may carry out brain scans to help make a diagnosis. Investigations will also aim to identify conditions that may be contributing to the progression of vascular dementia. These conditions include high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes and high cholesterol.\nIt is often helpful if a close friend or family member accompanies the person to the first GP appointment. They may be able to describe subtle changes that the person themselves has not noticed.\nIf the person has any family history of vascular dementia, or related conditions (such as heart problems), they should mention this to the doctor.\nAlways consult a doctor if you experience any sudden symptoms, such as slurred speech, weakness on one side of the body, or blurred vision - even if they are only temporary. These symptoms may be caused by temporary interruptions in the blood supply within the brain. If left untreated, they can lead to permanent damage.", "In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person's memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\nFor more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills.\nFor details of Alzheimer's Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo\nFor information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets", "Many of the factors that increase the risk of vascular dementia are the same as those that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (for example, smoking). This is because the cardiovascular system (made up of the heart and blood vessels) is responsible for delivering blood to the brain.\nFactors that can increase a person's risk of developing vascular dementia include:\na medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea (where breathing stops for a few seconds or minutes during sleep)\na lack of physical activity, drinking more than recommended levels of alcohol, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated\na family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease\nan Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Sri Lankan ethnic background - differences in vascular risk factors (such as heart disease) in these communities may contribute to the increased risk\nan African-Caribbean ethnic background - more research is needed to know why African-Caribbean people have an increased risk of vascular dementia.", "If someone is tired, unwell, anxious or depressed, they will find it even more difficult to remember things. The memory problems will also become more apparent if they try to do more than one thing at a time, or if they are distracted by noise or bustle.\nThings that will help to reduce a person's stress include:\nMaking sure they have plenty of emotional support and enough practical help.\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time.\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions, such as background noise or lots of people.\nProviding verbal cues rather than asking questions that might make the person feel 'put on the spot'. For example, say: 'Look here's David, your nephew, who has come to see you', rather than 'Do you remember who this is?'\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise, which helps reduce pent-up tension (see factsheet 529, Exercise and physical activity for people with dementia).\nHelping the person to get enough sleep, which helps with the formation of new memories. If the person is having problems sleeping, discuss this with the GP. If they are not sleeping because of nightmares and they take their medication at night, have them consider taking it in the morning instead.\nIf you think that the person seems anxious or depressed, consult the GP.", "Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises that are designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place. Cognitive stimulation therapy is thought to have particular benefits for language and has been shown to significantly improve quality of life in people with dementia. Current NICE guidance recommends that people with mild to moderate dementia should be given the opportunity to participate in a structured cognitive stimulation programme which is carried out in a group setting. Cognitive stimulation therapy may also be carried out at home by carers.\nCreative approaches can take many different forms, including music therapy, art therapy and drama therapy. Approaches such as these can enhance the person's quality of life and communication skills, and provide opportunities for social interaction.\nTalking therapies, such as counselling, can also be helpful for people coping with memory loss and coming to terms with a diagnosis of dementia. These therapies give people the chance to speak in confidence to a trained professional about their problems and concerns. For more information see factsheet 445, Talking therapies (including counselling, psychotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy).\nTo access any of these therapies contact the GP or memory service, or the local Alzheimer's Society office, who may have information about local groups in the area.", "It is vital that more personalised care is always provided by recognising that each person with dementia is an individual with likes, dislikes, routines and needs that are unique to them and delivering care that acts on this. These tips are designed to help nurses and other hospital staff in their delivery of good, person-centred dementia care.", "A number of different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss and the feelings this can bring, such as frustration and loss of self-esteem. Although most of these techniques require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use these methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory.\nThe person's home can be changed in a number of different ways to help them to manage as best as possible. This is known as 'environmental restructuring'. Examples include labelling doors and cupboards (eg plates and cutlery) and the use of 'special places' for important items, such as keys.\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. This can help to maintain people's confidence and self-esteem. Carers can use these techniques at home, for example by encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories.", "Although variety and stimulation are important, too many changes can be confusing for a person with dementia. Setting up a regular routine will help someone feel more secure, and will make it easier to remember what usually happens during the day. It is also a good idea to leave things in the same place, so that they can be found more easily.\nPeople can begin to lose their sense of time quite early on in dementia. If they can't remember what they have done, or what they are going to do that day, they may find it hard to judge how much time has passed or to anticipate what will happen next. Keeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. A calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly.", "Your loved one's sleep is important, but so is yours. If you're not getting enough sleep, you might not have the patience and energy needed to take care of someone who has Alzheimer's. If possible, have family members or friends alternate nights with you or talk with your loved one's doctor, a social worker or a representative from a local Alzheimer's association to find out what help is available in your area.", "If your loved one wakes during the night and is upset, do your best to stay calm even though you might be exhausted yourself. Don't argue or demand explanations, and remember that your loved one isn't deliberately trying to annoy you. Instead, ask what your loved one needs. Gently remind your loved one that it's night and time for sleep. If you find your loved one wandering in the house, gently guide him or her back to bed.", "Sleep problems and Alzheimer's disease often go hand in hand. Understand what contributes to sleep problems in Alzheimer's and what you can do to promote a good night's sleep.", "Sleep disturbances can take a toll on both you and your loved one. To promote better sleep:\n\nThink light. Exposing your loved one to a few hours of bright sunlight in the morning may improve his or her sleep at night. Light therapy with a specialized light box might be helpful, too.\nAvoid caffeine and alcohol. Caffeine in soda, tea, coffee or other products might contribute to sleeplessness, and alcohol can contribute to confusion and anxiety. If your loved one insists on having a drink, offer a soft drink in a familiar cocktail glass or serve nonalcoholic beer or wine.\nManage medications. Find out what time of day your loved one should take his or her medications morning for drugs that have a stimulating effect, and evening for drugs that make your loved one sleepy. Note that sleeping pills are generally discouraged for people who have Alzheimer's. These drugs can increase confusion and the risk of falls.\nEncourage physical activity. Plan your loved one's days to include walks and other physical activities, which can help promote better sleep at night. Taper your loved one's activities as the day winds down, however. Physical activity close to bedtime might leave your loved one too energized to fall asleep.\nLimit daytime sleep. If your loved one needs a nap, make sure it's short and not too late in the day. Have your loved one nap on the couch or in a recliner rather than in bed. If you think staying in bed too long in the morning contributes to nighttime wakefulness, wake your loved one earlier.\nEstablish a bedtime routine. Do the same things in the same way every night, such as brushing teeth, using the toilet, listening to soft music and rubbing your loved one's back. If bathing or dressing for bed is difficult, do it earlier in the day. It's also important to create an appealing place for sleeping. Make sure the temperature in your loved one's bedroom is comfortable. Turn on a night light. Place security objects, such as a favorite blanket, within easy reach.\nTreat underlying conditions. If you suspect that an underlying condition such as sleep apnea, depression or pain is interfering with your loved one's sleep, consult his or her doctor. Treatment might lead to more restful sleep for everyone.", "Many older adults have problems sleeping, but people who have Alzheimer's often have an even harder time. Alzheimer's may reverse a person's sleep-wake cycle, causing daytime drowsiness and nighttime restlessness. These sleep disturbances often increase as Alzheimer's progresses. Eventually, round-the-clock naps might replace deep, restorative nighttime sleep.\n\nSometimes other health problems affect sleep as well, such as:\n\nObstructive sleep apnea, which happens when throat muscles relax during sleep and obstruct airflow through the nose and throat\nRestless legs syndrome, a condition that causes discomfort when sitting or lying down, which can make it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep\nDepression", "Physical activity seems to help the brain not only by keeping your blood flowing. It also increases chemicals that protect the brain and tends to counter some of the natural reduction in brain connections that occurs with aging.\n\nMore research is needed to know to what degree adding physical activity improves memory or slows the progression of cognitive decline. Nonetheless, regular exercise is important to stay physically and mentally fit.", "Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may:\n\nKeep thinking, reasoning and learning skills sharp for healthy individuals\nImprove memory, reasoning, judgment and thinking skills (cognitive function) for people with mild Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment\nDelay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow the progress of the disease", "Yes, it might. Exercise has many known benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, strengthening the bones and muscles, and reducing stress. It also appears that regular physical activity benefits the brain. Studies show that people who are physically active are less likely to experience a decline in their mental function and have a lowered risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.", "Some of the symptoms common to both Alzheimer's and depression include:\n\nLoss of interest in once-enjoyable activities and hobbies\nSocial withdrawal\nMemory problems\nSleeping too much or too little\nImpaired concentration\nWith so much overlap in symptoms, it can be hard to distinguish between the two disorders, especially since they so often occur together. A thorough physical exam and psychological evaluation can be helpful in determining a diagnosis. However, many people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease lack both the insight and the vocabulary to express how they feel.", "The cognitive side of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia teaches you to recognize and change beliefs that affect your ability to sleep. The behavioral part of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia helps you develop good sleep habits and avoid behaviors that keep you from sleeping well.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia contains one or more of the following elements:\n\nSleep education. To make effective changes, it's important to understand the basics of sleep for example, understanding sleep cycles and learning how beliefs, behaviors and outside factors can affect your sleep.\nCognitive control and psychotherapy. This type of therapy helps you control or eliminate negative thoughts and worries that keep you awake. It may also involve eliminating false or worrisome beliefs about sleep, such as the idea that a single restless night will make you sick.\nSleep restriction. Lying in bed when you're awake can become a habit that leads to poor sleep. Limiting the amount of time you spend in bed can make you sleepier when you do go to bed. That way you're more likely to fall asleep and stay asleep.\nRemaining passively awake. This involves avoiding any effort to fall asleep. Paradoxically, worrying that you can't sleep can actually keep you awake. Letting go of this worry can help you relax and make it easier to fall asleep.\nStimulus control therapy. This method helps remove factors that condition the mind to resist sleep. For example, you might be coached to use the bed only for sleep and sex, and to leave the bedroom if you can't go to sleep within 15 minutes.\nSleep hygiene. This method of therapy involves changing basic lifestyle habits that influence sleep, such as smoking or drinking too much caffeine late in the day, drinking too much alcohol, or not getting regular exercise. You may be told to avoid napping and taught to maintain a consistent sleep schedule. It also includes tips that help you sleep better, such as ways to wind down an hour or two before bedtime.\nRelaxation training. This method helps you calm your mind and body. Approaches include meditation, hypnosis and muscle relaxation.\nBiofeedback. This method allows you to observe biological signs such as heart rate and muscle tension. Your sleep specialist may have you take a biofeedback device home to record your daily patterns. This information can help identify patterns that affect sleep.\nSleep diary. To understand how to best treat your insomnia, your sleep therapist may have you keep a detailed sleep diary for one to two weeks. In the diary, you'll write down when you go to bed, when you get up, how much time you spend in bed unable to sleep, total sleep time and other details about your sleep patterns.\nThe most effective treatment approach may combine several of these methods.", "Some newer sleeping medications have been approved for long-term use. But they may not be the best long-term insomnia treatment.\n\nSleep medications can be a very effective short-term treatment for example, they can provide immediate relief during a period of high stress or grief.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia may be a good treatment choice if you have long-term sleep problems. You may want to try it if you're worried about becoming dependent on sleep medications, if medications aren't effective or if they cause bothersome side effects.\n\nUnlike pills, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia addresses the underlying causes of insomnia rather than just relieving symptoms. But it takes time and effort to make it work. In some cases, a combination of sleep medication and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia may be the best approach.", "To detect depression in people who have Alzheimer's disease, doctors must rely more heavily on nonverbal cues and caregiver reports than on self-reported symptoms. If a person with Alzheimer's displays one of the first two symptoms in this list, along with at least two of the others within a two-week period, he or she may be depressed.\n\nSignificantly depressed mood sad, hopeless, discouraged, tearful\nReduced pleasure in or response to social contacts and usual activities\nSocial isolation or withdrawal\nEating too much or too little\nSleeping too much or too little\nAgitation or lethargy\nIrritability\nFatigue or loss of energy\nFeelings of worthlessness, hopelessness or inappropriate guilt\nRecurrent thoughts of death or suicide", "Early Alzheimer's disease and depression share many symptoms, so it can be difficult even for doctors to distinguish between the two disorders. And many people with Alzheimer's also are depressed.\n\nOne important difference between Alzheimer's and depression is in the effectiveness of treatment. While Alzheimer's drugs can only slow the progression of cognitive decline, medications to treat depression can improve a person's quality of life dramatically.\n\nPeople who have both Alzheimer's and depression may find it easier to cope with the changes caused by Alzheimer's when they feel less depressed.", "Insomnia is a common problem characterized by trouble falling asleep, staying asleep or getting restful sleep. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective insomnia treatment for chronic sleep problems.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is a structured program that helps you identify and replace thoughts and behaviors that cause or worsen sleep problems with habits that promote sound sleep. Unlike sleeping pills, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia helps you overcome the underlying causes of your sleep problems.", "Insomnia is linked to a number of physical and mental health disorders and substance abuse. Ongoing lack of sleep increases your risk of illness and infection, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and chronic pain. If you have a condition that's linked to insomnia, it needs to be addressed along with sleep problems.\n\n", "There are a limited number of certified Behavioral Sleep Medicine specialists, and you may not live near a practitioner. You may have to do some searching to find a trained practitioner and a treatment schedule and type that fit your needs. Here are two places to look:\n\nThe American Academy of Sleep Medicine offers information about finding a Behavioral Sleep Medicine specialist on its website.\nThe National Sleep Foundation website offers information about finding sleep centers. Many are associated with major hospitals.\nThe type of treatment such as group vs. individual and frequency of sessions can vary, depending on who you see. You may need as few as two sessions or as many as eight or more sessions, depending on your sleep expert, the program and your progress.\n\nWhen calling to set up an appointment, ask the practitioner about his or her approach and what to expect. It's also a good idea to check ahead of time whether your health insurance will cover the type of treatment you need.\n\nThey can't replace meeting with a sleep specialist in person, but you may benefit from books, CDs or websites on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques and insomnia.\n\nThey can't provide the same services as sleep specialists, but licensed psychological counselors (psychotherapists) can offer cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to ease psychological concerns linked to sleep problems.", "Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia can benefit nearly anyone with sleep problems. The therapy can help older adults who have been taking sleep medications for years, people with physical problems such as chronic pain and those with primary insomnia, a condition that exists in its own right. What's more, the effects seem to last. There is no evidence that the therapy has negative side effects.\n\nCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia requires steady practice, and some approaches may cause you to lose sleep at first. Stick with it, and you're likely to see lasting results.", "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well.\n\nIt is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nFor information about managing medicines for people with Alzheimer's disease, read the tip sheet Managing Medicines (PDF, 625K).\n\nVolunteerspeople with Alzheimer's or mild cognitive impairment and healthy individualsare needed to participate in Alzheimer's clinical research. Learn more about participating in clinical trials.", "Most cases of Alzheimer's are the late-onset form, which develops after age 60. The causes of late-onset Alzheimer's are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that influence a person's risk for developing the disease.", "APOE e2 is relatively rare and may provide some protection against the disease. If Alzheimer's disease occurs in a person with this allele, it develops later in life than it would in someone with the APOE e4 gene.\nAPOE e3, the most common allele, is believed to play a neutral role in the diseaseneither decreasing nor increasing risk.\nAPOE e4 is present in about 25 to 30 percent of the population and in about 40 percent of all people with late-onset Alzheimer's. People who develop Alzheimer's are more likely to have an APOE e4 allele than people who do not develop the disease.", "Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns.\n\nScientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nNo published study directly compares these drugs. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another.", "A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers.\n\nNamenda is believed to work by regulating glutamate, an important brain chemical. When produced in excessive amounts, glutamate may lead to brain cell death. Because NMDA antagonists work very differently from cholinesterase inhibitors, the two types of drugs can be prescribed in combination.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.", "The single-gene mutations directly responsible for early-onset Alzheimer's disease do not seem to be involved in late-onset Alzheimer's. Researchers have not found a specific gene that causes the late-onset form of the disease. However, one genetic risk factor does appear to increase a person's risk of developing the disease. This increased risk is related to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene found on chromosome 19. APOE contains the instructions for making a protein that helps carry cholesterol and other types of fat in the bloodstream. APOE comes in several different forms, or alleles. Three formsAPOE e2, APOE e3, and APOE e4occur most frequently.", "sing a relatively new approach called genome-wide association study (GWAS), researchers have identified a number of genes in addition to APOE e4 that may increase a person's risk for late-onset Alzheimer's, including BIN1, CLU, PICALM, and CR1. Finding genetic risk factors like these helps scientists better understand how Alzheimer's disease develops and identify possible treatments to study.", "APOE e4 is called a risk-factor gene because it increases a person's risk of developing the disease. However, inheriting an APOE e4 allele does not mean that a person will definitely develop Alzheimer's. Some people with one or two APOE e4 alleles never get the disease, and others who develop Alzheimer's do not have any APOE e4 alleles.", "Doctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. There is some evidence that certain patients may benefit from higher doses of the cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the higher the dose, the more likely are side effects. The recommended effective dosages of drugs prescribed to treat the symptoms of Alzheimers and the drugs possible side effects are summarized in the table (see below).\n\nPatients should be monitored when a drug is started. Report any unusual symptoms to the prescribing doctor right away. It is important to follow the doctors instructions when taking any medication, including vitamins and herbal supplements. Also, let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.", "Dozens of studies have confirmed that the APOE e4 allele increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's, but how that happens is not yet understood. These studies also help explain some of the variation in the age at which Alzheimer's disease develops, as people who inherit one or two APOE e4 alleles tend to develop the disease at an earlier age than those who do not have any APOE e4 alleles.", "Several studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease. Years before onset of Alzheimer's disease, blood pressure start to decrease and continues to decrease during the disease process. High blood pressure has also been related to pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal atrophy). The exact mechanism behind these associations is not clear. Hypertension is also a risk factor for stroke, ischemic white matter lesions, silent infarcts, general atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular diseases, and often clusters with other vascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Also these risk factors have been related to Alzheimer's disease. Hypertension may thus cause cerebrovascular disease that may increase the possibility for individuals with AD encephalopathy to express a dementia syndrome. Hypertension may also lead to vessel wall changes in the brain, leading to hypoperfusion, ischemia and hypoxia which may initiate the pathological process of AD. Finally, subclinical AD may lead to increased blood pressure, and similar biological mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Hypertension is a common disorder and often untreated. Several observational studies have reported that use of antihypertensives decreases risk of AD. Even though hypertension only results in a moderately increased risk of AD, or overall dementia, better treatment of hypertension may have an immense effect on the total number of demented individuals.", "Stay calm.\nAlthough being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent.\nRespond with a brief explanation. \nDon't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. \nShow photos and other reminders.\nUse photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places.\nTravel with the person to where he or she is in time. \nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality.\nOffer corrections as suggestions.\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. Try: \"I thought it was a fork\" or \"I think she is your granddaughter Julie.\" \nTry not to take it personally.\nAlzheimer's disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated.\nShare your experience with others.\nJoin ALZConnected, our online support community and message boards, and share what response strategies have worked for you and get more ideas from other caregivers.", "During the middle and late stages of Alzheimer's, allow the person with dementia to be as independent as possible during meals. Be ready to help, when needed.\n\nMake the most of the person's abilities. \nAdapt serving dishes and utensils to make eating easier. You might serve food in a bowl instead of a plate, or try using a plate with rims or protective edges. A spoon with a large handle may be less difficult to handle than a fork, or even let the person use his or her hands if it's easier.\nServe finger foods. \nTry bite-sized foods that are easy to pick up, such as chicken nuggets, fish sticks, tuna sandwiches, orange segments, steamed broccoli or cauliflower pieces.\nUse a \"watch me\" technique. \nFor example, hold a spoon and show the person how to eat a bowl of cereal.\nDon't worry about neatness. \nLet the person feed himself of herself as much as possible. Consider getting plates with suction cups and no-spill glasses.\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-food-eating.asp#ixzz2lGyJ9G6c", "During the middle and late stages of Alzheimer's, distractions, too many choices, and changes in perception, taste and smell can make eating more difficult. The following tips can help:\n\nLimit distractions. \nServe meals in quiet surroundings, away from the television and other distractions. \nKeep the table setting simple. \nAvoid placing items on the table such as table arrangements or plastic fruit that might distract or confuse the person. Use only the utensils needed for the meal.\nDistinguish food from the plate. \nChanges in visual and spatial abilities may make it tough for someone with dementia to distinguish food from the plate or the plate from the table. It can help to use white plates or bowls with a contrasting color placemat. Avoid patterned dishes, tablecloths and placemats.\nCheck the food temperature. \nA person with dementia might not be able to tell if something is too hot to eat or drink. Always test the temperature of foods and beverages before serving.\nServe only one or two foods at a time. \nToo many foods at once may be overwhelming. Simplify by serving one dish at a time. For example, mashed potatoes followed by meat.\nBe flexible to food preferences. \nKeep long-standing personal preferences in mind when preparing food, and be aware that a person with dementia may suddenly develop new food preferences or reject foods that were liked in the past.\nGive the person plenty of time to eat. \nRemind him or her to chew and swallow carefully. Keep in mind that it may take an hour or longer to finish eating.\nEat together. \nMake meals an enjoyable social event so everyone looks forward to the experience. Research suggests that people eat better when they are in the company of others.\nKeep in mind the person may not remember when or if he or she ate. \nIf the person continues to ask about eating breakfast, consider serving several breakfasts juice, followed by toast, followed by cereal.\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-food-eating.asp#ixzz2lGyGkrFV", "The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer's causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time.\n\nCertain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes.\n\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/dementia-memory-loss-problems-confusion.asp#ixzz2lkDYQbv1", "If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's or a related dementia, you are not alone. The Alzheimer's Association is the trusted resource for reliable information, education, referral and support to millions of people affected by the disease.", "Proper nutrition is important to keep the body strong and healthy. For a person with Alzheimer's or dementia, poor nutrition may increase behavioral symptoms and cause weight loss.\n\nThe basic nutrition tips below can help boost the person with dementia's health and your health as a caregiver, too.\n\nProvide a balanced diet with a variety of foods. \nOffer vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and lean protein foods.\nLimit foods with high saturated fat and cholesterol. \nSome fat is essential for health but not all fats are equal. Go light on fats that are bad for heart health, such as butter, solid shortening, lard and fatty cuts of meats.\nCut down on refined sugars.\nOften found in processed foods, refined sugars contain calories but lack vitamins, minerals and fiber. You can tame a sweet tooth with healthier options like fruit or juice-sweetened baked goods. But note that in the later-stages of Alzheimer's, if loss of appetite is a problem, adding sugar to foods may encourage eating.\nLimit foods with high sodium and use less salt.\nMost people in the United States consume too much sodium, which affects blood pressure. Cut down by using spices or herbs to season food as an alternative.\nAs the disease progresses, loss of appetite and weight loss may become concerns. In such cases, the doctor may suggest supplements between meals to add calories.\n\nStaying hydrated may be a problem as well. Encourage fluids by offering small cups of water or other liquids throughout the day or foods with high water content, such as fruit, soups, milkshakes and smoothies.\n\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-food-eating.asp#ixzz2lGyD1GNl", "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Although current Alzheimer's treatments cannot stop Alzheimer's from progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers. Today, there is a worldwide effort under way to find better ways to treat the disease, delay its onset, and prevent it from developing. ", "In the earlier stages, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others.\n\nIn the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families.\n\nSuch types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \"senility\" or \"senile dementia,\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging.\n\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/dementia-memory-loss-problems-confusion.asp#ixzz2lkDVdjul", "In the middle and late stages of Alzheimer's, swallowing problems can lead to choking and weight loss. Be aware of safety concerns and try these tips:\n\nPrepare foods so they aren't hard to chew or swallow. \nGrind foods, cut them into bite-size pieces or serve soft foods (applesauce, cottage cheese scrambled eggs).\nBe alert for signs of choking. \nAvoid foods that are difficult to chew thoroughly, like raw carrots. Encourage the person to sit up straight with his or her head slightly forward. If the person's head tilts backward, move it to a forward position. At the end of the meal, check the person's mouth to make sure food has been swallowed. Learn the Heimlich maneuver in case of an emergency.\nAddress a decreased appetite. \nIf the person has a decreased appetite, try preparing favorite foods, increase physical activity, or plan for several small meals rather than three large ones. If the person's appetite does not increase and/or he or she is losing weight, consult with the doctor. Keep in mind, as the person's activity level decreases, he or she may not need as many calories.\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-food-eating.asp#ixzz2lGyMPZBB", "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. ", "Alzheimer's worsens over time. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Those with Alzheimer's live an average of eight years after their symptoms become noticeable to others, but survival can range from four to 20 years, depending on age and other health conditions. ", "Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging, although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. But Alzheimer's is not just a disease of old age. Up to 5 percent of people with the disease have early onset Alzheimer's (also known as younger-onset), which often appears when someone is in their 40s or 50s.", "Mild cognitive impairment causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.\n\nBecause the changes caused by MCI are not severe enough to affect daily life, a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, those with MCI have an increased risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's or another type of dementia. However, not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better.", "This calculator is based on data collected from the Framingham Heart Study, a major investigation of risk factors for heart disease launched in 1948 by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.\n\nTo estimate your 10-year risk for heart disease:\n\nfind your points for each of the five factors below\ntotal your individual scores\nfind your risk percentage on the Point Total/Percent Risk table.", "Experts classify Mild cognitve impairment based on the thinking skills affected:\n\nMCI that primarily affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" With amnestic MCI, a person may start to forget important information that he or she would previously have recalled easily, such as appointments, conversations or recent events. \n\nMCI that affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI.\" Thinking skills that may be affected by nonamnestic MCI include the ability to make sound decisions, judge the time or sequence of steps needed to complete a complex task, or visual perception.", "Mild cognitive impairment is a \"clinical\" diagnosis representing a doctor's best professional judgment about the reason for a person's symptoms. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. It's also not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person.\n\nA medical workup for MCI includes the following core elements:\n\n\nThorough medical history, where the physician documents current symptoms, previous illnesses and medical conditions, and any family history of significant memory problems or dementia. \n\nAssessment of independent function and daily activities, which focuses on any changes from a person's usual level of function.\n\nInput from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed.\n\nAssessment of mental status using brief tests designed to evaluate memory, planning, judgment, ability to understand visual information and other key thinking skills.\n\nIn-office neurological examination to assess the function of nerves and reflexes, movement, coordination, balance and senses.\n\nEvaluation of mood to detect depression; symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. Depression is widespread and may be especially common in older adults.\n\nLaboratory tests including blood tests and imaging of the brain's structure.\nIf the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills.", "Current treatment guidelines also recommend goals for lowering LDL based on a persons risk of having a heart attack in the next 10 years, with the lowest level suggested for those at highest risk. Estimates of risk are based on a combination of major risk factors or a score calculated from a risk assessment tool.\n\nIf you fall into an increased risk category, you should talk with your doctor about the best way to manage your cholesterol. Management strategies include reduced intake of saturated fats, increased physical activity, weight reduction and certain types of drugs.\n\nCurrent guidelines establish the following risk categories:\n\nThe highest risk level includes individuals who have:\n\ncoronary heart disease or\ndisease in blood vessels in places other than the heart or\ndiabetes or\na score on the risk assessment tool indicating a greater than 20 percent likelihood of having a heart attack in the next 10 years.\nThe LDL cholesterol target for this group is less than 100.\n\nThe second-highest risk level includes individuals who have:\n\ntwo or more major risk factors or\na score on the 10-year risk assessment that falls between 10 percent and 20 percent.\nThe LDL goal for these individuals is less than 130.\n\nThe lowest risk category includes individuals with:\n\nzero or one major risk factor. Almost everyone in this group has a 10-year risk less than 10 percent.\n\nThe LDL goal for this group is less than 160.", "Cigarette smoking\nHigh blood pressure, defined as either blood pressure of 140/90 or higher or being on blood pressure medication\nHDL cholesterol less than 40 mg/dL. If your HDL is greater than 60, it counts as a negative risk factor, allowing you to subtract one risk factor from your total\nA family history of premature heart disease (a father, brother or male child who had coronary heart disease before age 55 or a mother, sister or female child who had heart disease before age 65)\nAge (45 or older for men; 55 or older for women)\nHaving diabetes\nThe guidelines recognize that other factors not included in the major risk list also influence cardiovascular health. These other factors include obesity, lack of exercise, high-fat diet, and borderline high blood sugar.", "The causes of mild cognitive impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases but not all result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias.\n\nThe risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. ", "Cholesterol is one type of lipid (fat) found in the body. Its an essential part of the membranes surrounding cells and also plays other important roles.\nCholesterol travels through the bloodstream attached to carrier molecules, including two important ones called high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). A blood test for cholesterol measures the total amount of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol as well as the relative amounts of HDL and LDL.\n\nA relatively high level of HDL, also known as good cholesterol, seems to be somewhat protective against heart disease. High levels of LDL, also known as bad cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.\n\nCurrent guidelines issued by the National Cholesterol Education Program establish ranges for cholesterol levels and recommend that regular testing begin at age 20.", "No medications are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat mild cognitive impairment. Drugs approved to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease have not shown any lasting benefit in delaying or preventing progression of MCI to dementia.\n\nThe following coping strategies may be helpful for those with MCI. Some studies suggest that these strategies may help slow decline in thinking skills, although more research is needed to confirm their effect. \n\nExercise on a regular basis to benefit your heart and blood vessels, including those that nourish your brain.\n\nControl cardiovascular risk factors to protect your heart and blood vessels, including those that support brain function.\nParticipate in mentally stimulating and socially engaging activities, which may help sustain brain function.\nFind a clinical trial\n\nJoin a clinical study to help improve our understanding of MCI. Find a trial.\n\nExperts recommend that a person diagnosed with MCI be re-evaluated every six months to determine if symptoms are staying the same, improving or growing worse.\n\nMCI increases the risk of later developing dementia, but some people with MCI never get worse. Others with MCI later have test results that return to normal for their age and education.\n\nIt's not yet possible to tell for certain what the outcome of MCI will be for a specific person or to determine the underlying cause of MCI from a person's symptoms.\n\nResearchers hope to increase the power to predict MCI outcomes by developing new diagnostic tools to identify and measure underlying brain changes linked to specific types of dementia. Stay informed about research investigating MCI, Alzheimers and related dementias. Sign up for enews today.", "While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia:\n\nMemory\nCommunication and language\nAbility to focus and pay attention\nReasoning and judgment\nVisual perception\nPeople with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood.\n\nMany dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don't ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future.", "Aerobic exercise improves oxygen consumption, which benefits brain function; aerobic fitness has been found to reduce brain cell loss in elderly subjects. Walking, bicycling, gardening, tai chi, yoga and other activities of about 30 minutes daily get the body moving and the heart pumping.", "Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking, behavior and feelings can be affected.\n\nThe brain has many distinct regions, each of which is responsible for different functions (for example, memory, judgment and movement). When cells in a particular region are damaged, that region cannot carry out its functions normally.\n\n\nTake our interactive Brain Tour.\n\nDifferent types of dementia are associated with particular types of brain cell damage in particular regions of the brain. For example, in Alzheimer's disease, high levels of certain proteins inside and outside brain cells make it hard for brain cells to stay healthy and to communicate with each other. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged. That's why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's.\n\nWhile most changes in the brain that cause dementia are permanent and worsen over time, thinking and memory problems caused by the following conditions may improve when the condition is treated or addressed:\n\nDepression\nMedication side effects\nExcess use of alcohol\nThyroid problems\nVitamin deficiencies", "Growing evidence shows that physical exercise does not have to be strenuous or even require a major time commitment. It is most effective when done regularly, and in combination with a brain-healthy diet, mental activity and social interaction.", "Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies.\n\nDementia is often incorrectly referred to as \"senility\" or \"senile dementia,\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging.", "Physical exercise is essential for maintaining good blood flow to the brain as well as to encourage new brain cells. It also can significantly reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes, and thereby protect against those risk factors for Alzheimers and other dementias.", "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. Doctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. If this occurs it may be necessary to see a specialist such as a neurologist or gero-psychologist.", "Avoid head trauma when exercising\n\nUse protective headgear when engaged in physical activities, such as bicycling, horseback riding, bouldering, skating and so on.\nWear a seat belt.\nGuard against falls by using handrails, watching out for tripping hazards and taking other precautions.\nSevere head injuries have been associated with increased risk for later development of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.", "Treatment of dementia depends on its cause. In the case of most progressive dementias, including Alzheimer's disease, there is no cure and no treatment that slows or stops its progression. But there are drug treatments that may temporarily improve symptoms. The same medications used to treat Alzheimer's are among the drugs sometimes prescribed to help with symptoms of other types of dementias. Non-drug therapies can also alleviate some symptoms of dementia.\n\nUltimately, the path to effective new treatments for dementia is through increased research funding and increased participation in clinical studies. Right now, at least 50,000 volunteers are urgently needed to participate in more than 100 actively enrolling clinical studies and trials about Alzheimer's and related dementias.", "Physical activities that also involve mental activity plotting your route, observing traffic signals, making choices provide additional value for brain health. And doing these activities with a companion offers the added benefit of social interaction.", "Some risk factors for dementia, such as age and genetics, cannot be changed. But researchers continue to explore the impact of other risk factors on brain health and prevention of dementia. Some of the most active areas of research in risk reduction and prevention include cardiovascular factors, physical fitness, and diet.\n\nCardiovascular risk factors: Your brain is nourished by one of your body's richest networks of blood vessels. Anything that damages blood vessels anywhere in your body can damage blood vessels in your brain, depriving brain cells of vital food and oxygen. Blood vessel changes in the brain are linked to vascular dementia. They often are present along with changes caused by other types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. These changes may interact to cause faster decline or make impairments more severe. You can help protect your brain with some of the same strategies that protect your heart don't smoke; take steps to keep your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar within recommended limits; and maintain a healthy weight.\n\nPhysical exercise: Regular physical exercise may help lower the risk of some types of dementia. Evidence suggests exercise may directly benefit brain cells by increasing blood and oxygen flow to the brain.\n\nDiet: What you eat may have its greatest impact on brain health through its effect on heart health. The best current evidence suggests that heart-healthy eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, also may help protect the brain. A Mediterranean diet includes relatively little red meat and emphasizes whole grains, fruits and vegetables, fish and shellfish, and nuts, olive oil and other healthy fats.", "There is no single test or questionnaire to detect depression. Diagnosis requires a thorough evaluation by a medical professional, especially since side effects of medications and some medical conditions can produce similar symptoms. \n\nAn evaluation for depression will include:\n\nA review of the person's medical history \nA physical and mental examination\nInterviews with family members who know the person well", "Many people with Alzheimers experience changes in their sleep patterns. Scientists do not completely understand why this happens. As with changes in memory and behavior, sleep changes somehow result from the impact of Alzheimers on the brain.\n\nMany older adults without dementia also notice changes in their sleep, but these disturbances occur more frequently and tend to be more severe in Alzheimers. There is evidence that sleep changes are more common in later stages of the disease, but some studies have also found them in early stages.\n\nSleep changes in Alzheimers may include:", "Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline\n(Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)\nMemory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may:\nLose awareness of recent experiences as well as of their surroundings\nRemember their own name but have difficulty with their personal history\n\t\nRemember:\nIt is difficult to place a person with Alzheimer's in a specific stage as stages may overlap.\n\n\nDistinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of a spouse or caregiver\nNeed help dressing properly and may, without supervision, make mistakes such as putting pajamas over daytime clothes or shoes on the wrong feet\nExperience major changes in sleep patterns sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night\nNeed help handling details of toileting (for example, flushing the toilet, wiping or disposing of tissue properly)\nHave increasingly frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels\nExperience major personality and behavioral changes, including suspiciousness and delusions (such as believing that their caregiver is an impostor)or compulsive, repetitive behavior like hand-wringing or tissue shredding\nTend to wander or become lost", "Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline\n(Severe or late-stage Alzheimer's disease)\nIn the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. They may still say words or phrases.\nAt this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also lose the ability to smile, to sit without support and to hold their heads up. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing impaired.", "Difficulty sleeping. Many people with Alzheimers wake up more often and stay awake longer during the night. Brain wave studies show decreases in both dreaming and non-dreaming sleep stages. Those who cannot sleep may wander, be unable to lie still, or yell or call out, disrupting the sleep of their caregivers.", "Because of the complexities involved in diagnosing depression in someone with Alzheimer's, it may be helpful to consult a geriatric psychiatrist who specializes in recognizing and treating depression in older adults. Ask your doctor for a referral.\n\nThe National Institute of Mental Health established a formal set of guidelines for diagnosing the depression in people with Alzheimer's. Although the criteria are similar to general diagnostic standards for major depression, they reduce emphasis on verbal expression and include irritability and social isolation.\n", "Identifying depression in someone with Alzheimer's can be difficult, since dementia can cause some of the same symptoms. Examples of symptoms common to both depression and dementia include:\n\nApathy\nLoss of interest in activities and hobbies\nSocial withdrawal\nIsolation\nTrouble concentrating\nImpaired thinking\nIn addition, the cognitive impairment experienced by people with Alzheimer's often makes it difficult for them to articulate their sadness, hopelessness, guilt and other feelings associated with depression.\n\nDepression in Alzheimer's doesn't always look like depression in people without Alzheimer's. Here are some ways that depression in a person with Alzheimer's may be different:\n\nMay be less severe\nMay not last as long and symptoms may come and go\nThe person with Alzheimer's may be less likely to talk about or attempt suicide\nAs a caregiver, if you see signs of depression, discuss them with the primary doctor of the person with dementia. Proper diagnosis and treatment can improve sense of well-being and function.\n\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-dementia-depression.asp#ixzz2kR4aYApK", "People with Alzheimers often have problems with sleeping or may experience changes in their sleep schedule. Scientists do not completely understand why these sleep disturbances occur. As with changes in memory and behavior, sleep changes somehow result from the impact of Alzheimers on the brain. When managing sleep changes, non-drug coping strategies should always be tried first.", "Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline\n(Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)\nGaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. At this stage, those with Alzheimer's may:\nBe unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated\nBecome confused about where they are or what day it is\nHave trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s\nNeed help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion\nStill remember significant details about themselves and their family\nStill require no assistance with eating or using the toilet", "Stage 4:\t\nModerate cognitive decline\n(Mild or early-stage Alzheimer's disease) \nAt this point, a careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms in several areas:\nForgetfulness of recent events\nImpaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s\nGreater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances\nForgetfulness about one's own personal history\nBecoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations", "For a person to be diagnosed with depression in Alzheimer's, he or she must have either depressed mood (sad, hopeless, discouraged or tearful) or decreased pleasure in usual activities, along with two or more of the following symptoms for two weeks or longer:\n\nSocial isolation or withdrawal\nDisruption in appetite that is not related to another medical condition\nDisruption in sleep\nAgitation or slowed behavior\nIrritability\nFatigue or loss of energy\nFeelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, or inappropriate or excessive guilt\nRecurrent thoughts of death, suicide plans or a suicide attempt\n\n", "Daytime napping and other shifts in the sleep-wake cycle. Individuals may feel very drowsy during the day and then be unable to sleep at night. They may become restless or agitated in the late afternoon or early evening, an experience often called sundowning. Experts estimate that in late stages of Alzheimers, individuals spend about 40 percent of their time in bed at night awake and a significant part of their daytime sleeping. In extreme cases, people may have a complete reversal of the usual daytime wakefulness-nighttime sleep pattern.", "Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function)\nThe person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia.", "Getting appropriate treatment for depression can significantly improve quality of life.\n\nThe most common treatment for depression in Alzheimer's involves a combination of medicine, counseling, and gradual reconnection to activities and people that bring happiness. Simply telling the person with Alzheimer's to \"cheer up,\" \"snap out of it\" or \"try harder\" is seldom helpful. Depressed people with or without Alzheimer's are rarely able to make themselves better by sheer will, or without lots of support, reassurance and professional help.\n", "There are several types of antidepressants available to treat depression. Antidepressants called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for people with Alzheimer's and depression because they have a lower risk than some other antidepressants of causing interactions with other medications.\n\nAs with any medication, make sure to ask about risks and benefits, as well as what type of monitoring and follow-up will be needed.\n", "Stage 3:\t\n\nMild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer's can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms)\nFriends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include:\nNoticeable problems coming up with the right word or name\n\nTrouble remembering names when introduced to new people\nHaving noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read\nLosing or misplacing a valuable object\nIncreasing trouble with planning or organizing", "Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease)\nThe person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers.", "Support groups can be very helpful, particularly an early-stage group for people with Alzheimer's who are aware of their diagnosis and prefer to take an active role in seeking help or helping others; counseling is also an option, especially for those who aren't comfortable in groups\nSchedule a predictable daily routine, taking advantage of the person's best time of day to undertake difficult tasks, such as bathing\nMake a list of activities, people or places that the person enjoys and schedule these things more frequently\nHelp the person exercise regularly, particularly in the morning\nAcknowledge the person's frustration or sadness, while continuing to express hope that he or she will feel better soon\nCelebrate small successes and occasions\nFind ways that the person can contribute to family life and be sure to recognize his or her contributions\nProvide reassurance that the person is loved, respected and appreciated as part of the family, and not just for what she or he can do now\nNurture the person with offers of favorite foods or soothing or inspirational activities\nReassure the person that he or she will not be abandoned\n\n\nRead more: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-dementia-depression.asp#ixzz2kR4wzsuM", "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision.", "There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease:\n\nBasic care. This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\nSkilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.", "The services nursing homes offer vary from facility to facility. Services often include:\n\nRoom and board.\nMonitoring of medication.\nPersonal care like dressing, bathing, and toileting assistance.\n24-hour emergency care.\nSocial and recreational activities.", "Are staff members available to provide 24-hour assistance with activities of daily living, if needed? Daily activities include:\nDressing\nEating\nGetting around\nHygiene and grooming\nBathing, toileting, and incontinence issues\nUsing the telephone\nRoom Features\n\nAre rooms for single and double occupancy available?\nIs a 24-hour emergency response system accessible from the room?\nAre bathrooms private? Do they accommodate wheelchairs and walkers?\nCan residents bring their own furnishings? What may they bring?\nDo all rooms have a telephone? How is billing handled for long-distance calls?\nSocial and Recreational Activities\n\n\nIs there an activities program?\nAre the activities posted for residents?\nDo most of the residents at an activity seem to be participating?\nFood Service\n\nDoes the nursing home provide three nutritionally balanced meals a day, seven days a week?\nIs the food hot and appetizing?\nAre snacks available?\nMay a resident request special foods or diets?\nIs drinking water always accessible?\nAre common dining areas available, or do residents eat meals in their rooms?\nMay meals be provided at times the resident prefers, or are there set meal times?\nHow are special diets handled?\nIs assistance available for residents who need help with eating?", "The following checklist will help you and your family to evaluate different nursing homes. Review the checklist before your visit to the facility. Be sure to take this checklist with you.\n\nNursing Home Checklist\n\nFacility\n\nDoes the nursing home provide the level of care needed, such as skilled or intermediate care?\nDoes the nursing home meet local and/or state licensing requirements?\nDoes the nursing home's administrator have an up-to-date license?\nDoes the nursing home meet state fire regulations (including a sprinkler system, fire-resistant doors, and a plan for evacuating residents)?\nWhat are the visiting hours?\nWhat is the policy on insurance and personal property?\nWhat is the procedure for responding to a medical emergency?\nDoes the nursing home have a Medicare license?\nAdmission\n\nIs there a waiting period for admission?\nWhat are the admission requirements?\n\nFees and Financing\n\nAre fees competitive?\nHave fees increased significantly in the past few years?\nIs the fee structure easy to understand?\nWhat are the billing, payment, and credit policies?\nAre there different costs for various levels or categories of services?\nAre the billing and accounting procedures understandable?\nDoes the nursing home reveal what services are covered in the quoted fee and what services are extra?\nWhat governmental financing options are accepted (such as Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare Supplemental Insurance, Supplemental Security Income, and others)?\nWhen may a contract be terminated? What is the refund policy?\nNeeds Assessment\n\nIs there a written plan for the care of each resident?\nWhat is the procedure for assessing a potential resident's need for services? Are those needs reassessed periodically?\nStaff\n\nDo the nurses, social workers, and administrators have experience and/or education regarding elderly patients?\nAre staff members available to meet scheduled and unscheduled needs?\nDo staff members seem to genuinely enjoy working with the residents?\nDo staff members treat residents as individuals?\nAre staff members available to assist residents who experience memory, orientation, or judgment losses?\nDoes a doctor or nurse visit the resident regularly to provide medical checkups?\nResidents and Atmosphere\n\nDo residents appear happy and comfortable?\nDo residents, other visitors, and volunteers speak favorably about the nursing home?\nAre residents clean and appropriately dressed?\nAre the rights of residents clearly posted?\nFacility Design\n\nDo you like the appearance of the building and its surroundings?\nIs the decor attractive and home-like?\nIs the floor plan easy to follow?\nDo doorways, hallways, and rooms accommodate wheelchairs and walkers?\nAre elevators available?\nAre handrails available?\nAre shelves easy to reach?\nAre carpets secured and floors made of a non-skid material?\nIs there good natural and artificial lighting?\nIs the residence clean, odor free, and appropriately heated/cooled?\nMedication and Health Care\n\nWhat is the policy regarding storage of medication and assistance with medication?\nIs self-administration of medication allowed?\nWho coordinates visits from a physical, occupational, or speech therapist, if needed?", "If you have a loved one with Alzheimer's disease, finding the right nursing home takes time. It is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\n\nFamily and caregivers should talk about what services will be needed. Take time to consider what services are important to you before calling different nursing homes. Think about what kind of help is needed and how often it's needed.\n\nBefore scheduling a visit to the nursing homes you are interested in, ask about vacancies, admission requirements, level of care provided, and participation in government-funded health insurance options.", "As you and your family evaluate your long-term care needs, it's important to consider financing options. Payment for nursing home care can be made through Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and personal funds. When evaluating nursing homes, it's important to ask the administrative staff what payment options they accept. Here's a brief summary of some of the financing options:\n\nMedicare is a federal health insurance program providing health care benefits to all Americans age 65 and older. Insurance protection intended to cover major hospital care is provided without regard to income, but only restricted benefits are allowed for nursing home care. In addition, Medicare only pays for skilled care in a nursing facility that has a Medicare license.\nMedicaid is a joint federal/state health insurance program providing medical care benefits to low-income Americans who meet certain requirements. Nursing home care is covered through Medicaid, but eligibility requirements and covered services vary widely from state to state.\nPrivate long-term care insurance is a health insurance option that, if purchased, supplements Medicare coverage. Private long-term care insurance policies vary greatly. Each policy has its own eligibility requirements, restrictions, costs, and benefits.", "Such a model is supported by the finding of Thomas Arendt, MD, and colleagues at the University of Leipzig that 90% of the neuronal cell death observed at autopsy in Alzheimer patients is due to the creation and selective loss of neurons with the wrong number of chromosomes.\nIdentifying the specific problem caused by cholesterol will lead to completely new approaches to therapy for many human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and possibly cancer, all of which show signs of defective cell division. Granic and Potter already have found a potentially simple approach to preventing cholesterol from causing cells to distribute their chromosomes unequally into their new daughter cells. Specifically, when cells in culture were first treated with ethanol, the subsequent exposure to bad cholesterol was without effect on cell division: Each daughter cell received the correct number of chromosomes.", "High cholesterol levels have long been discussed to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. \"Studies have already shown that cholesterol promotes the formation of so-called senile plaques,\" said Grimm. These plaques, which are composed of proteins, particularly beta-amyloid proteins, deposit at nerve cells within the brain and are regarded as one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease.", "The research team based at Saarland University's medical campus in Homburg collaborated with scientists from Bonn, Finland and the Netherlands to examine how the sterols that we ingest influence the formation of these plaque proteins. It was found that one sterol in particular, stigmasterol, actually inhibited protein formation. \"Stigmasterol has an effect on a variety of molecular processes: it lowers enzyme activity, it inhibits the formation of proteins implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease, and it alters the structure of the cell membrane,\" explained Dr Grimm. \"Together, these effects synergistically reduce the production of beta-amyloid proteins.\" The research team has been able to confirm the positive effect of stigmasterol in tests on animals.", "\"Plant sterols are present in various combinations in nuts, seeds and plant oils. As plant sterols are the equivalents of animal cholesterol, they can in principal influence metabolic processes, where cholesterol is involved,\" explained Marcus Grimm, Head of the Experimental Neurology Laboratory at Saarland University. \"Because they also lower cholesterol levels, they are extensively used in the food industry and as dietary supplements.\"", "In the new study published this week in the on-line journal PLOS ONE, Antoneta Granic, PhD, and Huntington Potter, PhD, show that cholesterol, particularly in the LDL form, called 'bad cholesterol', causes cells in both humans and mice to divide incorrectly and distribute their already-duplicated chromosomes unequally to the next generation. The result is an accumulation of defective daughter cells with the wrong number of chromosomes and therefore the wrong number of genes. Instead of the correct two copies of each chromosome, and thus two copies of each gene, some cells acquired three copies and some only one.\nGranic and Potter's study of the effects of cholesterol on cell division included a prominent finding of cells carrying three copies of the chromosome (#21 in humans and #16 in mice) that encodes the amyloid peptide that is the key component of the neurotoxic amyloid filaments that accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer patients.", "Overall, the researchers were able to demonstrate that the various plant sterols influence different cellular mechanisms and therefore have to be assessed individually. \"Particularly in the case of Alzheimer's disease, it seems expedient to focus on the dietary intake of specific plant sterols rather than a mixture of sterols,\" explained Dr Grimm. In future studies, the research team wants to determine which other cellular processes in the brain are affected by phytosterols.", "Human trisomy 21 cells are significant because people with Down syndrome have trisomy 21 in all of their cells from the moment of conception, and they all develop the brain pathology and many develop the dementia of Alzheimer's disease by age 50. Earlier studies by Granic, Potter and others have shown that as many as 10% of cells in an Alzheimer patient, including neurons in the brain, have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. Thus, Alzheimer's disease is, in some ways, a form of acquired Down syndrome. Furthermore, mutant genes that cause inherited Alzheimer's disease cause the same defect in chromosome segregation as does cholesterol, thus indicating the presence of a common cell division problem in both familial and 'sporadic' (non-familial) Alzheimer's disease.\nThe new research also found trisomy 21 neurons in the brains of children with what, until now, was thought to be an unrelated neurodegenerative disease (Niemann Pick type C), caused by a mutation affecting cholesterol physiology. This result suggests that neurodegeneration itself might be linked to chromosome missegregation.", "High levels of blood cholesterol increase the risk of both Alzheimer's disease and heart disease, but it has been unclear exactly how cholesterol damages the brain to promote Alzheimer's disease and blood vessels to promote atherosclerosis.\nUsing insights gained from studying two much rarer disorders, Down Syndrome and Niemann Pick-C disease, researchers at the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome and the Department of Neurology of the University of Colorado School of Medicine found that cholesterol wreaks havoc on the orderly process of cell division, leading to defective daughter cells throughout the body.", "Memory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments.", "The Clare Bridge concept was created over 25 years ago and has evolved by continually embracing the latest research in dementia care, coupled with the experience of caring for thousands of people with dementia and their families. Today, Brookdale is one of the leading providers in Alzheimer's care in the United States.\n\nBrookdale Associates are trained in the concept of generating daily moments of success and embrace this promise by offering opportunities for residents to find happiness and meaning that supports their unique needs. The program is deeply rooted in a person-centered approach focused on sustaining feelings of belonging and purpose while seeking to preserve a sense of self.", "All Clare Bridge associates receive ongoing guidance and teaching on the complex task of providing excellent dementia care. Associates receive initial and on-going training in proper techniques, approach, and care of persons with dementia. In addition, all executive directors attend the Clare Bridge Leadership Competency Training. An established set of protocols and techniques enables associates to better meet the unmet needs that are often triggers of behavioral expressions in persons living with dementia. At Brookdale, we believe in whole-community philosophy that empowers all associates to identify the unmet needs of the resident and their family and be a part of a solution.", "The Clare Bridge Daily Path offers a gentle daily structure consisting of a minimum of six programs per day, which maintain the resident's abilities and encourage the use of their current skills. This daily routine gives residents a sense of security that they are \"right where they need to be.\" Activities can include:\n\nA morning mental workout with discussions, brain stimulating games, and reminiscing.\nPhysical activity with a variety of opportunities like Brookdale's Fitness B Fit program, group exercises, walking programs, and dancing.\nDaily life skills, which provide a sense of purpose, meaning and belonging.\nPerson centered programming, which uses the person's social history information as a foundation. By honoring past interests and involvements, these programs tap into current skills and support successful experiences.\nWe're Keeping Our Promise personal notes are periodically sent to a family member to communicate their daily moments of success.", "A team of experts specializing in dementia care, culinary arts, and nutrition designed the Clare Bridge Dining Program. This unique dining program gives the residents opportunity to enjoy and master the dining experience with...\n\nDementia friendly menus that provide diverse offerings that can assist in full engagement in the dining process regardless of the level of dementia. Selections are easy to manage, familiar and are appealing to the senses.\nIndividualized dining assistance preserves the resident's use of utensils as long as possible.\nSmall dining rooms with consistent seating, which encourages familiarity and socialization. Music, centerpieces, warm scented wash towels and fresh linens enhance the dining experience.", "National Council of Certified Dementia Practitioners is open to all health care professionals, front line staff and First Responders who qualify for CDPcertification and are interested in learning comprehensive dementia education, who value dementia education training, who are committed to ending abuse and neglect and who value Certified Dementia Practitioner CDP certification. ", "The Council was formed to promote standards of excellence in dementia and Alzheimer's Disease education training to professionals and other caregivers who provide services to dementia clients. As the number of dementia cases continues to increase nationally and worldwide, there is a great necessity to insure that care givers , front line staff and health care professionals are well trained to provide appropriate, competent, and sensitive direct care and support for the dementia patient. The National Council of Certified Dementia Practitioners, LLC was formed in 2001 by a group of professionals with varying work and personal experiences in the field of dementia care. Their backgrounds include Nurses, Regional Managers, Nursing Assistants, Consultants, Geriatric Care Managers, Psychiatry, Dementia Unit Managers, Alzheimer's Disease and related Dementia Care Specialist, Alzheimer's Disease Educators, Dementia Educators, Activity Professionals, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist, Licensed Certified Social Workers, Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapists, Speech Therapists, Dietitians, Pharmacists, Alzheimer's Care Specialist, Long Term Care Administration, Support Group Leaders, Administrators, Owners, Elder Law Attorney's and Home Care Administration.", "These talented and experienced individuals cover the broad spectrum of the health care industry and bring valuable life and professional experiences from Adult Day Care Centers, Assisted Living Facilities, Nursing Homes, Hospice Agencies, Home Care Agencies, Independent Living Facilities, CCRC, Retirement Living, Senior Apartments, Senior Centers, Hospitals as well as professional boards and non profit associations such as the Alzheimer's Association. The Council was formed to promote standards of excellence in dementia and Alzheimer's education to health care professionals, front line staff, caregivers, volunteers and First Responder's who provide services to dementia clients. As the number of dementia cases continues to increase nationally and worldwide, there is a great necessity to insure that care givers, front line staff, health care professionals and First Responders are well trained to provide appropriate, competent, sensitive direct care and support for the dementia patient. Dementia education trains your staff to anticipate, plan and prepare for a crisis and action steps to take for crisis prevention.", "Across the United States of America, the regulations are different from state to state for Alzheimer's Units, Dementia Units, Memory Centers and Special Care Units. Some have extensive regulations for Nursing Homes and Assisted Living while other states may have no regulations. State regulations governing Nursing Homes, Assisted Living, Adult Day Care are also different in each state for the requirements for Alzheimer's and Dementia Education. Some states have no requirements, some are vague, others require just two hours of education while other's are extensive. The Goal of the NCCDP is to promote national standards for comprehensive and extensive Alzheimer's and Dementia Education, Certified Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Care Trainers CADDCT, Certified Dementia Care Managers and Certified First Responders Dementia Trainers and Certified First Responders-Dementia Trained.", "The NCCDP, LLC established in 2003 the Train the Trainer class. This one day \"live\" class is recommended for the In-service Director or Educator to obtain certification as a NCCDP Certified Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Care Trainer CADDCT. The NCCDP certified trainer will utilize the NCCDP comprehensive Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Care curriculum for their staff or student dementia education seminars and in-services. The NCCDP certified trainers believe in the value of \"live\" training and the impact that training has on the staff to provide compassionate care, decrease incidences of abuse, neglect and educate staff on difficult behaviors, crisis intervention and crisis prevention because they have a better understanding of Alzheimer's disease and many types of Dementia and are than better prepared to deal with the day to day challenges. The Train the Trainer seminars are offered nationwide.", "Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology.", "Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients.", "The memories of Alzheimer's patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.", "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. The parts of our brain which allow for memory storage and retrieval are primarily comprised of the cortex, the thin wrinkled outer layer of the brain, and billions of brain cells known as neurons. At birth although the cortex and neurons are present, the brain is not completely developed. The brain will continue to grow and expand as the child ages and develops.\n\n\nA childs skull, however, does not remain flexible forever. Once a childs skull fusion and growth is complete, the brain cannot expand outward anymore. As a result, the brain must grow inward, developing those signature grooves and valleys, called gyri and sulci. These gyri and sulci increase the surface space of the brain and cortex allowing for more information to be stored within the brain and its neurons.", "Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells. As a result of these changes, brain cells are damaged and eventually destroyed, which results in the symptoms of dementia, which include memory loss or confusion, a reduction in cognitive abilities, difficulty with language, perception, personality, judgment, coordination and changes in emotion and personality.\n\n\nAlzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.", "In order to better help your loved one who has Alzheimers, it is important to understand some of the facts surrounding the beginning stages and progression of Alzheimers disease. By understanding Alzheimers and its various stages and symptoms, one is better prepared to help their loved ones.\n\n\nUnderstanding the progress of Alzheimers and how it is diagnosed is critical to the Search and Rescue Incident Command Teams that will search for Alzheimers patients who wander, as well as the search teams looking for missing Alzheimers elders. Knowing the signs and symptoms often leads a search and rescue team to the means, methods, tactics and utilization of search resources.", "Alzheimers disease and its related dementias steal those memories. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment to affect daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning.\n\n\nAs Alzheimers disease progresses, the loss of acetylcholine reduces the brains ability to retrieve memories; stated another way, it reduces the retrieval capability memory trail by half. You can use the analogy of removing two of the four tires on your automobile, even on a road we know like the back of our hands. Under those circumstances, how far will your car run on two tires before you have to stop?", "Memories are stored in a variety of areas and ways. An apple, for example, will not only store as the memory of an apple as we know it, but also as the memory of the taste of the apple, the color of the apple, the crunch of biting an apple, the smell of fresh apples, as well as the associated memories of baking apples and apple pie. The brain also saves the way apple is spelled, the way the ears hears the sound of the world apple, and if the person speaks another language (or more than two languages) the memory of that apple may also be stored there as well.\n\n\nEach new taste of food, each new word, each new experience is stored in our memory cortex and neurons. As the brain grows and develops, memory storage cannot continue on a single plane. Instead the cortex and those memory-storing neurons develop layers. The earlier the memory, the deeper it is imbedded in the brain. Each time that memory is accessed, the retrieval process lays a trail, and the more times that trail is run, the easier that memory becomes to retrieve.", "Additionally the protein plaques and tangles that build in and around brain cells interrupt the neurons ability to process glucose into energy, send and receive necessary chemicals, and stop the life-sustaining communication between cells. As those damaged neurons die, they thin the cortex and take away memories.\n\n\nBecause these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. This is often why family members so often overlook Alzheimers disease in the early stages while Grandma cannot remember where she left her keys, coat or car, she can easily recall events and people from years ago.", "It should be noted that brain and memory changes are often slow to progress and thus difficult to detect in the early stages. These symptoms may include short-term memory loss, anxiety or irritability, difficulty in conversation or inability to complete involved processes, such as balancing a checkbook or map orientation.\n\n\nEventually as the Alzheimers disease progresses, memory impairment becomes more severe and obvious. The Alzheimers person makes glaring mistakes in his or her work, repeats conversation or questions over and over, and loses more and more of the ability to remember persons, places or events. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. Impaired judgment and radical personality changes may also become evident. The persons physical self remains in the present, but their memory may regress ten, twenty or more years in the past.", "Because short term memory loss occurs first in the Alzheimers person, it is therefore important and extremely helpful to get a complete detailed life history of that person. This information will provide insight for those who are helping the Alzheimers person, including search and rescue people searching for the missing person if and when they wander and get lost. The life history document is oftentimes helpful to searchers to develop a possible intent or destination for the missing Alzheimers person.", "Sleeping pills taken by millions are linked to dementia, according to The Daily Telegraph. Given that an estimated 10 million to 11 million prescriptions for benzodiazepines are reported to be issued each year in the UK, could we be at risk of sleepwalking into a public health disaster?\nThe reports stem from the results of a French study that followed just over a thousand elderly adults (average age of 78) for 15 years. The participants were initially free from dementia but those who started taking benzodiazepines after the first three years of the study were 60% more likely to develop dementia than those who did not use the drugs.", "The main difficulty in this study is in establishing the exact cause of dementia and what role benzodiazepines play. Benzodiazepines are a commonly used group of sedatives prescribed for sleeping problems and anxiety.\nAlthough the researchers have taken into account several potential confounding factors that may be involved in the relationship, it is difficult to exclude the possibility that the apparent dementia risk may not be caused directly by the drugs themselves. Instead, it could be related to whatever underlying conditions or biological processes in the brain are causing the person to require sleeping tablets in the first place.\nFurthermore, disturbed sleep can be an initial sign of dementia, so the use of sleeping tablets may be triggered by early dementia and not vice versa.\nThe use of benzodiazepines appears to be relatively common in France so the results may not apply to the UK.", "The study was carried out by researchers from Universit Bordeaux Segalen and other institutions in France, and Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, USA. The research received financial support from several sources, including the Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale (INSERM) and Universit Bordeaux Segalen.\nThe study was published in the peer-reviewed British Medical Journal.\nThe study was reported accurately by the media and many newspapers should be praised for highlighting the other health risks associated with long-term use of benzodiazepines.", "The researchers found that during the first six years of follow-up there were 253 new cases of dementia. Dementia affected 23% of non-users of benzodiazepines compared with 32% of those who started using benzodiazepine between three to five years of follow-up.\nIn the adjusted analyses the researchers found that new use of benzodiazepines (reported at five-year follow-up) was associated with a 60% increased risk of dementia compared with non-use (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 2.38).\nThe researchers also found broadly similar risk associations when looking at the first report of benzodiazepines at later follow-up points (participants who reported first benzodiazepine use at 8, 10, 13 or 15 years when they were still free of dementia). Looking at all of these risk associations they found that people who used benzodiazepines had, roughly, an almost 50% higher risk of dementia compared with non-users", "The researchers looked at 1,063 men and women (average age 78) who were free from dementia at the start of the study. People using one of 23 types of benzodiazepines were defined as those who started taking the drugs for the first time somewhere between the first three-year and five-year follow-ups. This was when they were still confirmed to be free of dementia. The researchers collected data on the specific benzodiazepine drugs used.\nThe researchers then looked at the risk of dementia in follow-up after first reported benzodiazepine use, compared with those with no reported benzodiazepine use.\nIn their analyses, the researchers took into account potential confounders that could also affect the participants' risks of dementia, such as:\nage\ngender\nschool education\nmarital status\nwine consumption\ndepression\nuse of blood-pressure medication\nuse of diabetic medications\nuse of cholesterol-lowering medications \nuse of anti-blood-clotting drugs (such as warfarin)", "This was a cohort study which aimed to look at the association between benzodiazepine use and risk of new onset of dementia in a group of elderly people followed for six years.\nA cohort study is a good way of looking at whether a particular exposure is associated with the risk of developing a particular disease outcome over time.\nSome potential limitations of this study are that, despite the researchers attempts to take into account potential confounders, it is difficult to ensure that all of these have been taken into account and to establish that early dementia was not the cause of insomnia.\nThe researchers tried to offset this by making sure they selected recruits who did not start taking sleeping tablets until at least until the third year.\nBy using this method, people who may have had initial signs of dementia at the start of the trial, such as insomnia and anxiety, were excluded from the study.\nThis helped to minimise the potential for what is known as reverse causation from distorting the results of the trial (in other words, people were actually taking sleeping pills because they were developing the first signs of dementia).\nDespite the best efforts of the researchers, as little is known about the early stages or pre-symptoms (\"prodrome\") of dementia, it is unclear whether the three-year gap was long enough to offset this potential completely.", "The research included participants enrolled into a study designed to look at brain ageing in both normal and diseased states. Adults aged over 65 years old were randomly sampled from the French community between 1987 and 1989. \nAt the start of the study and at follow-up interviews every two to three years, trained researchers collected information on:\npersonal characteristics\nsociodemographics\nlifestyle\nmedical conditions\nmedication use\nfunctional abilities\ndepressive symptoms\nbrain function\nThe presence of dementia was assessed using valid diagnostic criteria which were carried out by psychologists trained to diagnose dementia.", "The researchers reported that in their cohort study of elderly adults, new use of benzodiazepines was associated with increased risk of dementia. They said: Considering the extent to which benzodiazepines are prescribed and the number of potential adverse effects of this drug class in the general population, indiscriminate widespread use should be cautioned against.", "This research demonstrates an association between new benzodiazepine use among elderly adults and the risk of developing dementia. The study has several strengths, including its long follow-up period and valid assessment of dementia development. Some limitations are that:\nDespite the relatively large sample size, the actual number of new users of benzodiazepines after the third year of study was quite small (95), therefore limiting the ability to detect reliable differences in dementia risk among users and non-users (the smaller a sample size the more likely it is that any detected effects are the results of chance).\nThe researchers did attempt to adjust for confounders, but it is difficult to exclude the possibility that the apparent dementia risk may not be caused directly by the drugs themselves, but be related to whatever underlying conditions or biological processes in the brain are causing the person to require sleeping tablets. For example, although the study looked at dementia, it did not look at other mental health problems such as anxiety.\nPeople who were excluded from the study because they were taking benzodiazepine during the three-year run-in period tended to be less well-educated and more likely to live alone, so removing these types of people from the study may mean that the results are not representative of the population at large or those who may have higher risk of developing dementia.\nIt is possible that although a three-year window before drug use was chosen to ensure that early symptoms of dementia were not appearing, this may not have been long enough. This could have led to reverse causation a common problem with these studies in which it is the early symptoms of dementia itself that lead to use of sleeping tablets.\nNevertheless, this is a well-conducted study that adds to the growing body of opinion that benzodiazepines should only be a treatment of last resort for severe acute insomnia or anxiety and should be taken for no longer than two-to-four weeks at a time.", "Typically, the brain shrinks by about 0.5 percent per year after age 60 and more rapidly in people with vitamin B12 deficiency, MCI, or Alzheimers, Professor Smith told Bloomberg News. If this decline can be slowed, older people may enjoy a higher quality of life.\n\nIn fact, some experts estimate that delaying the onset of Alzheimers by even five years could cut deaths from the disease by 50 percent. And an inexpensive vitamin therapy would be a huge boon to both seniors and society, given that Alzheimers disease treatment now costs Americans a staggering $203 billion a year, a figure thats expect to skyrocket to $1.2 trillion annually, according to the Alzheimers Association.", "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder that affects 5.2 million Americans. Without a medical breakthrough, the numbers are expected to triple by 2050, according to the Alzheimers Association.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they dont work for all patients and dont halt progression of the disease.", "Supplements may interact with certain medications or have harmful effects if taken at high doses, so consult your healthcare provider before taking one. The Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) reports that most healthy people can get enough B vitamins from their diet. The RDAs and best dietary sources are listed below.\n\nVitamin B12. The RDA for adults and teens ages 14 and older is 2.4 mcg daily. The best dietary sources of vitamin B12 are beef liver and clams, and it is also found in fish, meat, eggs, and other dairy products. However, according to ODS, many older people dont have enough stomach acid to break down and absorb the vitamin B12 naturally present in food. ODS suggests people over 50 get most of their B12 through fortified foods or dietary supplements. Some breakfast cereals and other food products are fortified with B12, which is noted on the nutritional label.\nVitamin B6. The RDA of vitamin B6 for adults ages 19 to 50 is 1.3 mg. If youre 51 or older, the RDA for men is 1.7 mg, and 1.5 mg for women. A wide range of foods contain B6, including fish, beef liver and other organ meats, potatoes and other starchy vegetables, and fruit (other than citrus).\nFolic acid. A B vitamin found in many foods, folic acid is particularly important for women who are planning to become pregnant. They should consume 400 mcg from a supplement, in addition to the folic acid they get from their diet, advises the ODS, to help prevent neural tube birth defects. The RDA for adults is 400 mcg daily. Folic acid is found in vegetables, particularly asparagus, Brussels sprouts, and leafy, green veggies like spinach; fruits (particular oranges); nuts, beans, peas, and grains.", "Another recent study, published in the journal Neurology, linked low levels of vitamin B12 to smaller brain volume and lower scores on cognitive tests in people ages 65 or older. In that study, researchers from Rush University Medical Center tracked 121 seniors for 4.5 years.\n\nThe Rush University team reported that as levels of homocysteine rose, scores on cognitive and memory tests fell in the elderly participants.\n\nWhile these findings suggest that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, neither study proves this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset. Patients should discuss the best brain-protective strategies with their healthcare provider.", "The vitamin-B treatment turned out to be particularly beneficial for people with high blood levels of homocysteine, an amino acid believed to magnify risk for Alzheimers disease.\n\nThe researchers report a protective chain reaction of events. Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid are known to help break down homocysteine, thus reducing the amount thats circulating in the blood, including in blood vessels in the brain.\n\nThis effect, in turn, leads to a decrease in [gray matter] atrophy, thereby slowing cognitive decline, the PNAS study reports.\n\nIts a big effect, much bigger than we would have dreamt of, Professor Smith told Bloomberg News. I find the specificity of this [vitamin treatment] staggering. We never dreamt it would be so specific.", "The B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked, A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University and senior author of the study told Bloomberg News. We have proved the concept that you can modify the disease.\n\nThe study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life.\n\nFor example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI, studies suggest.\n\nIn the clinical trial, 80 patients received high-dose vitamin B supplements that contained 0.8 mg of folic acid, 20 mg of B6, and 0.5 mg of B12, while the other 76 were given a placebo. Both groups were tracked for two years and received brain MRIs at the start and end of the study to measure the amount of gray matter in various brain areas that are susceptible to Alzheimers.\n\nThe clinical trial was funded by government agencies, charities, and a Swedish vitamin manufacturer." ]

[ { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "alzheimer diagnosis", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "Vascular Dementia", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "alzheimer memory", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "first symptoms dementia", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "semantic dementia", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "alzheimer's symptoms", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "cognitive impairment", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "If you, or someone close to you, are worried about dementia, the first step is to visit the GP as soon as possible. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the better the chance of treatment to slow the progression of the disease.\n\n\n\n Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. \n\nNotice that the first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress.\n\nThe exclusion is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination. \n\nHowever, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. \n\n\n\n Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it's harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \\\"dementia\\\" and not specify a type." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimers is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimers is given. Alzheimers disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. However, due to the very nature of the Alzheimers disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. \n\nTypically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression - symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (e.g seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (e.g restlessness), difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions, problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\n The speed that vascular dementia progresses varies from person to person. Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways such as: taking medication to treat any underlying conditions, such as stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or heart problems, adopting a healthier lifestyle by stopping smoking, taking regular exercise, eating healthily, and drinking alcohol only in moderation, receiving rehabilitative support, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, to help the person maximise their opportunities to regain their lost functions." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet will help you to understand vascular dementia by explaining the causes, symptoms and treatments available. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\'s disease and vascular dementia. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. There is support available if you need it. Alzheimer\\'s Society\\'s National Dementia Helpline can provide information, support, guidance and signposting to other organisations. Details are at the end of this factsheet. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\\'s disease. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems, seizures periods of severe confusion. \n\nAdditional symptoms may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions,changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations, and delusions problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.\n\nRisk factors to dementia are similar to those associated with cardiovascular disease and include a medical history of stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea ,a lack of physical activity, high quantities of alcohol drinking, smoking, eating a fatty diet, or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated a family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. Some ethnic groups have a higher tendency to dementia. Personalised care must be provided to people with dementia. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimers, the memory-robbing disorder. No new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade. However, new researches strive to find ways to retrieve lost memories. A few of them research the usefulness of vitamin B, but the results are contradictory. According to A. David Smith, professor emeritus of pharmacology at Oxford University, the B-vitamin combination used in the study is the first and only disease-modifying treatment that's worked. He worked with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. However, Researchers from Rush University Medical Center proved that vitamin B12 treatment will not stave off Alzheimer or delay its onset. Nowadays there is an experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer's development especially when coupled with other treatments. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques which is one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer's patients. Other reaches found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer's-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. Therefore, PMX205 has potential for treating Alzheimer in the future. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Although most of these techniques to help people with Alzheimer require professional input, for example from a therapist, family carers can also use other methods to help someone experiencing loss of memory while also helping them stay independent. Some examples of these techniques include: leave written reminder by the door so that they don't forget their keys when they go out. Fit a device that cuts off the gas supply if they put a pan on the stove and then forget about it. Encourage the person with memory loss to remember what they can without making them feel pressured using frequent reminders. Don't overwhelm the person with lengthy statements and make sure that your explanations do not sound like scoldings. If the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Provide verbal cues rather than asking questions. Help them concentrate on one thing at a time. Make sure that they get enough sleep, meaningful activities and exercise. It is important to be emotionally supportive of people dealing with memory loss. Also, try to be flexible and patient as far as possible These are just a few suggestions that could help. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues. Current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers.\n\nA few different approaches have been developed to help people with dementia to cope with memory loss:\n\n* The home can be changed in a number of ways to help them to manage as best as possible. Examples include labeling doors and cupboards and the use of 'special places' for important items.\n\n* Reminiscence therapy is a method used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders. Encouraging the person to talk about their past and share memories, for example by looking at photographs, letters and souvenirs together can help jog the person's memory.\n\n* Cognitive stimulation therapy involves activities and exercises designed to improve memory and communication skills. The exercises are based on day-to-day interests, reminiscence and information relating to the current time and place.\n\n* Exercising several times a week for 30 to 60 minutes may: Improve memory, reasoning and cognitive function for people with mild Alzheimer's, and delay the start of Alzheimer's for people at risk of developing the disease or slow its progress.\n\nThe memories of Alzheimer's patients are not gone. One potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. Scientists have recovered memories of mice bred to develop Alzheimer's symptoms by using an experimental drug. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage. Over the course of the study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer's performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " In the earlier stages of alzheimer, memory loss and confusion may be mild. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. In the later stages, memory loss becomes far more severe. A person may not recognize family members, may forget relationships, call family members by other names, or become confused about the location of home or the passage of time. He or she may forget the purpose of common items, such as a pen or a fork. These changes are some of the most painful for caregivers and families. Such types of behavior is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease offers a vast range of medical, personal, and social services that are required to meet the physical, social, and emotional needs of people who have long-term illnesses or are disabled. A nursing home facility may be the best choice for people who require 24-hour medical care and supervision. There are two types of care provided by nursing homes for those with Alzheimer's disease: \n\n* Basic care: This provides services that will help to maintain a person's ability to carry out necessary daily functions, like personal care and getting around. They will also ensure that the person is supervised and safe.\n\n* Skilled care. This is care that requires the services of a registered nurse for treatments and procedures on a regular basis. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.\n\nIt is important to begin the search for a suitable nursing home well before you will need to take the step of moving. There are often waiting periods. Planning ahead can also make the transition of moving into a nursing home much easier.\n\nMemory Care communities, which include Alzheimer's and Dementia care facilities, consist of specially designed living spaces and supporting environments for those who are living with cognitive challenges brought on by Alzheimer's and dementia. These may include carefully considered flooring to reduce problematic patterns for those with Alzheimer's or dementia and wall colors that help them to find the way. The dementia care environment helps cue its residents in their daily lives. Areas of the community are set up for safe engagement in activities such as gardening, kitchen work, and other life skills that provide purposeful and meaningful successful moments." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "From the moment of birth, we humans are constantly learning and compiling more information into our brains memory. Alzheimer, the most common form of dementia, is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1987) characterizes Alzheimers disease as a chronically progressive, global, cognitive loss. The affected individual suffers a loss of capabilities in thinking and learningsufficient impairment that affects daily life, including social and/or occupational functioning. The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. Because these memory loss changes first occur in the outer layers of the cortex, the memories that dying neurons take away first are the most recent, leaving older memories and skills functioning in the brain. Therefore, at first it is difficult do diagnose the disease. However, as the diseases progresses, memory impairment become more severe and obvious. Short-term memory loss deteriorates into severe memory problems. People's memories regress ten, twenty or more years in the past. There are four common areas in which people with memory loss experience difficulty: remembering events, taking in new information, recognising people, and places separating fact from fiction. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. The brain region called the hippocampus is the center of learning and memory in the brain, and the brain cells in this region are often the first to be damaged.\n\nPeople in the early stages of Alzheimer\\'s disease may experience lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words. As the disease progresses, they may: become confused and frequently forget the names of people, places, appointments and recent events experience mood swings, feel sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss, become more withdrawn, due either to a loss of confidence or to communication problems have difficulty carrying out everyday activities.\n\nIn the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for.\n\nAlzheimer's does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person's life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say. Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients. Over the course of a 12-week study, researchers tested the mice for cognitive ability and memory retention. Mice that received PMX205 during early stages of Alzheimer\\'s performed nearly as well as normal mice on the tests, but mice receiving no treatment performed very poorly. When the brains of the mice were examined, researchers found up to 50% fewer Alzheimer\\'s-related pathologies in the brains of the mice receiving PMX205 treatment. The report appears in the July 15 edition of The Journal of Immunology." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " While current medications cannot stop the damage Alzheimer\\'s causes to brain cells, they may help lessen symptoms for a limited time. Certain situations such as a change in living arrangements, switch in routine or certain infections can cause symptoms to worsen. Any time there is a sudden change in behavior, it is important to have a medical evaluation to rule out other causes. Although being called by a different name or not being recognized can be painful, try not to make your hurt apparent. Respond with a brief explanation. Don\\'t overwhelm the person with lengthy statements or reasons. Instead, clarify with a simple explanation. Show photos and other reminders. Use photographs and other thought-provoking items to remind the person of important relationships and places. Travel with the person to where he or she is in time. If the person\\'s memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. Offer corrections as suggestions. Avoid explanations that sound like scolding. \\\" Try not to take it personally. Alzheimer\\'s disease causes your loved one to forget, but your support and understanding will continue to be appreciated." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities.\n\n\n\n The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuro-psychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease.\n\n\n\nSo if you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as \\\"senility\\\" or \\\"senile dementia,\\\" which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. See a doctor soon to determine the cause. Professional evaluation may detect a treatable condition. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies. It also provides time to plan for the future." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.\n\nPeople with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) . difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. The most common presenting symptoms in Semantic Dementia are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. \n\nDetailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. In addition: apathy and depressive symptoms. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "The term \\dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. These diseases include Alzheimer\\s disease and vascular dementia.\n\n\n\nMemory loss, along with other cognitive defects and apathy, are often one of the first signs of dementia, specially in the case of subjects with Alzheimer. \n\n\n\n Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. \n\n\n\nClumsiness, lack of facial expression, speech difficulties, and loss of bladder control are also common symptoms of vascular dementia." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Alzheimer\\'s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. That\\s why memory loss is often one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s.\n\n\n\nOther symptoms of Alzheimer\\'s disease include problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments on the semantic memory. Subjects may also suffer from apathy.\n\n\n\nSeveral studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer\\'s disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "The term \"dementia\" describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with communication and reasoning. Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. The person with dementia may be aware of and frustrated by the changes taking place, such as difficulty recalling recent events, making decisions or processing what was said by others. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent. Therefore, mild memory lose may not be diagnosed at first but it is one of the first symptoms of dementia. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD patients sometimes show symptoms of surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). SD is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). It was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904 and in modern times was characterised by Professor Elizabeth Warrington in 1975, however it was not given the name semantic dementia until 1989. The clinical and neuropsychological features, and their association with temporal lobe atrophy were described by Professor John Hodges and colleagues in 1992. SD patients often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\'pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms of the illness become more severe. In its early stages and one of the first symptoms of the illness are mild memory loss and very mild cognitive decline in general. The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. The main underlying cause of memory loss and confusion is the progressive damage to brain cells caused by Alzheimer's disease. \n\n" }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. The most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain however (with loss of word meaning) and it is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia. SD is one of the three canonical clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is a clinically defined syndrome, but is associated with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy (left greater than right) and hence is sometimes called temporal variant FTLD (tvFTLD). Of all the FTLD syndromes SD is least likely to run in families and is usually sporadic.\n\n\n\nClinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of \\pure\\' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. The majority of patients with SD will have ubiquitin-positive, TDP-43 positive, tau-negative inclusions, although other pathologies have been described more infrequently, namely tau-positive Pick\\s disease and Alzheimer\\'s pathology.\n\n\n\nThere is currently no known curative treatment for this condition." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Dementia is not a specific disease. It is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. One of these diseases is semantic dementia. Semantic dementia was first described by Arnold Pick in 1904. Semantic dementia (SD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. It is characterized as a primary progressive aphasia However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain (with loss of word meaning).\n\nSometimes, SD patients show symptoms of surface dyslexia. They often present with the complaint of word-finding difficulties. Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (inability to match semantically related pictures or objects). As the disease progresses, behavioural and personality changes are often seen similar to those seen in frontotemporal dementia although cases have been described of 'pure' semantic dementia with few late behavioural symptoms. When\n\nstructural MRI imaging is performed on SD patients it shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.\n\nBased on these imaging methods, semantic dementia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is a form of dementia that is different from other more common forms such as Alzheimer's. \n\n" }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Dementia is not a specific disease. It\\'s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person\\'s ability to perform everyday activities. While symptoms of dementia can vary greatly, at least two of the following core mental functions must be significantly impaired to be considered dementia: Memory Communication and language Ability to focus and pay attention Reasoning and judgment Visual perception People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of a purse or wallet, paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments or traveling out of the neighborhood. Many dementias are progressive, meaning symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory difficulties or other changes in thinking skills, don\\'t ignore them. And even if symptoms suggest dementia, early diagnosis allows a person to get the maximum benefit from available treatments and provides an opportunity to volunteer for clinical trials or studies." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "The early stages of alzheimer are very hard to detect because of saddle symptoms and our lack of knowledge about the disease. Stage 1: No impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. An interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. But no symptoms of dementia can be detected during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer\\'s can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms) Friends, family or co-workers begin to notice difficulties. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Alzheimer\\'s is a progressive disease, which means that gradually, over time, more parts of the brain are damaged." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer diagnosis also very in different stage of disease but a true diagnosis of Alzheimers can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death.. In the first stage an interview with a medical professional does not show any evidence of symptoms of dementia. Stage 2 is also hard to detect during a medical examination or by friends, family or co-workers. During a detailed medical interview, doctors may be able to detect problems in memory or concentration during stage 3. Stage 4 could be clear cut diagnosed with a careful medical interview, Forgetfulness of recent events Impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations. Stage 5 can be diagnosed by the severe cognitive decline at this stage, those with Alzheimer\\'s may: Be unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated Become confused about where they are or what day it is Have trouble with less challenging mental arithmetic; such as counting backward from 40 by subtracting 4s or from 20 by 2s Need help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion Still remember significant details about themselves and their family Still require no assistance with eating or using the toilet." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide patients with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect. No published study directly compares these drugs. A medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers. It may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication. For example, Namenda may help a patient in the later stages of the disease maintain his or her ability to use the bathroom independently for several more months, a benefit for both patients and caregivers." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer's is considered to be a disease of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes, such as infection, disease, alcohol and drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, as well as mental illness must be ruled out before any probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's is given. This is accomplished by undergoing a complete physical, neurological and psychological examination.\n\nDoctors diagnose Alzheimer's and other types of dementia based on a careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior associated with each type. Doctors can determine that a person has dementia with a high level of certainty. But it\\'s harder to determine the exact type of dementia because the symptoms and brain changes of different dementias can overlap. In some cases, a doctor may diagnose \"dementia\" and not specify a type. \n\nDue to the very nature of the Alzheimer's disease, a true diagnosis of Alzheimer's can only be confirmed by autopsy of brain tissue after death. Alzheimer's disease is distinguished from other forms of dementia by characteristic changes in the brain. These changes include a 50% reduction of acetylcholine, the primary brain chemical used in the retrieval of memory and the formation of plaques and tangles. These plaques and tangles are abnormal growths or accumulation of certain proteins that build within and surround brain cells." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "alzheimer's symptoms include: cognitive difficulties in remembering things (especially recent memory), attentiveness, planning, flexibility, abstract thinking, and language; apathy; depressive symptoms; irritability; difficulties in movement coordination and planning;delusional symptoms; and urinary incontinence." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. It is important to understand that none of these medications stops the disease itself.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. These drugs may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. The medications include: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil). Another drug, Cognex (tacrine), was the first approved cholinesterase inhibitor but is rarely prescribed today due to safety concerns. Because they work in a similar way, switching from one of these drugs to another probably will not produce significantly different results. However, an Alzheimers patient may respond better to one drug than another. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine; therefore, cholinesterase inhibitors may eventually lose their effect.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. This drugs main effect is to delay progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers.\n\nThe FDA has also approved Aricept for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimers disease.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "There are different stages of Alzheimer and each stage have mildly different symptoms Stage 1:\tNo impairment (normal function) The person does not experience any memory problems. Stage 2:\tVery mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer\\'s disease) The person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects. Common stage 3 difficulties include: Noticeable problems coming up with the right word or name Trouble remembering names when introduced to new people Having noticeably greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings Forgetting material that one has just read Losing or misplacing a valuable object Increasing trouble with planning or organizing. Stage 4:\t Moderate cognitive decline (Mild or early-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Stage 5:\tModerately severe cognitive decline (Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities. Stage 6:\tSevere cognitive decline (Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) Memory continues to worsen, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7:\tVery severe cognitive decline (Severe or late-stage Alzheimer\\'s disease) In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years.\n\nStage 1: The person has no memory problems.\n\nStage 2: Individuals may feel as if they are having small memory lapses. No symptoms can be detected during a medical examination or by friends or family.\n\nStage 3: Can sometimes be diagnosed. Friends and family begin to notice difficulties. These include: Noticeable difficulty finding the right word, forgetting recently acquired information, losing valuable objects and trouble with planning or organizing.\n\nStage 4: A careful medical interview should be able to detect clear-cut symptoms: Forgetfulness of recent events, impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic, difficulty performing complex tasks, forgetfulness about personal history, becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\nStage 5: Gaps in memory and thinking are noticeable, and individuals begin to need help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Be unable to recall personal information, become confused about their environment, have trouble with easier mental arithmetic, need help choosing clothing for the season or the occasion.\n\nStage 6: Memory continues to worsen, personality changes occur and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: Distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces but have trouble remembering the name of familiar people, need help dressing to avoid mistakes (e.g. shoes on the wrong feet), experience major changes in sleep patterns, need help handling details of toileting, have frequent trouble controlling their bladder or bowels.\n\nStage 7: In the final stage of this disease, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. At this stage, individuals need help with much of their daily personal care, including eating or using the toilet. They may also have trouble with simple physical activities. Reflexes become abnormal. Muscles grow rigid. Swallowing is impaired." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD.\n\nAt the first and second stages of Alzheimer, it's hard to detect any symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive decline (in memory, or concentration)can be diagnosed in some individuals at the third stage. At the fourth stage moderate cognitive decline can be clearly detected in several areas: Forgetfulness of recent events impaired ability to perform challenging mental arithmetic for example, counting backward from 100 by 7s Greater difficulty performing complex tasks, such as planning dinner for guests, paying bills or managing finances Forgetfulness about one\\'s own personal history Becoming moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations.\n\n" }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Several prescription drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease.\n\nNo new drugs for memory loss have been FDA approved for a decade, and those already on the market only modestly ease symptoms for a limited time. Additionally, they do not work for all patients and do not halt progression of the disease. \n\nSome studies showed that B vitamins may help protect the aging brain, though they couldn't prove that this treatment will stave off Alzheimers or delay its onset.\n\nMedications called cholinesterase inhibitors such as: Razadyne (galantamine), Exelon (rivastigmine), and Aricept (donepezil), which prevent the breakdown of a brian chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking, are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. They may help delay or prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time and may help control some behavioral symptoms. Patients may respond better to one drug than another.\n\nA medication known as Namenda (memantine), an N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which works differently from cholinesterase inhibitors thus can be perscribed in combination with it, is prescribed to treat moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. It delays progression of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimers, and may allow patients to maintain certain daily functions a little longer than they would without the medication.\n\nDoctors usually start patients at low drug doses and gradually increase the dosage based on how well a patient tolerates the drug. \nIt is important to follow the doctors instructions, report any unusual symptoms, and let the doctor know before adding or changing any medications.\n\n" }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die.Although the brain damage that causes vascular dementia cannot be reversed, it may be possible to slow the progression of the disease in a number of ways. Vascular dementia affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a 'stepped' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behaviour (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer\\'s disease (including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia, particularly when Alzheimer\\'s disease is predominant." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to function properly. Blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Meaning, it occurs after a stroke. Vascular dementia is the second most common dementia type. The different types of vascular dementia are a result of the different causes that damaged the brain, and which part of the brain has been damaged. Moreover, it affects different people in different ways and the speed of the progression varies from person to person. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of other types of dementia. However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, visual mistakes and misperceptions, changes in behaviour, difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations and delusions problems with continence and psychological symptoms. Some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease. A number of conditions can cause or increase damage to the vascular system. These include high blood pressure, heart problems, high cholesterol and diabetes. Effective treatment of these conditions may significantly delay or stop the development of vascular dementia. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD. These early symptoms can affect the most complex daily living activities. The most noticeable deficit is memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD. Apathy can be observed at this stage, and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease. Depressive symptoms, irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties also occur commonly. The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment, but whether this term corresponds to a different diagnostic stage or identifies the first step of AD is a matter of dispute. In a small portion of them, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. AD does not affect all memory capacities equally. Older memories of the person\\'s life (episodic memory), facts learned (semantic memory), and implicit memory (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories. Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, which lead to a general impoverishment of oral and written language." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Both vascular dementia and Alzheimer are forms of dementia. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and vascular dementia is the second. Despite some apparent similarities they are also different from each other. One example of these differences can be seen in the symptoms. Some symptoms of vascular dementia may be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease, however, there are some different symptoms such as problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression etc. Generally, dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. In Alzheimer's protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimer's also have a shortage of some important chemicals in their brain. These chemicals are involved with the transmission of messages within the brain. However, vascular dementia occurs after a stroke. In fact, the most common type of vascular dementia is called multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by a series of small strokes. Therefore, the causes for Alzheimer and vascular dementia rather different. Even some of the treatments for the illnesses are different. For example, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidelines on drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but has not recommended these same drugs for treating vascular dementia. Therefore, there are some differences between Alzheimer and vascular dementia despite the fact that they are both forms of dementia. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "The causes of cognitive impairment are different types of demetia,Alzhimerand others.The causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment are not yet completely understood. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. There are two types of MCI based on the thinking skills affected: affects memory is known as \"amnestic MCI.\" and affects thinking skills other than memory is known as \"nonamnestic MCI. MCI causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function.Currently there is no way to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI or determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. Symptoms may include problems with memory or feeling foggy. This condition causes depresion. The doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing, which involves a series of written or computerized tests to evaluate specific thinking skills. Experts believe that many cases result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The causes of MCI are not yet completely understood. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia, and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular diseases. It is possible to modify the disease. The study analyzed data from a 2010 clinical trial involving 156 patients, ages 70 and older, with MCI, a disorder affecting memory and thinking skills, but not severely enough to impair daily life. For example, people with MCI may start to forget information they previously could recall easily, such as recent events, appointments, or conversations. Up to 20 percent of people ages 65 and older suffer from MCI." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an illness which causes cognitive changes that are serious enough to be noticed by the individuals experiencing them or to other people, but the changes are not severe enough to interfere with daily life or independent function. Because of this reason. a person with MCI does not meet diagnostic guidelines for dementia. However, experts believe that many cases of MCI, result from brain changes occurring in the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. The risk factors most strongly linked to MCI are the same as those for dementia: advancing age, family history of Alzheimer's or another dementia and conditions that raise risk for cardiovascular disease. However, unlike Alzheimer's or dementia not all people with MCI get worse and some eventually get better. There are currently no tests or procedures to demonstrate conclusively that a person has MCI. Moreover, it is not yet possible to determine the underlying cause of MCI in a specific person. The diagnoses of MCI includes the following core elements: thorough medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, input from a family member or trusted friend to provide additional perspective on how function may have changed, assessment of mental status using evaluation tests, in-office neurological examination and evaluation of mood to detect depression. If the workup doesn't create a clear clinical picture, the doctor may recommend neuropsychological testing. MCI is an illness that is both liked to Alzheimer's and yet it can be separate from it. " }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer\\'s disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. The term \\'dementia\\' is used to describe a set of symptoms that occur when the brain is damaged by specific diseases. Someone with dementia may experience loss of memory, mood changes, and problems with language, reasoning and decision making. Being told that you or a loved one has vascular dementia can be very difficult and you may experience a range of different emotions as time goes on. Typically, the symptoms of vascular dementia begin suddenly, for example after a stroke. Vascular dementia often follows a \\'stepped\\' progression, with symptoms remaining at a constant level for a time and then suddenly deteriorating. People with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Other symptoms associated with vascular dementia may include: visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond) changes in behavior (such as restlessness) difficulties with walking and unsteadiness hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren\\'t there) and delusions (believing things that are not true) problems with continence psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive. It is important to note that some of these symptoms may not always be direct consequences of the disease." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "One of the first difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer are the causes. While Alzheimer causes are not yet completely understood, but they likely include a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. vascular dementia is caused by damage in the vascular system that prevents blood from reaching brain cells that will eventually die. Other differences are in the symptoms. Alzheimer is related with memory loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information. Vascular dementia However, people with vascular dementia may particularly experience: problems with speed of thinking, concentration and communication depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia symptoms of stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis memory problems (although this may not be the first symptom) seizures periods of severe (acute) confusion. Some of the symptoms are very similar. About 10 per cent of people with dementia have a type known as mixed dementia. A diagnosis of mixed dementia means that Alzheimer\\'s disease, as well as stroke or small vessel disease, may have caused damage to the brain. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to either Alzheimer\\'s disease or vascular dementia, or may be a combination of the two." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " Memory loss is often one of the first signs of dementia. Initially, memory lapses may be mistaken for the normal forgetfulness that often increases as people grow older or when they become very stressed. However, in someone with dementia it will gradually become apparent that the memory problems are becoming more severe and persistent.\n\n\n\n The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say.\n\n\n\n Scientists at the University of California Irvine have successfully recovered the memories of mice bred to develop age-related Alzheimer\\'s symptoms by using an experimental drug that is being tested as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The drug, identified as PMX205, prevents inflamed immune cells from accelerating neuron damage by congregating in areas of the brain with amyloid plaques, researchers said. Amyloid plaques are one of the most common physical brain characteristics found in Alzheimer\\'s patients.\n\n" }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": " However, there is plenty that can be done to help manage memory problems to enable people to retain their confidence and independence for as long as possible. This factsheet looks at ways to support a person with memory loss and offers some practical tips. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids such as lists, diaries, clocks and clear, written instructions can help jog the person\\'s memory if they are willing and able to make use of them. As the dementia progresses, the person may become less able to understand what the aids are for. For more information about memory aids, see factsheet 429, Equipment, adaptations and improvements to the home and factsheet 521, Maintaining everyday skills. For details of Alzheimer\\'s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets The memories of Alzheimer\\'s patients are forgotten but not gone, to twist a popular phrase. Now, one potential new treatment might help to recover some of those lost memories. An experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s developmentespecially when coupled with other treatments, researchers say." }, { "query": "helping retrieve memory alzheimer", "summ": "Memory loss, as with any other aspect of dementia, affects each person differently. \n\n\n\nIf the person's memory is focused on a particular time in his or her life, engage in conversation about recollections with an understanding that this is his or her current reality. \n\n\n\nOffer corrections as suggestions. \n\n\n\nAvoid explanations that sound like scolding. \n\n\n\nHelping them to concentrate on one thing at a time. \n\n\n\nTrying to make sure that there are limited distractions. \n\n\n\nMaking sure the person has enough meaningful activities to do and gets enough exercise. \n\n\n\nHelping the person to get enough sleep. \n\n\n\nKeeping to a regular routine can help with this difficulty, as will tactful reminders of the day and time, and about what is going to happen next. \n\n\n\nA calendar should be displayed prominently and the person with dementia should be encouraged to refer to it regularly. \n\n\n\nKeep information simple, and repeat it frequently. \n\n\n\nBreak new activities down into small steps. When asking for information give cues and context. \n\n\n\nTry to begin any new routines as soon as possible.\n\n\n\nReminiscence therapy is a method that is used to help encourage people to remember events from their past, using reminders such as songs and photographs. \n\nCarers can use these techniques at home. \n\n\n\nThere was a B-vitamin combination found that is the first and only disease-modifying treatment thats worked. \n\n\n\nAn experimental drug has the potential to recover memory and improve cognitive function if taken early in Alzheimer\\'s development especially when coupled with other treatments." } ]

[ "What kinds of treatments help?\n\nMOISTURIZERS. Ointments such as petroleum jelly are best unless theyre too thick and cause discomfort. Creams may be fine for moderately dry skin or in hot, humid weather. Apply them to wet skin, immediately after bathing. Lotions are not rich enough and often have a net drying effect on AD skin.\n\nCORTICOSTEROIDS. Often called topical (applied to the skin) steroids, these are cortisone-like medications used in creams or ointments that your doctor may prescribe (e.g. hydrocortisone, mometasone, desonide, triamcinolone). They are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes misuse. Corticosteroid medicines are very helpful. Often they are the only treatment that can calm the inflamed skin. Use of steroid ointments and creams requires good judgment and careful supervision. They come in many strengths from mild to super-potent. Hydrocortisone, a very mild steroid, is quite safe. The more potent ones can cause thinned skin, stretch marks and even growth retardation or suppression of the adrenal gland if used too many days in the same areas of the body. Parents should monitor the childs use. Ask the doctor about potency and side effects of prescribed corticosteroid medicines and follow the product insert instructions carefully.\nTopical Immunomodulators (TIMs)\n\nThis family of topical medications has been available for the past 10 years. TIMs work to inhibit the skins inflammatory response (which is what causes the redness and also contributes to itching). At this time there are two FDA approved non-steroid drugs: tacrolimus and pimecrolimus. TIMs are not steroids and do not cause thinning of the skin but they can suppress the immune system in the skin so that the use of sun protection for the children receiving this therapy is recommended.\n\nFor children less than two years of age these medications are only used off-label and as always, with any medication, they should be used with careful supervision of a physician. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus both currently have a black box warning, which is a precautionary statement given to the medication by the Food and Drug Administration.\n\nTAR PREPARATIONS. Tar creams or bath emulsions can be helpful for mild inflammation.\n\nANTIBIOTICS. Oral or topical antibiotics reduce the surface bacterial infections that may accompany flares of AD.\n\nANTIHISTAMINES. Often prescribed to reduce itching, these medicines may cause drowsiness but seem to help some children, largely due to their sleep-inducing side effects.", "Hydrocortisone. a very mild steroid, is quite safe. The more potent ones can cause thinned skin, stretch marks and even growth retardation or suppression of the adrenal gland if used too many days in the same areas of the body. Parents should monitor the childs use. Ask the doctor about potency and side effects of prescribed corticosteroid medicines and follow the product insert instructions carefully.\n\nTopical Immunomodulators (TIMs). are not steroids and do not cause thinning of the skin but they can suppress the immune system in the skin so that the use of sun protection for the children receiving this therapy is recommended.\n\nANTIHISTAMINES. Often prescribed to reduce itching, these medicines may cause drowsiness but seem to help some children, largely due to their sleep-inducing side effects.", "Many people look forward to summer, which brings the promise of pleasures like long days in the sun, picnics, beaches and baseball. Warm weather, however, also brings some not-so-welcome visitors in the form of stinging insects. For most people, these small creatures are an annoyance that threaten to ruin outdoor fun. But for some 2 million Americans, these insects pose a far more serious threat of a life-threatening allergic reaction.", "Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma is triggered by factors not related to allergies. Like allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication, however symptoms in this type of asthma are NOT associated with an allergic reaction. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness), but non-allergic asthma is triggered by other factors such as anxiety, stress, exercise, cold air, dry air, hyperventilation, smoke, viruses or other irritants. In non-allergic asthma, the immune system is not involved in the reaction.", "Asthma is a disease of the lungs in which the airways become blocked or narrowed causing breathing difficulty. This chronic disease affects 20 million Americans. Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. There is still much research that needs to be done to fully understand how to prevent, treat and cure asthma. But, with proper management, people can live healthy and active lives.", "How Is Mold Allergy Treated?\n\nAs with most allergies, patients should\n\n Avoid contact with the spores. Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves and disturbing other plant materials. Reduce the humidity indoors to prevent fungi from growing. These measures will reduce symptoms.\n\n Take medications for nasal or other allergic symptoms. Antihistamines and decongestants are available over the counterwithout a prescription. Because these antihistamines can cause drowsiness, they are best taken at bedtime. If drowsiness continues to be a problem, talk to your doctor about taking non-sedating antihistamines, which require a prescription. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays.\n\n If these medications are inadequate, talk to your doctor or allergist about taking allergy shots (immunotherapy). This works for some carefully selected patients.\n\nHow Can I Prevent a Reaction to Mold?\n\nAllergies cannot be cured. But the symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Several measures will help:\n\n Stay indoors during periods when the published mold count is high. This will lessen the amount you inhale. Mold spores are \"counted\" by collecting a sample of particulates in the air then identifying and counting the mold spores in the sample.\n\n The amount of airborne spores are likely to change quickly, depending on the weather. The counts reported are always for a past time period and may not reflect what is currently in the air. The mold that causes your allergic reaction may not be counted separately. This means that allergy symptoms may not relate closely to the published count. But knowing the count can help you decide when to stay indoors.\n\n Use central air conditioning with a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter attachment. It will help trap spores before they reach you. Air conditioning with a HEPA filter attached works better than electrostatic air-cleaning devices and much better than freestanding air cleaners. Devices that treat air with heat, ions or ozone are not recommended.\n\n No air cleaners will help if excess moisture remains. If indoor humidity is above 50 percent, risks of fungus growth rise steeply. Hygrometers can be used to measure humidity accurately. The goal is to keep humidity below 45 percent, and preferably about 35 percent.\n", "Allergies are diseases of the immune system that cause an overreaction to substances called \"allergens.\" Allergies are grouped by the kind of trigger, time of year or where symptoms appear on the body: indoor and outdoor allergies (also called \"hay fever,\" \"seasonal,\" \"perennial\" or \"nasal\" allergies), food allergies, latex allergies, insect allergies, skin allergies and eye allergies. People who have allergies can live healthy and active lives.", "Latex allergies are caused by touching or inhaling natural latex allergensproteins in the sap of the rubber treethat cause an allergic reaction in some people. Some are affected by latex powder if inhaled, others by skin contact with latex, such as with surgical gloves. Severe cases can cause anaphylaxis, the most serious type of allergic reaction. Most experts believe that the allergy has surfaced recently as a result of the increased use of latex to protect people from infectious agents. There may be other causes as well. Synthetic latex is not an allergen, but natural latex is.", "These medicines ease the wheezing, coughing and tightness of the chest that occurs during asthma episodes.\n\nShort acting brochodilators are one type of quick relief medicines. They open airways by relaxing muscles that tighten in and around the airways during asthma episodes.\n\nShort-acting beta agonists (Inhaled: Albuterol, Alupent, Brethaire, Bronkosol, Isoetharine, Maxair, Medihaler-Iso, Metaprel, Proventil, Tornalate, Ventolin, Xopenex) relieve asthma symptoms quickly and some prevent asthma caused by exercise.\n\nIf you use one of these medicines every day, or if you use it more than three times in a single day, your asthma may be getting worse, or you may not be using your inhaler correctly. Talk with your doctor right away about adding or increasing a medication, and about your inhaler technique.\n\nOral beta agonists (Syrup, tablets and long-acting tablets: Alupent, Brethine, Bricanyl, Proventil, Proventil Repetabs, Ventolin, Volmax). Syrup may be used for children, while long-acting tablets may be used for nighttime asthma. Oral preparations generally cause more side effects than the inhaled form.\n\nTheophylline (Oral, slow acting: Aerolate, Elixophyllin, Quibron-T, Resbid, Slo-bid, T-Phyl, Theolair, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-X, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl) can be used for persistently symptomatic asthma, and especially to prevent nighttime asthma. Theophylline must remain at a constant level in the blood stream to be effective. Too high a level can be dangerous. Your doctor will do regular blood tests. Sustained release Theophylline is not the preferred primary long-term control treatment, but it is effective when added to other antiinflammatory medicines to control nighttime episodes.\n\nThe job of these medicines is to control your asthma in both normal and stressful situations so that your airways remain open and your lungs operate properly. This enables you to live an active life free from fear of struggling for breathe. But for the medicines to do their best work, you must understand your condition, know what your medicines can and cannot do, and use them exactly as instructed by your doctor. Your intelligent use of asthma medicines is as important as the medicines themselves!", "What Are the Symptoms?\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\nSometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy.", "Standard asthma treatment begins with long-term relief from antiinflammatory drugs. These drugs make the airways less sensitive, and keeps them from reacting as easily to triggers. They reduce coughing, wheezing and the struggle for breath, and they allow you to live an active life. To have long-term control of your asthma depends on you. Anti-inflationary drugs must be taken exactly as they are prescribed.\n\nCromolyn Sodium (Inhaled: Intal) and Nedocromil Sodium (Inhaled: Tilade) prevent airways from swelling when they come in contact with asthma triggers. These nonsteroids can also be used to prevent asthma caused by exercise.\n\nInhaled Corticosteroids (Aerobid, Azmacort, Beclovent, Flovent, Pulmicort, Vanceril) prevent and reduce airway swelling and decrease the amount of mucus in the lungs. These are generally safe when taken as directed. They are not the same as anabolic steroids, which some athletes take to build muscles.\n\nIf you are taking an inhaled antiinflammatory medicine and you feel your asthma symptoms getting worse, talk with your doctor about continuing or increasing the medicine that you are already taking. You may also need to add an oral corticosteroid or a short-acting beta antagonist (bronchodilator) for relief.\n\nOral Corticosteroids(Pills or tablets: Aristocort, Celestone, Decadron, Medrol, Prednisone, Sterapred) (Liquid for children: Pediapred, Prelone) are used as short-term treatment for severe asthma episodes or as long-term therapy for some people with severe asthma. Again, these are not the same as anabolic steroids.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists(Inhaled: Serevent) can be taken with or without an antiinflammatory medicine to help control daily symptoms, including nighttime asthma. This type of medicine can also prevent asthma triggered by exercise.\n\nBecause long-acting beta agonists can not relieve symptoms quickly, they should not be used for an acute attack. You also need a short-acting, inhaled beta agonist for acute symptoms.\n\nLong-acting, inhaled beta agonists are not a substitute for antiinflammatory medicine. You should not decrease or stop taking your antiinflammatory medicine without talking to your doctor, even if you feel better.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers (Tablets: Accolate, Singulair) are a new type of long-term control medication. They prevent airway inflammation and swelling, decrease the amount of mucus in the lungs and open the airways.\n\nCombined therapy medicine (inhaled) contains both a controller and reliever medicine. This combination of a long-acting bronchodilator and corticosteroid is used for long-term control. \n\nAnti-IgE therapy (injected) is a new treatment for people with moderate or severe allergic asthma. It attempts to stop allergic asthma at its root cause instead of just treating asthma symptoms. This drug is not inhaled, but rather injected by your doctor on a regular basis. It does not eliminate your need for other asthma medications, but it can help to reduce your use of them. Due to its significant cost, this form of therapy is currently reserved for moderate to severe cases requiring multiple medications.", "Outdoor allergies (also called seasonal allergic rhinitis [SAR], hay fever, or nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found outdoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Examples of commonly inhaled outdoor allergens are tree, grass and weed pollen and mold spores. Other allergens exist outdoors, such as stinging insects and poisonous plants, but these are usually considered contact, skin or insect allergens rather than inhaled allergens.", "Eye allergies (also called allergic conjunctivitis) is a common eye condition. It is often called \"pink eye.\" It is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and helps keep your eyelid and eyeball moist. Allergens (pollen, mold spores, pet dander, etc.), irritants (dirt, smoke, chemicals, chlorine, etc.) and even viruses and bacteria can cause conjunctivitis. Pink eye caused by allergens is called allergic conjunctivitis. If its caused by bacteria or viruses it can spread easily from person to person but is not a serious health risk if diagnosed quickly; allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious.", "Food allergies and allergic reactions to certain drugs are serious. They are characterized by a broad range of allergic reactions to ingredients in the foods we eat or the medications we take. Food allergy is an overreaction of the immune system, different than food intolerance or food sensitivity.\n\nThe U.S. Food Allergy Labeling Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) now requires food labels to clearly identify all allergen ingredients (even if it's a spice or flavoring), and to discourage labels with may contain' statements.", "Although asthma cannot be cured it can be controlled. There are many medicines that help people with asthma. Some are preventive medicines and others are known as quick relievers. The preventive medicines are used for long-term control of the disease and work to make asthma attacks less frequent and less severe. Quick reliever medicines offer short-term relief of symptoms when asthma episodes occur.\n\nUnless your asthma is very mild, chances are you have prescriptions for at least two different medicines. That can be confusing. The more you understand about what those medicines do and why they help, the more likely you are to use them correctly.\n\nAlthough there are some potential unfavorable side effects from taking asthma medications, the benefit of successfully controlling your asthma outweighs the risks. It is important to discuss each of your asthma medications with your physician to learn more about their effects.\n\nAs just discussed, there are two kinds of asthma medications: long term controllers and quick relievers.", "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms.", "How Is Mold Allergy Diagnosed?\n\nTo diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history. If mold allergy is suspected, the doctor often will do skin tests. Extracts of different types of fungi will be used to scratch or prick the skin. If there is no reaction, allergy is not suggested. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. Therefore the doctor uses the patient's medical history, the skin testing results, and the physical examination combined to diagnose mold allergy.", "Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR] or often called nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Examples of indoor allergens are airborne cat or dog dander, dust mite feces and mold spores.", "Skin allergies (also called allergic contact dermatitis) occur when your skin comes in contact with an allergen that your skin is sensitive or allergic to. Also, allergies to other things like food you eat or proteins your breath in may cause symptoms to appear on your skin, such as hives or rashes. The reaction usually appears within 48 hours after the initial exposure to the allergen. Symptoms that are commonly seen include the following redness, swelling, blistering, itching, hives and rashes. The allergen can be a substance in a product that you have used for many years; it does not have to be a new product. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs more commonly in adults. The most common types of allergic contact dermatitis are allergies to poison ivy, oak and sumac.", "What Is Mold Allergy?\n\nMold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds,\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high.\n\nInhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer. But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round.\n\nAlthough there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions. Alternaria, Cladosporium (Hormodendrum), Aspergillus, Penicillium, Helmin thosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus and Aureobasidium (Pullularia) are the major culprits. Some common spores can be identified when viewed under a microscope. Some form recognizable growth or colonies.\n\nMany molds grow on rotting logs and fallen leaves, in compost piles and on grasses and grains. Unlike pollens, molds do not die with the first killing frost. Most outdoor molds become dormant during the winter. In the spring they grow on plants killed by the cold.\n\nIndoors, fungi grow in damp areas, particularly in the bathroom, kitchen or basement.\n\nWho Gets the Allergy?\n\nIt is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. People may become allergic to only mold or fungi, or they may also have problems with dust mites, pollens and other spores. If you are allergic to only fungi, it is unlikely that you would be bothered by all fungi. The different types of fungi spores have only limited similarities.\n\nPeople in some occupations have more exposure to mold and are at greater risk of developing allergies. Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers are at increased risk.\n\nThere is only weak evidence that allergic symptoms are caused by food fungi (e.g., mushrooms, dried fruit, foods containing yeast, vinegar or soy sauce). It is more likely that reactions to food fungi are caused by the food's direct effect on blood vessels. For example, histamine may be present because of the fermentation of red wines.\n\nFungi on house plants can cause an allergic reaction, but this is only likely to happen if the soil is disturbed.\n\nFungi can even grow in the human body. If not properly treated, intense inflammation can recur often. It can permanently damage airway walls. This is not common, though.", "Alternative Therapies \n\nWhat is Alternative Medicine?\n\nAny unproven treatment for an illness or disease is considered an alternative medical approach by most American medical doctors. \"Unproven\" means there is not enough acceptable scientific evidence to show that the treatment works. The term alternative medicine refers to a wide variety of treatments considered outside \"mainstream\" or \"usual\" medical approaches in the United States today.\n\n\nWhy People Use Alternative Medicine?\n\nRecent statistics show that nearly 40 percent of Americans try some form of alternative medicine. Medical and scientific experts do believe that some remedies may be worth a try, providing they are not harmful. In some cases, specific alternative medical treatment may improve or relieve symptoms of a specific illness or disease. Risks should not outweigh the potential benefits.\n\nIf you believe a particular alternative medical approach might help reduce your asthma or allergy symptoms, talk with your doctor about it, and how you could integrate that treatment into your overall asthma/allergy management plan.\n\nNo one should use alternative medicine without first consulting a board-certified physician. Any alternative medical approach should be used in addition to your normal asthma or allergy management plan.\n\nYou should not substitute an alternative medical treatment for your regular medications or treatments. Be especially careful about use of alternative medicine on children. Approaches that are harmless for adults may not be harmless for children!\n\nDoes Health Insurance Cover Alternative Medical Treatment?\n\nHealth plans vary in what alternative medicine expenses they will pay. Many plans provide coverage for some but not all alternative therapies. If your doctor writes you a prescription for a specific treatment such as acupuncture or massage, you may be more likely to get partial or full reimbursement of the expense. Always check with your insurance provider before assuming the coverage is available.\n\nWhat are Cautions or Considerations for People Who Use Alternative Medicine?\n\nBeware the placebo effect! If you really want an alternative medical treatment to work, you may think it is working, even if it really isn't! This \"placebo effect\" often occurs for people using alternative medicine. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. If you use prescribed medications for your allergy or asthma symptoms, it may take time for them to \"kick in.\" So you may simply be feeling better because your medications started workingnot because the alternative medicine is working.\n\nRead between the label lines! The federal government requires labels to state how an herb or vitamin may affect the body but labels are not required to carry health warnings. Labels also cannot claim any medical or health benefit. Products often are not properly labeled, especially those imported from other countries. Many people experience toxicand sometimes deadlyeffects from improperly using labeled herbs. Some products contain unnamed medicines such as steroids, anti-inflammatories or sedatives that act to reduce your symptoms. Other \"hidden ingredients\" in various products can be dangerous or even lethal. Use products tested for safety and effectiveness.\n\nFollow directions! Never increase the amount or frequency of a dose or use a treatment or device in a different way than recommended. Do not use herbs in combinations. Do not take herbs if you are pregnant or breast feeding.\n\nBeware of developing allergy symptoms! Allergies to specific plants and other substances (such as latex or nickel) can build up over time. Products you've used for years may suddenly cause mild to serious allergy symptoms, especially if you already are allergic to something. Check to see if new herbs, foods or other products you plan to use are in the same \"family\" as your known allergens.\n\nUse quality products and services! Lack of quality standards is a serious problem for people who use various alternative medical treatments. Look for products that list the amount of the active ingredient(s). Make sure people giving you any kind of treatment are properly certified. Ask your pharmacist or health product store manager for recommendations. Research the product or service before you use it.\n\nConsult with your physician before starting any new treatment! This point cannot be stressed enough. If you have symptoms of asthma or allergy, but you have not been diagnosed, consult a board-certified doctor for a proper diagnosis. Do not rely on health product store personnel to help treat undiagnosed symptoms. If you know you have asthma or allergies, again, talk with your doctor about the alternative medicine you want to usebefore you try it.\n\nAre there Useful Alternative Therapies for People who have Asthma or Allergies?\n\nKeep in mind: alternative therapy is medical treatment for which there is no conclusive, supporting scientific evidence. This does not necessarily mean the treatment is useless or ineffective. You simply must be careful in what you choose and how you use it.\n\nAcupuncture. A technique that involves inserting needles into key points of the body. Evidence suggests that acupuncture may signal the brain to release endorphins. These are hormones made by the body. When released, endorphins can help reduce pain and create a sense of well being. People with asthma or allergy may experience more relaxed or calmer breathing. Users should be aware of the risk of contaminated needles or punctured organs.\n\nBiofeedback. A technique that helps people control involuntary physical responses. Results are mixed, with children and teenagers showing the greatest benefit.\n\nChiropractic spinal manipulation. A technique that emphasizes manipulation of the spine in order to help the body heal itself. There is no evidence that this treatment impairs the underlying disease or pulmonary function.\n\nHypnosis. An artificially induced dream state that leaves the person open to suggestion, hypnosis is a legitimate technique to help people manage various conditions. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices.\n\nLaser treatment. A technique that uses high intensity light to shrink swollen tissue or unblock sinuses. Laser therapy may provide temporary relief, but it may also cause scarring or other long-term physical problems.\n\nMassage, relaxation techniques, art/music therapy, yoga. Stress and anxiety may cause your airways to constrict more if you have asthma or allergies. Various techniques can help you relax, reduce anxiety or control your breathing. The results may provide some benefit in helping you cope with asthma or allergy symptoms. However, evidence is not conclusive that these techniques improve lung function.", "How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease. Good asthma control will:\n\n Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath\n Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines (see below)\n Help you maintain good lung function\n Let you maintain your normal activity level and sleep through the night\n Prevent asthma attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay\n\nTo control asthma, partner with your doctor to manage your asthma or your child's asthma. Children aged 10 or olderand younger children who are ableshould take an active role in their asthma care.\n\nTaking an active role to control your asthma involves:\n\n Working with your doctor to treat other conditions that can interfere with asthma management.\n Avoiding things that worsen your asthma (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.\n Working with your doctor and other health care providers to create and follow an asthma action plan.\n\nAn asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding asthma triggers (except physical activity), tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening symptoms, and seeking emergency care when needed.\n\nAsthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or \"rescue,\" medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.\n\nYour initial treatment will depend on the severity of your asthma. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is controlling your symptoms and preventing asthma attacks.\n\nYour level of asthma control can vary over time and with changes in your home, school, or work environments. These changes can alter how often you're exposed to the factors that can worsen your asthma.\n\nYour doctor may need to increase your medicine if your asthma doesn't stay under control. On the other hand, if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary.\n\nAsthma treatment for certain groups of peoplesuch as children, pregnant women, or those for whom exercise brings on asthma symptomswill be adjusted to meet their special needs.\nFollow an Asthma Action Plan\n\nYou can work with your doctor to create a personal asthma action plan. The plan will describe your daily treatments, such as which medicines to take and when to take them. The plan also will explain when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room.\n\nIf your child has asthma, all of the people who care for him or her should know about the child's asthma action plan. This includes babysitters and workers at daycare centers, schools, and camps. These caretakers can help your child follow his or her action plan.\n\nGo to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's) \"Asthma Action Plan\" for a sample plan.\nAvoid Things That Can Worsen Your Asthma\n\nMany common things (called asthma triggers) can set off or worsen your asthma symptoms. Once you know what these things are, you can take steps to control many of them. (For more information about asthma triggers, go to \"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?\")\n\nFor example, exposure to pollens or air pollution might make your asthma worse. If so, try to limit time outdoors when the levels of these substances in the outdoor air are high. If animal fur triggers your asthma symptoms, keep pets with fur out of your home or bedroom.\n\nOne possible asthma trigger you shouldnt avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.\n\nThe NHLBI offers many useful tips for controlling asthma triggers. For more information, go to page 2 of NHLBI's \"Asthma Action Plan.\"\n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can't avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots.\n\nYou may need to see a specialist if you're thinking about getting allergy shots. These shots can lessen or prevent your asthma symptoms, but they can't cure your asthma.\n\nSeveral health conditions can make asthma harder to manage. These conditions include runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea. Your doctor will treat these conditions as well.", "Track Your Asthma\n\nTo track your asthma, keep records of your symptoms, check your peak flow number using a peak flow meter, and get regular asthma checkups.\nRecord Your Symptoms\n\nYou can record your asthma symptoms in a diary to see how well your treatments are controlling your asthma.\n\nAsthma is well controlled if:\n\n You have symptoms no more than 2 days a week, and these symptoms don't wake you from sleep more than 1 or 2 nights a month.\n You can do all your normal activities.\n You take quick-relief medicines no more than 2 days a week.\n You have no more than one asthma attack a year that requires you to take corticosteroids by mouth.\n Your peak flow doesn't drop below 80 percent of your personal best number.\n\nIf your asthma isn't well controlled, contact your doctor. He or she may need to change your asthma action plan.\nUse a Peak Flow Meter\n\nThis small, hand-held device shows how well air moves out of your lungs. You blow into the device and it gives you a score, or peak flow number. Your score shows how well your lungs are working at the time of the test.\n\nYour doctor will tell you how and when to use your peak flow meter. He or she also will teach you how to take your medicines based on your score.\n\nYour doctor and other health care providers may ask you to use your peak flow meter each morning and keep a record of your results. You may find it very useful to record peak flow scores for a couple of weeks before each medical visit and take the results with you.\n\nWhen you're first diagnosed with asthma, it's important to find your \"personal best\" peak flow number. To do this, you record your score each day for a 2- to 3-week period when your asthma is well-controlled. The highest number you get during that time is your personal best. You can compare this number to future numbers to make sure your asthma is controlled.\n\nYour peak flow meter can help warn you of an asthma attack, even before you notice symptoms. If your score shows that your breathing is getting worse, you should take your quick-relief medicines the way your asthma action plan directs. Then you can use the peak flow meter to check how well the medicine worked.\nGet Asthma Checkups\n\nWhen you first begin treatment, you'll see your doctor about every 2 to 6 weeks. Once your asthma is controlled, your doctor may want to see you from once a month to twice a year.\n\nDuring these checkups, your doctor may ask whether you've had an asthma attack since the last visit or any changes in symptoms or peak flow measurements. He or she also may ask about your daily activities. This information will help your doctor assess your level of asthma control.\n\nYour doctor also may ask whether you have any problems or concerns with taking your medicines or following your asthma action plan. Based on your answers to these questions, your doctor may change the dose of your medicine or give you a new medicine.\n\nIf your control is very good, you might be able to take less medicine. The goal is to use the least amount of medicine needed to control your asthma.", "Quote by girl soccer player: \"I'm unstoppable... when I take my asthma medicine, I'm fine.\"\n\nRegular physical activity is important to the health and well-being of all students.\n\nYet students who have asthma and their families often see asthma as a barrier to being physically active. About 1 in every 10 children has asthma, a common but serious chronic disease. Poorly controlled asthma can lead to debilitating symptoms, school absences, and life-threatening events that require emergency care. Asthma can limit a student's ability to play, learn, and sleepall critical to his or her development.\n\nWhen asthma is well managed and well controlled, however, students who have asthma should be able to participate fully in all activities, including vigorous exercise. As a classroom teacher, physical education teacher, coach, or person who is supervising school-age youth who are engaged in physical activity, you can use the practical strategies outlined in this booklet to lessen the burden of asthma on students, families, and the school community.\n\nIt is our hope that this booklet will promote partnerships among students, families, health care providers, and school personnel that will empower students to take control of their asthma and to participate fully and safely in sports and physical activities. Use it with its companion publication, Managing Asthma: A Guide for Schoolsdeveloped collaboratively by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's National Asthma Education and Prevention Program and the U.S. Department of Educationto help make your school's policies and practices more asthma-friendly.", "What Is Asthma?\n\nAsthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.\n\nAsthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.\n\nTo understand asthma, it helps to know how the airways work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes them swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.\n\nWhen the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways might make more mucus than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow the airways.\n\nThis chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are inflamed.\n\n\nSometimes asthma symptoms are mild and go away on their own or after minimal treatment with asthma medicine. Other times, symptoms continue to get worse.\n\nWhen symptoms get more intense and/or more symptoms occur, you're having an asthma attack. Asthma attacks also are called flareups or exacerbations (eg-zas-er-BA-shuns).\n\nTreating symptoms when you first notice them is important. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can be fatal.\n\nAsthma has no cure. Even when you feel fine, you still have the disease and it can flare up at any time.\n\nHowever, with today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms. They can live normal, active lives and sleep through the night without interruption from asthma.\n\nIf you have asthma, you can take an active role in managing the disease. For successful, thorough, and ongoing treatment, build strong partnerships with your doctor and other health care providers.", "All people who have asthma need quick-relief medicines to help relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up. Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonistsexternal link icon are the first choice for quick relief.\n\nThese medicines act quickly to relax tight muscles around your airways when you're having a flareup. This allows the airways to open up so air can flow through them.\n\nYou should take your quick-relief medicine when you first notice asthma symptoms. If you use this medicine more than 2 days a week, talk with your doctor about your asthma control. You may need to make changes to your asthma action plan.\n\nCarry your quick-relief inhaler with you at all times in case you need it. If your child has asthma, make sure that anyone caring for him or her has the child's quick-relief medicines, including staff at the child's school. They should understand when and how to use these medicines and when to seek medical care for your child.\n\nYou shouldn't use quick-relief medicines in place of prescribed long-term control medicines. Quick-relief medicines don't reduce inflammation.", "Most people who have asthma need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway inflammation, which helps prevent symptoms from starting. These medicines don't give you quick relief from symptoms.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long-term control of asthma. They're the most effective option for long-term relief of the inflammation and swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances.\n\nReducing inflammation helps prevent the chain reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Most people who take these medicines daily find they greatly reduce the severity of symptoms and how often they occur.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids generally are safe when taken as prescribed. These medicines are different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. Inhaled corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them every day for many years.\nCheck with your doctor to see whether a spacer or holding chamber should be used with the inhaler you have. Also, work with your health care team if you have any questions about how to use a spacer or holding chamber. Rinsing your mouth out with water after taking inhaled corticosteroids also can lower your risk for thrush.\n\nIf you have severe asthma, you may have to take corticosteroid pills or liquid for short periods to get your asthma under control.\nYour doctor may have you add another long-term asthma control medicine so he or she can lower your dose of corticosteroids. Or, your doctor may suggest you take calcium and vitamin D pills to protect your bones.\n\nOther long-term control medicines. Other long-term control medicines include:\n\n Cromolynexternal link icon. This medicine is taken using a device called a nebulizer. As you breathe in, the nebulizer sends a fine mist of medicine to your lungs. Cromolyn helps prevent airway inflammation.\n Omalizumabexternal link icon (anti-IgE). This medicine is given as a shot (injection) one or two times a month. It helps prevent your body from reacting to asthma triggers, such as pollen and dust. Anti-IgE might be used if other asthma medicines have not worked well.\n Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonistsexternal link icon. These medicines open the airways. They might be added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids to improve asthma control. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists should never be used for long-term asthma control unless they're used with inhaled corticosteroids.\n Leukotriene modifiersexternal link icon. These medicines are taken by mouth. They help block the chain reaction that increases inflammation in your airways.\n Theophyllineexternal link icon. This medicine is taken by mouth. Theophylline helps open the airways.\n\nIf your doctor prescribes a long-term control medicine, take it every day to control your asthma. Your asthma symptoms will likely return or get worse if you stop taking your medicine. With some medicines, like theophylline, your doctor will check the level of medicine in your blood. This helps ensure that youre getting enough medicine to relieve your asthma symptoms, but not so much that it causes dangerous side effects.", "How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse\n\nThis guide suggests things you can do to avoid your asthma triggers. Put a check next to the triggers that you know make your asthma worse and ask your doctor to help you find out if you have other triggers as well. Then decide with your doctor what steps you will take.\nAllergens\nAnimal Dander\n\nSome people are allergic to the flakes of skin or dried saliva from animals with fur or feathers.\nThe best thing to do:\n\n Keep furred or feathered pets out of your home.\n\nIf you can't keep the pet outdoors, then:\n\n Keep the pet out of your bedroom and other sleeping areas at all times, and keep the door closed.\n Remove carpets and furniture covered with cloth from your home. If that is not possible, keep the pet away from fabric-covered furniture and carpets.\n\nDust Mites\n\nMany people with asthma are allergic to dust mites. Dust mites are tiny bugs that are found in every home-in mattresses, pillows, carpets, upholstered furniture, bedcovers, clothes, stuffed toys, and fabric or other fabric-covered items.\n\nThings that can help:\n\n Encase your mattress in a special dust-proof cover.\n Encase your pillow in a special dust-proof cover or wash the pillow each week in hot water. Water must be hotter than 130 F to kill the mites. Cold or warm water used with detergent and bleach can also be effective.\n Wash the sheets and blankets on your bed each week in hot water.\n Reduce indoor humidity to below 60 percent (ideally between 30-50 percent). Dehumidifiers or central air conditioners can do this.\n Try not to sleep or lie on cloth-covered cushions.\n Remove carpets from your bedroom and those laid on concrete, if you can.\n Keep stuffed toys out of the bed or wash the toys weekly in hot water or cooler water with detergent and bleach.\n\nCockroaches\n\nMany people with asthma are allergic to the dried droppings and remains of cockroaches.\n\nThe best thing to do:\n\n Keep food and garbage in closed containers. Never leave food out.\n Use poison baits, powders, gels, or paste (for example, boric acid). You can also use traps.\n If a spray is used to kill roaches, stay out of the room until the odor goes away.\n\nIndoor Mold\n\n Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them.\n Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it.\n\nPollen and Outdoor Mold\n\nWhat to do during your allergy season (when pollen or mold spore counts are high):\n\n Try to keep your windows closed.\n Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Pollen and some mold spore counts are highest at that time.\n Ask your doctor whether you need to take or increase anti-inflammatory medicine before your allergy season starts.\n\nIrritants\nTobacco Smoke\n\n If you smoke, ask your doctor for ways to help you quit. Ask family members to quit smoking, too.\n Do not allow smoking in your home or car.\n\nSmoke, Strong Odors, and Sprays\n\n If possible, do not use a wood-burning stove, kerosene heater, or fireplace.\n Try to stay away from strong odors and sprays, such as perfume, talcum powder, hair spray, and paints.\n\nOther things that bring on asthma symptoms in some people include:\nVacuum Cleaning\n\n Try to get someone else to vacuum for you once or twice a week, if you can. Stay out of rooms while they are being vacuumed and for a short while afterward.\n If you vacuum, use a dust mask (from a hardware store), a double-layered or microfilter vacuum cleaner bag, or a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter.\n\nOther Things That Can Make Asthma Worse\n\n Sulfites in foods and beverages: Do not drink beer or wine or eat dried fruit, processed potatoes, or shrimp if they cause asthma symptoms.\n Cold air: Cover your nose and mouth with a scarf on cold or windy days.\n Other medicines: Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take. Include cold medicines, aspirin, vitamins and other supplements, and nonselective beta-blockers (including those in eye drops).\n", "Asthma Treatment for Special Groups\n\nThe treatments described above generally apply to all people who have asthma. However, some aspects of treatment differ for people in certain age groups and those who have special needs.\nChildren\n\nIt's hard to diagnose asthma in children younger than 5 years. Thus, it's hard to know whether young children who wheeze or have other asthma symptoms will benefit from long-term control medicines. (Quick-relief medicines tend to relieve wheezing in young children whether they have asthma or not.)\n\nDoctors will treat infants and young children who have asthma symptoms with long-term control medicines if, after assessing a child, they feel that the symptoms are persistent and likely to continue after 6 years of age. (For more information, go to \"How Is Asthma Diagnosed?\")\n\nInhaled corticosteroids are the preferred treatment for young children. Montelukast and cromolyn are other options. Treatment might be given for a trial period of 1 month to 6 weeks. Treatment usually is stopped if benefits aren't seen during that time and the doctor and parents are confident the medicine was used properly.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids can possibly slow the growth of children of all ages. Slowed growth usually is apparent in the first several months of treatment, is generally small, and doesn't get worse over time. Poorly controlled asthma also may reduce a child's growth rate.\n\nMany experts think the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids for children who need them to control their asthma far outweigh the risk of slowed growth.\nOlder Adults\n\nDoctors may need to adjust asthma treatment for older adults who take certain other medicines, such as beta blockers, aspirin and other pain relievers, and anti-inflammatory medicines. These medicines can prevent asthma medicines from working well and may worsen asthma symptoms.\n\nBe sure to tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines.\n\nOlder adults may develop weak bones from using inhaled corticosteroids, especially at high doses. Talk with your doctor about taking calcium and vitamin D pills, as well as other ways to help keep your bones strong.\nPregnant Women\n\nPregnant women who have asthma need to control the disease to ensure a good supply of oxygen to their babies. Poor asthma control increases the risk that a baby will be born early and have a low birth weight. Poor asthma control can even risk the baby's life.\n\nStudies show that it's safer to take asthma medicines while pregnant than to risk having an asthma attack.\n\nTalk with your doctor if you have asthma and are pregnant or planning a pregnancy. Your level of asthma control may get better or it may get worse while you're pregnant. Your health care team will check your asthma control often and adjust your treatment as needed.\nPeople Whose Asthma Symptoms Occur With Physical Activity\n\nPhysical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Adults need physical activity to maintain good health. Children need it for growth and development.\n\nIn some people, however, physical activity can trigger asthma symptoms. If this happens to you or your child, talk with your doctor about the best ways to control asthma so you can stay active.\n\nThe following medicines may help prevent asthma symptoms caused by physical activity:\n\n Short-acting beta2-agonists (quick-relief medicine) taken shortly before physical activity can last 2 to 3 hours and prevent exercise-related symptoms in most people who take them.\n Long-acting beta2-agonists can be protective for up to 12 hours. However, with daily use, they'll no longer give up to 12 hours of protection. Also, frequent use of these medicines for physical activity might be a sign that asthma is poorly controlled.\n Leukotriene modifiers. These pills are taken several hours before physical activity. They can help relieve asthma symptoms brought on by physical activity.\n Long-term control medicines. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms.\n\nEasing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. You also may want to wear a mask or scarf over your mouth when exercising in cold weather.\n\nIf you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose.\nPeople Having Surgery\n\nAsthma may add to the risk of having problems during and after surgery. For instance, having a tube put into your throat may cause an asthma attack.\n\nTell your surgeon about your asthma when you first talk with him or her. The surgeon can take steps to lower your risk, such as giving you asthma medicines before or during surgery.", "What Are the Lungs?\n\nYour lungs are organs in your chest that allow your body to take in oxygen from the air. They also help remove carbon dioxide (a waste gas that can be toxic) from your body.\n\nThe lungs' intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide is called gas exchange. Gas exchange is part of breathing. Breathing is a vital function of life; it helps your body work properly.\n\nOther organs and tissues also help make breathing possible. ", "Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or \"rescue,\" medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.\n\nYour doctor will consider many things when deciding which asthma medicines are best for you. He or she will check to see how well a medicine works for you. Then, he or she will adjust the dose or medicine as needed.\n\nAsthma medicines can be taken in pill form, but most are taken using a device called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your lungs.\n\nNot all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your doctor or another health care provider to show you the right way to use your inhaler. Review the way you use your inhaler at every medical visit.\nYour doctor may need to increase your medicine if your asthma doesn't stay under control. On the other hand, if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary.", "Emergency Care\n\nMost people who have asthma, including many children, can safely manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans. However, you might need medical attention at times.\n\nCall your doctor for advice if:\n\n Your medicines don't relieve an asthma attack.\n Your peak flow is less than half of your personal best peak flow number.\n\nCall 911 for emergency care if:\n\n You have trouble walking and talking because you're out of breath.\n You have blue lips or fingernails.\n\nAt the hospital, you'll be closely watched and given oxygen and more medicines, as well as medicines at higher doses than you take at home. Such treatment can save your life.", "Ensure Students Have Easy Access to Their Medication\nAsthma Medications\n\nAll students who have asthma must have quick-relief medication available at school to take as needed to relieve symptoms, and, if directed, to take before exposure to an asthma trigger, such as exercise.\n\nMany students who have asthma require both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. These medications prevent as well as treat symptoms and enable the student to participate safely and fully in physical activities.\n\nMost asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for students to take their medications correctly.\n\nLONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a student's need for quick-relief medication.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles.\n\nQUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up.\n\nAn additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in students who have exercise-induced asthma. These students may be directed by their health care provider to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before participating in physical activities.\n\n\nEnsuring Access\n\nEnsuring that students who have asthma have quick and easy access to their quick-relief medication is essential. These students often require medication during school to treat asthma symptoms or to take just before participating in physical activities or exposure to another asthma trigger. If accessing the medication is difficult, inconvenient, or embarrassing, the student may be discouraged and fail to use his or her quick-relief medication as needed. The student's asthma may become unnecessarily worse and his or her activities needlessly limited.\n\nA parent or guardian should provide to the school the student's prescribed asthma medication so that it may be administered by the school nurse or other designated school personnel, according to applicable federal, state, and district laws, regulations, and policies. Federal legislation relevant to the needs and rights of students who have asthma includes the Americans with Disabilities Act (www.ada.gov), Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (http://idea.ed.gov), and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Additional information about these laws is available from the Office for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education (see Appendix 5).\n\nIn addition, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws allowing students to carry and self-administer their prescribed quick-relief asthma medications in school settings. Required documentation usually includes having on file at the school a written asthma action plan and/or medication authorization form signed by the student's physician and parent or guardian, and in some jurisdictions, the school nurse.\n\nThe NHLBI's publication When Should Students With Asthma or Allergies Carry and Self-Administer Emergency Medications at School? provides useful guidance for determining when to entrust and encourage a student with diagnosed asthma to carry and self-administer prescribed emergency medications at school. In addition, the Allergy and Asthma Network/Mothers of Asthmatics has information on federal and state laws that address students' rights to carry and self-administer prescribed asthma medications. You also can look for asthma-related laws and regulations in each state and territory through the Library of Congress (see Appendix 5).", "A sthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and \nvery sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. \nWhen the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This causes the airways to narrow, and less air flows to your lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. (Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow your airways.) \nThis chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. \nSymptoms can happen each time the airways are irritated. \nSometimes symptoms are mild and go away on their own or after minimal treatment with an asthma medicine. Other times, symptoms continue to get worse. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. \nIts important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\nCauses and Risk Factors\nThe exact cause of asthma isnt known. Research ers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people \nthan in others. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts in childhood. In the United States, \nmore than 22 million people are known to have asthma. Nearly 6 million of these people are children.\nAmong children, more boys have asthma than girls. But among adults, more women have the disease than men. Its not clear whether or how gender and sex hormones play a role in causing asthma.\nMost, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. \nLiving With Asthma\nAsthma is a longterm disease that cant be cured. It is treated with two types of medicines: \nlongterm control and quickrelief medicines. \nLongterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up.\nYour initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will:\n\t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \n\t Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines \n\t Help you maintain good lung function \n\t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night\n\t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in \nyour going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment \nTo reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when \nneeded. \nWith todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives.", "Medicines\n\nYour doctor will consider many things when deciding which asthma medicines are best for you. He or she will check to see how well a medicine works for you. Then, he or she will adjust the dose or medicine as needed.\n\nAsthma medicines can be taken in pill form, but most are taken using a device called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your lungs.\n\nNot all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your doctor or another health care provider to show you the right way to use your inhaler. Review the way you use your inhaler at every medical visit.\nLong-Term Control Medicines\n\nMost people who have asthma need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway inflammation, which helps prevent symptoms from starting. These medicines don't give you quick relief from symptoms.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long-term control of asthma. They're the most effective option for long-term relief of the inflammation and swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances.\n\nReducing inflammation helps prevent the chain reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Most people who take these medicines daily find they greatly reduce the severity of symptoms and how often they occur.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids generally are safe when taken as prescribed. These medicines are different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. Inhaled corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them every day for many years.\n\nLike many other medicines, though, inhaled corticosteroids can have side effects. Most doctors agree that the benefits of taking inhaled corticosteroids and preventing asthma attacks far outweigh the risk of side effects.\n\nOne common side effect from inhaled corticosteroids is a mouth infection called thrush. You might be able to use a spacer or holding chamber on your inhaler to avoid thrush. These devices attach to your inhaler. They help prevent the medicine from landing in your mouth or on the back of your throat.\n\nCheck with your doctor to see whether a spacer or holding chamber should be used with the inhaler you have. Also, work with your health care team if you have any questions about how to use a spacer or holding chamber. Rinsing your mouth out with water after taking inhaled corticosteroids also can lower your risk for thrush.\n\nIf you have severe asthma, you may have to take corticosteroid pills or liquid for short periods to get your asthma under control.\n\nIf taken for long periods, these medicines raise your risk for cataracts and osteoporosis (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). A cataract is the clouding of the lens in your eye. Osteoporosis is a disorder that makes your bones weak and more likely to break.\n\nYour doctor may have you add another long-term asthma control medicine so he or she can lower your dose of corticosteroids. Or, your doctor may suggest you take calcium and vitamin D pills to protect your bones.\n\nOther long-term control medicines. Other long-term control medicines include:\n\n Cromolynexternal link icon. This medicine is taken using a device called a nebulizer. As you breathe in, the nebulizer sends a fine mist of medicine to your lungs. Cromolyn helps prevent airway inflammation.\n Omalizumabexternal link icon (anti-IgE). This medicine is given as a shot (injection) one or two times a month. It helps prevent your body from reacting to asthma triggers, such as pollen and dust. Anti-IgE might be used if other asthma medicines have not worked well.\n Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonistsexternal link icon. These medicines open the airways. They might be added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids to improve asthma control. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists should never be used for long-term asthma control unless they're used with inhaled corticosteroids.\n Leukotriene modifiersexternal link icon. These medicines are taken by mouth. They help block the chain reaction that increases inflammation in your airways.\n Theophyllineexternal link icon. This medicine is taken by mouth. Theophylline helps open the airways.\n\nIf your doctor prescribes a long-term control medicine, take it every day to control your asthma. Your asthma symptoms will likely return or get worse if you stop taking your medicine.\n\nLong-term control medicines can have side effects. Talk with your doctor about these side effects and ways to reduce or avoid them.\n\nWith some medicines, like theophylline, your doctor will check the level of medicine in your blood. This helps ensure that youre getting enough medicine to relieve your asthma symptoms, but not so much that it causes dangerous side effects.\nQuick-Relief Medicines\n\nAll people who have asthma need quick-relief medicines to help relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up. Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonistsexternal link icon are the first choice for quick relief.\n\nThese medicines act quickly to relax tight muscles around your airways when you're having a flareup. This allows the airways to open up so air can flow through them.\n\nYou should take your quick-relief medicine when you first notice asthma symptoms. If you use this medicine more than 2 days a week, talk with your doctor about your asthma control. You may need to make changes to your asthma action plan.\n\nCarry your quick-relief inhaler with you at all times in case you need it. If your child has asthma, make sure that anyone caring for him or her has the child's quick-relief medicines, including staff at the child's school. They should understand when and how to use these medicines and when to seek medical care for your child.\n\nYou shouldn't use quick-relief medicines in place of prescribed long-term control medicines. Quick-relief medicines don't reduce inflammation.", "Clinical Trials\n\nThe National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.\n\nNHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of chronic lung diseases, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.\n\nMany more questions remain about chronic lung diseases, including asthma. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on asthma includes studies that:\n\n Explore how substances in exhaled breath can be used to predict asthma symptoms\n Evaluate and explore genes that might be involved in the development of asthma\n Identify substances in the airways that might cause airway inflammation\n Examine the effect of a widely used diabetes medicine on severe asthma\n\nMuch of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials. Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.\n\nFor example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.\n\nBy taking part in a clinical trial, you may gain access to new treatments before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.\n\nIf you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.\n\nIf you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.\n\nFor more information about clinical trials related to asthma, talk with your doctor. ", "Living With Asthma\n\nIf you have asthma, youll need long-term care. Successful asthma treatment requires that you take an active role in your care and follow your asthma action plan.\nLearn How To Manage Your Asthma\n\nPartner with your doctor to develop an asthma action plan. This plan will help you know when and how to take your medicines. The plan also will help you identify your asthma triggers and manage your disease if asthma symptoms worsen.\n\nChildren aged 10 or olderand younger children who can handle itshould be involved in creating and following their asthma action plans. For a sample plan, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's \"Asthma Action Plan.\"\n\nMost people who have asthma can successfully manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans and having regular checkups. However, knowing when to seek emergency medical care is important.\n\nLearn how to use your medicines correctly. If you take inhaled medicines, you should practice using your inhaler at your doctor's office. If you take long-term control medicines, take them daily as your doctor prescribes.\n\nRecord your asthma symptoms as a way to track how well your asthma is controlled. Also, your doctor may advise you to use a peak flow meter to measure and record how well your lungs are working.\n\nYour doctor may ask you to keep records of your symptoms or peak flow results daily for a couple of weeks before an office visit. You'll bring these records with you to the visit. (For more information about using a peak flow meter, go to \"How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?\")\n\nThese steps will help you keep track of how well you're controlling your asthma over time. This will help you spot problems early and prevent or relieve asthma attacks. Recording your symptoms and peak flow results to share with your doctor also will help him or her decide whether to adjust your treatment.\nOngoing Care\n\nHave regular asthma checkups with your doctor so he or she can assess your level of asthma control and adjust your treatment as needed. Remember, the main goal of asthma treatment is to achieve the best control of your asthma using the least amount of medicine. This may require frequent adjustments to your treatments.\n\nIf you find it hard to follow your asthma action plan or the plan isn't working well, let your health care team know right away. They will work with you to adjust your plan to better suit your needs.\n\nGet treatment for any other conditions that can interfere with your asthma management.\nWatch for Signs That Your Asthma Is Getting Worse\n\nYour asthma might be getting worse if:\n\n Your symptoms start to occur more often, are more severe, or bother you at night and cause you to lose sleep.\n You're limiting your normal activities and missing school or work because of your asthma.\n Your peak flow number is low compared to your personal best or varies a lot from day to day.\n Your asthma medicines don't seem to work well anymore.\n You have to use your quick-relief inhaler more often. If you're using quick-relief medicine more than 2 days a week, your asthma isn't well controlled.\n You have to go to the emergency room or doctor because of an asthma attack.\n\nIf you have any of these signs, see your doctor. He or she might need to change your medicines or take other steps to control your asthma.\n\nPartner with your health care team and take an active role in your care. This can help you better control your asthma so it doesn't interfere with your activities and disrupt your life.", "Common signs and symptoms of asthma include:\n Coughing. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep.\n Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.\n Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.\n Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can't catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get air out of your lungs.\n\nNot all people who have asthma have these symptoms. Likewise, having these symptoms doesn't always mean that you have asthma. The best way doctors have to diagnose asthma is to use a lung function test, ask about medical history (including type and frequency of symptoms), and do a physical exam.\n\nThe type of asthma symptoms you have, how often they occur, and how severe they are may vary over time. Sometimes your symptoms may just annoy you. Other times, they may be troublesome enough to limit your daily routine.\n\nSevere symptoms can be fatal. Thus, treating symptoms when you first notice them is important, so they dont become severe.\n\nWith proper treatment, most people who have asthma can expect to have few, if any, symptoms either during the day or at night.\n\nWhat Causes Asthma Symptoms To Occur? Many things can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms. Your doctor will help you find out which things (called triggers) may cause your asthma to flare up if you come in contact with them. Triggers can include:\n\n Allergens from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers\n Irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home d?cor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)\n Medicines such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-blockers\n Sulfites in foods and drinks\n Viral upper respiratory infections, such as colds\n Physical activity, including exercise\n\nOther health conditions can make asthma harder to manage. Examples of these conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea. These conditions should be treated as part of an overall asthma care plan.\n\nAsthma is different for each person. Some of the triggers listed above may not affect you. Other triggers that do affect you might not be on the list. Talk with your doctor about the things that seem to make your asthma worse.", "Who Is at Risk for Asthma?\n\nAsthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.\n\nYoung children who often wheeze and have respiratory infectionsas well as certain other risk factorsare at highest risk of developing asthma that continues beyond 6 years of age. The other risk factors include having allergies, eczema (an allergic skin condition), or parents who have asthma.\n\nAmong children, more boys have asthma than girls. But among adults, the disease affects men and women equally. It's not clear whether or how sex and sex hormones play a role in causing asthma.\n\nMost, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies.\n\nSome people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma.", "What Is Asthma?\n\nAsthma is a serious chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Although inflammation is a helpful defense mechanism for our bodies, it can be harmful if it occurs at the wrong time or stays around after it's no longer needed.\n\nThat is what happens when a person has asthma. Ongoing inflammation (swelling) makes the airways in the lungs more sensitive to things that they see as foreign and harmfulsuch as bacteria, viruses, dust, tobacco smoke, and strong odorsalso called asthma \"triggers.\" The immune system of a person who has asthma overreacts to these things by releasing different kinds of cells and chemicals that cause one or more of the following changes in the airways:\n\n The inner linings of the airways become inflamed (swollen), leaving less room in the airways for the air to move through.\n The muscles surrounding the airways tighten up, which narrows the airways even more. (This is called bronchospasm.)\n The mucus glands in the airways produce lots of thick mucus, which further blocks the airways.\n\nThese changes can make it harder for the person who has asthma to breathe. They also can cause coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest, and shortness of breath.\n\nIf the inflammation associated with asthma is not treated, each time the airways are exposed to their asthma triggers the inflammation increases, and the person with asthma is likely to have symptoms.\n\nExercise-induced asthma (also called exercise-induced bronchospasm) is asthma that is triggered by physical activity. Vigorous exercise will cause symptoms for most students who have asthma if their asthma is not well-controlled. Some students experience asthma symptoms only when they exercise.\n\nAsthma varies from student to student and often from season to season or even hour by hour. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. Remaining behind in the gym or library or frequently sitting on the bench can set the stage for teasing, loss of self-esteem, unnecessary restriction of activity, and low levels of physical fitness.\n\nThe good news is that today's treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities.", "How Can Asthma Be Prevented?\n\nYou cant prevent asthma. However, you can take steps to control the disease and prevent its symptoms. For example:\n\n Learn about your asthma and ways to control it.\n Follow your written asthma action plan. (For a sample plan, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's \"Asthma Action Plan.\")\n Use medicines as your doctor prescribes.\n Identify and try to avoid things that make your asthma worse (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.\n Keep track of your asthma symptoms and level of control.\n Get regular checkups for your asthma.", "Be Alert to Signs That Asthma May Not Be Well Controlled on an Ongoing Basis\n\nTeachers and coaches who supervise students' physical activities are in a unique position to notice the signs of poorly controlled asthma, either in a student who lacks an asthma diagnosis or in a student who has a treatment plan for asthma. Look for symptoms or other signssubtle or dramaticthat suggest a student's asthma is not under good long-term, day-to-day control (see Table 4). Students are not always able to recognize for themselves when their asthma is poorly controlled.\n\n\nTable 4: Signs that May Indicate Poorly Controlled Asthma Requiring a Physician Visit\n\n Frequent or recurring symptoms (more than twice a week), such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, or shortness of breath. Symptoms may range from mild to severe.\n Frequent (more than twice a week) use of quick-relief medication.\n Exercise-induced asthma or poor endurance.\n Frequent school absences, or recurrent visits to the emergency department or hospital because of asthma.\n Low peak flow readings before or after physical activity when compared with the peak flow ranges in the student's asthma action plan.\n\nBecause exercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider. Even for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage.\n\nIf at any time you suspect that a student's asthma is not well controlled, do not hesitate to contact the school nurse or the student's parent or guardian to suggest scheduling an office visit with the student's health care provider, who may adjust the student's treatment. The student may also need to learn how to follow his or her asthma action plan more carefully and how to take his or her medications correctly.\n\nTeachers and coaches may sometimes wonder if a student's reported symptoms indicate a desire for attention or a desire not to participate in an activity. At other times, it may seem that students are overreacting to minimal symptoms.\n\nAt all times, it is essential to respect the student's report of his or her own condition. If a student regularly asks to be excused from recess or avoids physical activity, a real physical problem may be present. The student may also need more assistance and support from his or her teacher and coach in order to become an active participant. Consult with the school nurse, parent or guardian, or health care provider to find ways to ensure that the student is safe, feels safe, and is encouraged to participate actively.\n\nQuote: \"The role of physical education teachers is in some ways probably the fi rst line of recognition of children who have problems with their asthma... They can really help these children.\" Dr. David Evans, Columbia UniversityAsthma Program Evaluator\n\nActions for School Staff\n\nHelp Students Become Active and Take Control of their Asthma\n\n Share observations of asthma symptoms and related concerns with the student, school nurse, and the student's parents or guardians, including problems with physical activity, missed school days, or medication side effects.\n Encourage regular follow-up visits with the student's health care provider to assess student's asthma control, educate student and parents or guardians on how to manage asthma, and update student's written asthma action plan.\n Provide students quick and easy access to their asthma medications and help them follow their asthma action plan to use their medications properly.\n Remind students to monitor their asthma control by using their peak flow meter and/or by keeping track of their symptoms in an asthma diary. It may empower students to become more engaged in managing and controlling their asthma.\n\nTeachers and coaches who supervise students' physical activities are in a unique position to notice the signs of poorly controlled asthma.", "How Is Asthma Diagnosed?\n\nYour primary care doctor will diagnose asthma based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results.\n\nYour doctor also will figure out the severity of your asthmathat is, whether it's intermittent, mild, moderate, or severe. The treatment your doctor prescribes will depend on the level of severity.\n\nYour doctor may recommend that you see an asthma specialist if:\n\n You need special tests to help diagnose asthma\n You've had a life-threatening asthma attack\n You need more than one kind of medicine or higher doses of medicine to control your asthma, or if you have overall problems getting your asthma well controlled\n You're thinking about getting allergy treatments\n\nMedical and Family Histories\n\nYour doctor may ask about your family history of asthma and allergies. He or she also may ask whether you have asthma symptoms and when and how often they occur.\n\nLet your doctor know whether your symptoms seem to happen only during certain times of the year or in certain places, or if they get worse at night.\n\nYour doctor also may want to know what factors seem to trigger your symptoms or worsen them. For more information about possible asthma triggers, go to \"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?\"\n\nYour doctor may ask you about related health conditions that can interfere with asthma management. These conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea.\nPhysical Exam\n\nYour doctor will listen to your breathing and look for signs of asthma or allergies. These signs include wheezing, a runny nose or swollen nasal passages, and allergic skin conditions (such as eczema).\n\nKeep in mind that you can still have asthma even if you don't have these signs when your doctor examines you.\nDiagnostic Tests\nLung Function Test\n\nYour doctor will use a test called spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tre) to check how your lungs are working. This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.\n\nYour doctor may give you medicine and then retest you to see whether the results have improved.\n\nIf your test results are lower than normal and improve with the medicine, and if your medical history shows a pattern of asthma symptoms, your doctor will likely diagnose you with asthma.\nOther Tests\n\nYour doctor may recommend other tests if he or she needs more information to make a diagnosis. Other tests may include:\n\n Allergy testing to find out which allergens affect you, if any.\n A test to measure how sensitive your airways are. This is called a bronchoprovocation (brong-KO-prav-eh-KA-shun) test. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in.\n A test to show whether you have another condition with symptoms similar to asthma, such as reflux disease, vocal cord dysfunction, or sleep apnea.\n A chest x ray or an EKG (electrocardiogram). These tests will help find out whether a foreign object in your airways or another disease might be causing your symptoms.\n\nDiagnosing Asthma in Young Children\n\nMost children who have asthma develop their first symptoms before 5 years of age. However, asthma in young children (infants to children 5 years old) can be hard to diagnose.\n\nSometimes it's hard to tell whether a child has asthma or another childhood condition. The symptoms of asthma are similar to the symptoms of other conditions.\n\nAlso, many young children who wheeze when they get colds or respiratory infections don't go on to have asthma. A child may wheeze because he or she has small airways that become narrow during colds or respiratory infections. The airways grow as the child grows, so wheezing no longer occurs as the child gets older.\n\nA young child who has frequent wheezing with colds or respiratory infections is more likely to have asthma if:\n\n One or both parents have asthma\n The child has signs of allergies, including the allergic skin condition eczema\n The child has allergic reactions to pollens or other airborne allergens\n The child wheezes even when he or she doesn't have a cold or other infection\n\nThe most certain way to diagnose asthma is with a lung function test, a medical history, and a physical exam. However, it's hard to do lung function tests in children younger than 5 years. Thus, doctors must rely on children's medical histories, signs and symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.\n\nDoctors also may use a 46 week trial of asthma medicines to see how well a child responds.", "What Causes Asthma?\n\nThe exact cause of asthma isn't known. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing\n\nIf asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke) might make your airways more reactive to substances in the air.\n\nSome factors might be more likely to cause asthma in certain people than in others. Researchers continue to explore what causes asthma.\n\nThe Hygiene Hypothesis, one theory researchers have for what causes asthma is called the hygiene hypothesis. They believe that our Western lifestylewith its emphasis on hygiene and sanitationhas resulted in changes in our living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood.\n\nMany young children no longer have the same types of environmental exposures and infections as children did in the past. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop during very early childhood, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. This is especially true for children who have close family members with one or both of these conditions.", "In recent times, there have been enormous improvements in the medical practices used to treat allergic conditions. With respect to anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects and in allergic skin diseases, advances have included the identification of food proteins to which IgE binding is associated with severe reactions and development of low-allergen foods, improvements in skin prick test predictions; evaluation of the atopy patch test; in wasp sting outcomes predictions and a rapidly disintegrating epinephrine tablet, and anti-IL-5 for eosinophilic diseases.\n\nTraditional treatment and management of allergies consisted simply of avoiding the allergen in question or otherwise reducing exposure. For instance, people with cat allergies were encouraged to avoid them. However, while avoidance of allergens may reduce symptoms and avoid life-threatening anaphylaxis, it is difficult to achieve for those with pollen or similar air-borne allergies. Nonetheless, strict avoidance of allergens is still considered a useful treatment method, and is often used in managing food allergies.\n\nNew technology approaches to decreasing IgE overproduction, and regulating histamine release in allergic individuals have demonstrated statistically significant reduction on Total Nasal Symptom Scores.", "An allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system.[1] Allergic reactions occur when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment. A substance that causes a reaction is called an allergen. These reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is formally called type I (or immediate) hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions are distinctive because of excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). This reaction results in an inflammatory response which can range from uncomfortable to dangerous.\n\nMild allergies like hay fever are very common in the human population and cause symptoms such as red eyes, itchiness, and runny nose, eczema, hives, or an asthma attack. Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma. In some people, severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medication may result in life-threatening reactions called anaphylaxis. Food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees are often associated with these severe reactions\n\nA variety of tests exist to diagnose allergic conditions. These include placing possible allergens on the skin and looking for a reaction such as swelling. Blood tests can also be done to look for an allergen-specific IgE.\n\nTreatments for allergies include avoiding known allergens, use of medications such as anti-histamines that specifically prevent allergic reactions, steroids that modify the immune system in general, and medications such as decongestants that reduce the symptoms. Many of these medications are taken by mouth, though epinephrine, which is used to treat anaphylactic reactions, is injected. Immunotherapy uses injected allergens to desensitize the body's response.", "Allergy Medication.\n\nSeveral antagonistic drugs are used to block the action of allergic mediators, or to prevent activation of cells and degranulation processes. These include antihistamines, glucocorticoids, epinephrine (adrenaline), theophylline and cromolyn sodium. Anti-leukotrienes, such as Montelukast (Singulair) or Zafirlukast (Accolate), are FDA approved for treatment of allergic diseases. Anti-cholinergics, decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, and other compounds thought to impair eosinophil chemotaxis, are also commonly used. These drugs help to alleviate the symptoms of allergy, and are imperative in the recovery of acute anaphylaxis, but play little role in chronic treatment of allergic disorders.", "Before a diagnosis of allergic disease can be confirmed, the other possible causes of the presenting symptoms should be carefully considered. Vasomotor rhinitis, for example, is one of many maladies that shares symptoms with allergic rhinitis, underscoring the need for professional differential diagnosis. Once a diagnosis of asthma, rhinitis, anaphylaxis, or other allergic disease has been made, there are several methods for discovering the causative agent of that allergy.\n\nEffective management of allergic diseases relies on the ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Allergy testing can help confirm/rule out allergies and consequently reduce adverse reactions and limit unnecessary avoidance and medications. Correct diagnosis, counseling and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results will help reduce the incidence of symptoms, medications and improve quality of life. For assessing the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test or an allergy blood test. Both methods are recommended by the NIH guidelines and have similar diagnostic value in terms of sensitivity and specificity.\n\nA healthcare provider can use the test results to identify the specific allergic triggers that may be contributing to the symptoms. Using this information, along with a physical examination and case history, the doctor can diagnose the cause of the symptoms and tailor treatments that will help the patient feel better. A negative result can help the doctor rule out allergies in order to consider other possible.\n\nNIH Guidelines state that: sIgE tests are useful for identifying foods potentially provoking IgE-mediated food-induced allergic reactions, and specified cutoff levels, defined as 95% predictive values, may be more predictive than skin prick tests of clinical reactivity in certain populations. It further states, sIgE tests are very useful for detecting the presence of sIgE antibodies, which indicates the presence of allergic sensitization. Fluorescence-labeled antibody assays have comparable sensitivity to that of skin prick tests, and the absolute levels of sIgE antibodies may directly correlate with the likelihood of clinical reactivity when compared with oral food challenges for the identification of foods provoking IgE mediated FA.\n\nAccording to NICE Guidelines, skin prick tests and blood tests are equally cost-effective and health economic evidence show that both the IgE antibody test and the skin prick test were cost effective compared with no test. Also, earlier and more accurate diagnoses save cost due to reduced GP consultations, referrals to secondary care, misdiagnosis and emergency admissions.\n\nAllergy undergoes dynamic changes over time. Regular allergy testing of relevant allergens provides information on if and how patient management can be changed, in order to improve health and quality of life. Annual testing is often the practice for determining whether allergy to milk, egg, soy, and wheat have been outgrown and the testing interval is extended to 2 to 3 years for allergy to peanut, tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish. Results of follow-up testing can guide decision-making regarding whether and when it is safe to introduce or re-introduce allergenic food into the diet.", "Medical specialty.\n\nAn allergist is a physician specially trained to manage and treat allergies, asthma and the other allergic diseases. In the United States physicians holding certification by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) have successfully completed an accredited educational program and an evaluation process, including a secure, proctored examination to demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and experience to the provision of patient care in allergy and immunology. Becoming an allergist/immunologist requires completion of at least nine years of training. After completing medical school and graduating with a medical degree, a physician will then undergo three years of training in internal medicine (to become an internist) or pediatrics (to become a pediatrician). Once physicians have finished training in one of these specialties, they must pass the exam of either the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP), the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics (AOBP), the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) or the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM). Internists or pediatricians wishing to focus on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology then complete at least an additional two years of study, called a fellowship, in an allergy/immunology training program. Allergist/immunologists listed as ABAI-certified have successfully passed the certifying examination of the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI), following their fellowship.\n\nIn the United Kingdom, allergy is a subspecialty of general medicine or pediatrics. After obtaining postgraduate exams (MRCP or MRCPCH respectively), a doctor works for several years as a specialist registrar before qualifying for the General Medical Council specialist register. Allergy services may also be delivered by immunologists. A 2003 Royal College of Physicians report presented a case for improvement of what were felt to be inadequate allergy services in the UK. In 2006, the House of Lords convened a subcommittee that reported in 2007. It concluded likewise that allergy services were insufficient to deal with what the Lords referred to as an \"allergy epidemic\" and its social cost; it made several other recommendations.", "Many allergens such as dust or pollen are airborne particles. In these cases, symptoms arise in areas in contact with air, such as eyes, nose, and lungs. For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes. Inhaled allergens can also lead to asthmatic symptoms, caused by narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction) and increased production of mucus in the lungs, shortness of breath (dyspnea), coughing and wheezing.\n\nAside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, insect stings, and reactions to medications like aspirin and antibiotics such as penicillin. Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, itchy skin, and swelling of the skin during hives. Food allergies rarely cause respiratory (asthmatic) reactions, or rhinitis.Insect stings, antibiotics, and certain medicines produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the circulatory system. Depending on the rate of severity, it can cause cutaneous reactions, bronchoconstriction, edema, hypotension, coma, and even death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed. The severity of this type of allergic response often requires injections of epinephrine, sometimes through a device known as the EpiPen or Twinject auto-injector. The nature of anaphylaxis is such that the reaction can seem to be subsiding, but may recur throughout a prolonged period of time.\n\nSubstances that come into contact with the skin, such as latex, are also common causes of allergic reactions, known as contact dermatitis or eczema.[9] Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a \"wheal and flare\" reaction characteristic of hives and angioedema.", "International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population that suffer from allergy. Allergic diseases are more common in industrialized countries than in countries that are more traditional or agricultural, and there is a higher rate of allergic disease in urban populations versus rural populations, although these differences are becoming less defined.\n\nExposure to allergens, especially in early life, is an important risk factor for allergy. Alterations in exposure to microorganisms is another plausible explanation, at present, for the increase in atopic allergy. Endotoxin exposure reduces release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-?, IFN?, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 from white blood cells (leukocytes) that circulate in the blood. Certain microbe-sensing proteins, known as Toll-like receptors, found on the surface of cells in the body are also thought to be involved in these processes.\n\nGutworms and similar parasites are present in untreated drinking water in developing countries, and were present in the water of developed countries until the routine chlorination and purification of drinking water supplies. Recent research has shown that some common parasites, such as intestinal worms (e.g., hookworms), secrete chemicals into the gut wall (and, hence, the bloodstream) that suppress the immune system and prevent the body from attacking the parasite. This gives rise to a new slant on the hygiene hypothesis theory that co-evolution of man and parasites has led to an immune system that functions correctly only in the presence of the parasites. Without them, the immune system becomes unbalanced and oversensitive. In particular, research suggests that allergies may coincide with the delayed establishment of gut flora in infants. However, the research to support this theory is conflicting, with some studies performed in China and Ethiopia showing an increase in allergy in people infected with intestinal worms. Clinical trials have been initiated to test the effectiveness of certain worms in treating some allergies. It may be that the term 'parasite' could turn out to be inappropriate, and in fact a hitherto unsuspected symbiosis is at work. For more information on this topic, see Helminthic therapy.", "Cause\n\nRisk factors for allergy can be placed in two general categories, namely host and environmental factors. Host factors include heredity, gender, race, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant. However, there have been recent increases in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Four major environmental candidates are alterations in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes.\nFoods\n\nA wide variety of foods can cause allergic reactions, but 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by: cow's milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish. Other food allergies, affecting less than 1 person per 10,000 population, may be considered \"rare\"\n\nThe most common food allergy, at least in the US population, is a sensitivity to crustacea. Although peanut allergies are notorious for their severity, peanut allergies are not the most common food allergy in adults or children. Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens, and are more common when combined with asthma.\n\nRates of allergies differ between adults and children. Peanut allergies can sometimes be outgrown by children. Egg allergies affect one to two percent of children but are outgrown by about two-thirds of children by the age of 5. The sensitivity is usually to proteins in the white rather than the yolk.\n\nMilk allergies are the most prevalent in children. Some sufferers are unable to tolerate milk from cows, goats, or sheep, and many sufferers are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese. Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy, but rather due to the absence of an enzyme in the digestive tract. A small portion of children with a milk allergy, roughly ten percent, will have a reaction to beef. Beef contains a small amount of protein that is present in cow's milk. Sufferers of Tree nut allergies may be allergic to one, or many tree nuts, including pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts. Also seeds, including sesame seeds and poppy seeds, contain oils where protein is present, which may elicit an allergic reaction.\nNon-food proteins\n\nLatex can trigger an IgE-mediated cutaneous, respiratory, and systemic reaction. The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent. In a hospital study, one in 800 surgical patients (0.125 percent) report latex sensitivity, although the sensitivity among healthcare workers is higher, between seven and ten percent. Researchers attribute this higher level to the exposure of healthcare workers to areas with significant airborne latex allergens, such as operating rooms, intensive-care units, and dental suites. These latex-rich environments may sensitize healthcare workers who regularly inhale allergenic proteins.\n\nThe most prevalent response to latex is an allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitive reaction appearing as dry, crusted lesions. This reaction usually lasts 48 to 96 hours. Sweating or rubbing the area under the glove aggravates the lesions, possibly leading to ulcerations. Anaphylactic reactions occur most often in sensitive patients, who have been exposed to the surgeon's latex gloves during abdominal surgery, but other mucosal exposures, such as dental procedures, can also produce systemic reactions.\n\nLatex and banana sensitivity may cross-react; furthermore,those with latex allergy may also have sensitivities to avocado, kiwifruit, and chestnut. These patients often have perioral itching and local urticaria. Only occasionally have these food-induced allergies induced systemic responses. Researchers suspect that the cross-reactivity of latex with banana, avocado, kiwifruit, and chestnut occurs because latex proteins are structurally homologous with some plant proteins.\nToxins interacting with proteins\n\nAnother non-food protein reaction, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, originates after contact with poison ivy, eastern poison oak, western poison oak, or poison sumac. Urushiol, which is not itself a protein, acts as a hapten and chemically reacts with, binds to, and changes the shape of integral membrane proteins on exposed skin cells. The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as normal parts of the body, causing a T-cell-mediated immune response. Of these poisonous plants, sumac is the most virulent. The resulting dermatological response to the reaction between urushiol and membrane proteins includes redness, swelling, papules, vesicles, blisters, and streaking.\n\nEstimates vary on the percentage of the population that will have an immune system response. Approximately 25 percent of the population will have a strong allergic response to urushiol. In general, approximately 80 percent to 90 percent of adults will develop a rash if they are exposed to .0050 milligrams (7.710?5 gr) of purified urushiol, but some people are so sensitive that it takes only a molecular trace on the skin to initiate an allergic reaction.\nGenetic basis\n\nAllergic diseases are strongly familial: identical twins are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in non-identical twins. Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children, and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along genealogies; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to ragweed. It seems that the likelihood of developing allergies is inherited and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific allergen is not.\n\nThe risk of allergic sensitization and the development of allergies varies with age, with young children most at risk. Several studies have shown that IgE levels are highest in childhood and fall rapidly between the ages of 10 and 30 years. The peak prevalence of hay fever is highest in children and young adults and the incidence of asthma is highest in children under 10. Overall, boys have a higher risk of developing allergies than girls, although for some diseases, namely asthma in young adults, females are more likely to be affected. Sex differences tend to decrease in adulthood. Ethnicity may play a role in some allergies; however, racial factors have been difficult to separate from environmental influences and changes due to migration. It has been suggested that different genetic loci are responsible for asthma, to be specific, in people of European, Hispanic, Asian, and African origins.", "Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: \nThinning of the skin\nSkin infections\nGrowth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone)\nStretch marks on the skin\n\nPossible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: \nTemporary mild warmth, burning, or itching\n\nSide effects for Antihistamines include: \nDrowsiness (Do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you.)\nDry mouth, nose, or throat\n\n\n", "Exercise Induced Asthma\nExercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers.\n\nThe symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\nWhat happens?\nWhen breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\n\nHow will I know if I have EIA...?\nIf you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA:\nShortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport\nTight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active\nStopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell\nWheezing and/or coughing\n\nIf you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice.\n\nBeing active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma.\n\nIf you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms:\nTake two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up\nDo some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air\nNow you are ready to start\n\nIf you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising:\nSTOP and take some slow, deep breaths\nTake four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible\nReturn to activity if you are free of symptoms\n\nIf your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.", "Do you have asthma?\nWant to know what is happening inside your lungs?...read on.\nMillions of teenagers around the world have asthma some think it is embarrassing some try ignoring it, hoping it will go away some are concerned about living with asthma for the rest of their lives. You know best how you feel about having asthma. Getting short of breath or wheezing and having to use a puffer is a real drag. Another drag has to be avoiding all kinds of things you enjoy because they might trigger your asthma symptoms. The point is, you need to know all this stuff about asthma so YOU can be in control.\n\nWhy did I get asthma?\nUnfortunately, science still does not have the complete picture as to why people get asthma but we know that it does seem to run in families.\n\n\nCan asthma be cured?\nAfraid not, but many people lead a life with very few symptoms because they manage to control their asthma using their medicines.\n\n\nWhat happens in my lungs?\nInside your lungs are thousands or tubes called airways. These carry air in and out of your body. If you have asthma, your airways are extra sensitive and become red and swollen. They secret extra mucous and the muscle surrounding the airway tightens. Together, all of these events make it harder to breathe and they cause the signs and symptoms of asthma.\n\n\nHow do I know I have asthma?\nYou will have the signs and symptoms of asthma. The main ones are:\nCough (especially at night or after/during exercise)\nWheeze (this is a sound that can be heard when breathing)\nChest tightness (feels as if you are getting a strong hug and cant get air into your lungs)\nTired (feel tired a lot of the time)\nBreathless (you get breathless a lot quicker than your friends)\n\nSome teenagers get all of these while others only have on or two.\n\n\nWhy does it get worse?\nHeaps of things make your asthma worse these are called triggers. Some common triggers are:\nGetting a cold or flu\nPollen, dust and animals (especially cats)\nCold weather\nSmoking\nExercise\n\n\nWhat are puffers for and what do they do?\nThere are three different types of medicine in puffers that help to improve your asthma symptoms.\n\nFirst is a blue inhaler, called a RELIEVER or BRONCHODILATOR and it stops the muscle surrounding the airways from tightening. The blue reliever will make you feel better quickly, and is only taken when you have symptoms and before exercise. Keep it with you all the time.\n\nSecond is an orange or brown inhaler called a PREVENTER which works by reducing the inflammation in your airways. You preventer is a corticosteroid and is perfectly safe to use in the correct does. It is not a steroid like the kind some athletes use to build their muscles. The hassle with this medicine is you need to take it twice a day, everday. If you stop taking it, your symptoms will return. It may take up to two weeks from starting this medicine before you feel the benefit. This medicine helps you control asthma not asthma controlling you.\n\nSometimes, your doctor will prescribe an inhaler that is green and is known as a symptom controller. Taken twice each day, it is a long acting bronchodilator and works by helping to control your asthma symptoms.\n\nThis medicine must be taken along with your preventer. \n\nNo doubt youve heard that smoking is bad for everyone. If you have asthma, starting to smoke is one of the worst things you could do. Not only is smoking a trigger for asthma, but it can cause breathlessness and people who have asthma may be already breathless. Sure, plenty of people still smoke, but think about your lungs they have to do you a long time! So if you dont smoke thats cool! If you do, ask your doctor/practice nurse to help you stop today.\n", "A long acting bronchodilator can be recommended in addition to a steroid inhaler. Asthma is a two-process condition (inflammation and bronchoconstriction) so to help alleviate both, a preventer and long acting bronchodilator are needed. If you have found that your symptoms are not fully controlled by the preventer (corticosteroid inhaler) alone ask your GP about long acting bronchodilators. The medicines in these inhalers work in a similar way to relievers, but work for up to 12 hours. They include salmeterol and formoterol. (Some brands of inhaler contain a steroid plus a long acting bronchodilator for convenience.)", "Most asthma medications are inhaled, but there is one called Singulair that you or your child can take by mouth as it comes in either a tablet or chewable format.\n\nThere are three main groups of medications. These are:\n\nRelievers\nA reliever inhaler is taken when needed to ease symptoms. The medicine in reliever inhalers (a bronchodilater) relaxes the muscle surrounding the airways. This makes the airways open wider, and symptoms quickly ease as oxygen can enter the airways easier. Usually blue in colour they are used whenever you notice symptoms, or if physical activity is a known trigger, take reliever inhaler before starting the physical activity. If you need to use reliever medicine for asthma symptoms more than three times a week you should see your doctor.\n\nPreventers\nA preventer inhaler is taken every day to prevent symptoms from developing. These are usually brown or orange inhalers and are taken every day, even when you feel well. This medicine (a corticosteroid) works by reducing the swelling and inflammation in the airways. Taking your preventer each day, helps to keep your asthma under control, as corticosteroids help reduce the inflammation inside the airways. This also means you should not need to take reliever medicine most days.\n\nLong acting Bronchodilator\nA long acting bronchodilator can be recommended in addition to a steroid inhaler. Asthma is a two-process condition (inflammation and bronchoconstriction) so to help alleviate both, a preventer and long acting bronchodilator are needed. If you have found that your symptoms are not fully controlled by the preventer (corticosteroid inhaler) alone ask your GP about long acting bronchodilators. The medicines in these inhalers work in a similar way to relievers, but work for up to 12 hours. They include salmeterol and formoterol. (Some brands of inhaler contain a steroid plus a long acting bronchodilator for convenience.)\n\nTreat asthma earlier rather than later. Fast, effective treatment may stop your symptoms from getting worse. If youre worried and unable to breathe properly, especially after taking your reliever medicine, see your doctor or contact emergency services immediately. \n", "Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways\n\nWhat is corticosteroid?\nCortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects.\n\n\nHow do corticosteroids work in asthma?\nInhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms.\n\nCommon Corticosteroids:\nBeclozone (Beclomethasone)\\\nFlixotide (Fluticasone)\nPulmicort (Budesonide)\n\nSome preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often.\n\n\nAre steroids dangerous?\nPeople are often concerned when they hear the word steroid. In fact, the steroid medicines used for asthma are not the same as those that sports people take. They are similar to those your body naturally produces. \n\n\nAre there any side effects?\nBecause the amount of corticosteroid via a puffer is so small, side effects are uncommon. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth.\n\nThese side effects can be avoided by using a spacer. Having your child brush their teeth or rinsing your/mouth with water and spitting out will also help. Inhaled steroids are not addictive.\n\nYour doctor will help to choose the right does for you child. \n\n\nSteroids given by mouth\nDuring severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. This will be either prednisone tablets or Redipred liquid (prednisolone).\n\nA larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight.\n\nIts best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time.\n\nThe medicine is normally taken for 3-5 days.", "Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms.\n\nCommon Corticosteroids:\n\n Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\\n Flixotide (Fluticasone)\n Pulmicort (Budesonide)\n\n\nSome preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often.", "Most asthma medications are inhaled, but there is one called Singulair that you or your child can take by mouth as it comes in either a tablet or chewable format.", "During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. This will be either prednisone tablets or Redipred liquid (prednisolone).\n\nA larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight.\n\nIts best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time.\n\nThe medicine is normally taken for 3-5 days.", "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children\n\n Give brief, lukewarm baths.\n Apply an emollient immediately following the bath.\n Keep a child's fingernails filed short.\n Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing.\n Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night.\n Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs.\n Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly.\n Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching.\n\n\n", "Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.\n\nPhototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully.", "When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. Another issue families face is the social and emotional stress associated with disfigurement caused by atopic dermatitis. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members.", "Asthma - control drugs\n\nControl drugs for asthma are drugs you take to control your symptoms of asthma. You must take them every day for them to work. You and your doctor can make a plan for the drugs that work for you. This plan will include when you should take them. It will also include how much you should take.\n\nYou may need to take these drugs for at least a month before you start to feel better.\n\nTake them even when you feel okay. Take enough with you when you travel. Plan ahead. Make sure you do not run out.\nInhaled Corticosteroids\n\nInhaled corticosteroids help keep your airways from swelling up. This helps keep your asthma symptoms away.\n\nInhaled steroids are used with a metered dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer.\n\nYou should use an inhaled steroid every day, even if you do not have symptoms.\n\nAfter you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out.\n\nIf your child cannot use an inhaler, your doctor will give you a drug to use with a nebulizer. This machine can turn liquid medicine into a spray. This lets your child breathe the medicine in.\nLong-acting Beta-agonist Inhalers\n\nThese medicines can help keep your asthma symptoms away. They relax the muscles of your airways.\n\nNormally, you use these medicines only when you are using an inhaled steroid drug and you still have symptoms. Do not take these long-acting medicines alone.\n\nUse this medicine every day, even if you do not have symptoms.\nCombination Therapy\n\nYour doctor may ask you to take both a steroid drug and a long-acting beta-agonist drug.\n\nIt may be easier to use an inhaler that has both drugs in them.\nLeukotriene Modifiers\n\nThese medicines are used to prevent asthma symptoms. They come in tablet or pill form.\nCromolyn\n\nCromolyn is a medicine that may prevent asthma symptoms. It can be used in a nebulizer, so it may be easy for young children to take. It is also available as an aerosol.\nAlternate Names\n\nInhaled corticosteroids; Long-acting beta-agonists; Leukotriene modifiers; Cromolyn", "An allergy is a reaction of your immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are: Pollen, Dust mites, Mold spores, Pet dander, Food, Insect stings and Medicines.\n\nHow do you get allergies? Scientists think both genes and the environment have something to do with it. Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm.\n\nAllergies can cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. Symptoms vary. Although allergies can make you feel bad, they usually won't kill you. However, a severe reaction called anaphylaxis is life-threatening. ", "Exercise-induced asthma\nEmail this page to a friend Share on facebook Share on twitter Bookmark & Share Printer-friendly version\n\nSometimes exercise triggers asthma symptoms. This is called exercise-induced asthma (EIA).\n\nThe symptoms of EIA are coughing, wheezing, a feeling of tightness in your chest, or shortness of breath. Most times, these symptoms start soon after you stop exercising. But, some people may have symptoms after they start exercising.\n\nHaving asthma symptoms when you exercise does not mean you cannot or should not exercise. The tips below may keep you from getting EIA.\nBe Careful Where and When You Exercise\n\nCold or dry air may trigger your asthma symptoms. If you do exercise in cold or dry air:\n\n Breathe through your nose.\n Wear a scarf or mask over your mouth.\n\nDo not exercise when the air is dirty or polluted. Do not exercise near fields or lawns that have just been mowed. Warm up before you exercise, and cool down after you exercise.\n\n To warm up, walk or do your exercise activity slowly before you speed up.\n The longer you warm up, the better.\n To cool down, walk or do your exercise activity slowly for several minutes.\n\nSome kinds of exercise may trigger your asthma less than others.\n\n Swimming is a good sport for people with EIA. The warm, moist air helps keep asthma symptoms away.\n Football, baseball, and other sports with periods when you do not move fast are less likely to trigger your asthma symptoms.\n\nActivities that keep you moving fast all the time are more likely to trigger asthma symptoms. Some of these are running, basketball, and soccer.\nUse Your Asthma Drugs before Exercise\n\nTake your short-acting inhaled beta-agonists before you exercise. These are called quick-relief drugs.\n\n Take them 10 to 15 minutes before exercise.\n They can help for up to 4 hours.\n\nLong-acting inhaled beta-agonists may also help.\n\n Use them at least 30 minutes before exercise.\n They can help for up to 12 hours. Children can take this medicine before school, and it will help for the whole day.\n But, using this medicine every day before exercise will make it less effective over time.\n\nInhaled cromolyn can also be used before exercise. But, most times, it is not as effective as other medicines.", "How to use a nebulizer\nEmail this page to a friend Share on facebook Share on twitter Bookmark & Share Printer-friendly version\n\nA nebulizer turns your asthma medicine into a mist. It is easy and pleasant to breathe the medicine into your lungs this way. If you use a nebulizer, your asthma medicines will come in liquid form.\n\nWith a nebulizer, medicine goes into your lungs when you take slow, deep breaths for 10 to 15 minutes.\n\nMany patients with asthma do not need to use a nebulizer. Another way to get your medicine is with an inhaler. Inhalers work just as well, and they are easier to use.\n\nMost nebulizers are small, so they are easy to carry with you. Most nebulizers use air compressors. A different kind uses sound vibrations. These are called \"ultrasonic nebulizers.\" They are quieter, but they cost more money.\n\nIt takes some time to keep your nebulizer clean and working properly.\n\nThese are the basic steps to set up and use your nebulizer:\n\n Connect the hose to an air compressor.\n Fill the medicine cup with your prescription.\n Attach the hose and mouthpiece to the medicine cup.\n Place the mouthpiece in your mouth. Breathe through your mouth until all the medicine is used. (Most times, this takes 10 to 15 minutes). Some people use a nose clip to help them breathe only through their mouth. Small children usually do better if they wear a mask.\n Wash the medicine cup and mouthpiece with water, and air dry until your next treatment.", "Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night.\n\nWhen your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack. In a severe asthma attack, the airways can close so much that your vital organs do not get enough oxygen. People can die from severe asthma attacks.\n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. ", "\n\nWhen you're short of breath, it's hard or uncomfortable for you to take in the oxygen your body needs. You may feel as if you're not getting enough air. Sometimes mild breathing problems are from a stuffy nose or hard exercise. But shortness of breath can also be a sign of a serious disease.\n\nMany conditions can make you feel short of breath. Lung conditions such as asthma, emphysema or pneumonia cause breathing difficulties. So can problems with your trachea or bronchi, which are part of your airway system. Heart disease can make you feel breathless if your heart cannot pump enough blood to supply oxygen to your body. Stress caused by anxiety can also make it hard for you to breathe. If you often have trouble breathing, it is important to find out the cause.\n", "Side effects of topical corticosteroids include the following:\nA burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied.\nWith long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. \nCorticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor.\n\nSide effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment.\n\nThe face is especially sensitive to thinning of the skin. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). \n", "Atopic Dermatitis - Cause.\n\nThe cause of atopic dermatitis is poorly understood and is the subject of active research. It affects your skin's ability to hold moisture. Research shows that it develops as a result of interaction between the environment, your immune system, and genetics (heredity). People with this condition are more prone to react to numerous irritants and allergens.\n\nMost people who have atopic dermatitis have a personal or family history of allergic conditions, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis). The skin inflammation that causes the atopic dermatitis rash is considered a type of allergic response. Research has shown that even the unaffected skin of people with atopic dermatitis does not hold water as well as it should.\n\n\nCould your itchy rash be a symptom of eczema? Perhaps. Eczema, also called dermatitis, is a term that covers many types of inflammatory skin problems. The rashes tend to come and go, and often run in families. Some experts estimate that eczema affects a third of the world's people at some time in their lives. The best way to know for sure if you have eczema is to see a doctor. Until you make that appointment, however, check out this list of common eczema symptoms.\n\n\nItching and rash can be triggered by a variety of factors, including:\n\n Exposure to allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, or molds. Dust mites may be an allergen, although experts don't know whether they affect atopic dermatitis.\n Exposure to irritants, such as using soaps, rubbing the skin, and wearing wool.\n Exposure to workplace irritants, such as fumes and chemicals.\n Climate factors, especially winter weather and low humidity. Cold air does not contain much moisture, which can result in drier skin and increased itchiness.\n Temperature changes. Sudden changes in temperature can result in increased itchiness. A suddenly higher temperature may bring on sweating, which can cause itching. Lying under blankets, entering a warm room, or going from a warm shower into colder air can all promote itching.\n Emotional stress. Emotions such as frustration or embarrassment may lead to increased itchiness and scratching.\n Exposure to certain foods, typically eggs, peanuts, milk, soy, or wheat products. Up to 40% of children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis also have some type of food allergy.1 But experts do not agree on whether foods can cause atopic dermatitis.\n Excessive washing. Repeated washing dries out the top layer of skin, leading to drier skin and increased itchiness, especially in the winter months when humidity is low.\n\n", "The main types of anti-inflammatory drugs for better asthma control are steroids or corticosteroids. Other anti-inflammatory treatments include mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, and immunomodulators.\nInhaled steroids are the mainstay treatment for controlling asthma. The use of inhaled steroids leads to:\n\n Better asthma control\n Fewer symptoms and flare-ups\n Reduced need for hospitalization\n\nNote that while inhaled steroids help prevent asthma symptoms , they do not relieve asthma symptoms during and attack. Dosages of inhaled steroids in asthma inhalers vary.\n\nInhaled steroids need to be taken daily for best results. Some improvement in asthma symptoms can be seen in one to three weeks after starting inhaled steroids, with the best results seen after three months of daily use.\n\nInhaled steroid medications for better asthma control include:\n\n Advair (a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-acting bronchodilator drug)\n Aerobid\n Asmanex\n Azmacort\n Dulera (a combination drug that also includes a long-acting bronchodilator drug)\n Flovent\n Pulmicort\n Symbicort (a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-acting bronchodilator drug)\n Qvar\n\nInhaled steroids come in three forms: the metered dose inhaler (MDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI), and nebulizer solutions. ", "What is atopic dermatitis?\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a skin problem that causes dry skin, intense itching, and then a red, raised rash. It cannot be spread from person to person.\n\nFor some people, atopic dermatitis may be a long-lasting (chronic) skin problem that requires more than one treatment.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is most common in babies and children. Some children with atopic dermatitis outgrow it or have milder cases as they get older. Also, a person may get atopic dermatitis as an adult.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is sometimes called eczema or atopic eczema. But atopic dermatitis is only one of many types of eczema.", "Accolate , Singulair , and Zyflo are called leukotriene modifiers. Leukotrienes are inflammatory chemicals that occur naturally in our bodies and cause tightening of airway muscles and production of mucus. Leukotriene modifier drugs help control asthma by blocking the actions of leukotrienes in the body. Studies show that these medications are helpful in improving airflow and reducing asthma symptoms.\n\nThe leukotriene modifiers are taken as pills and have been shown to decrease the need for other asthma medications. These medications have been shown to be effective in people with allergic rhinitis (nasal allergies) and may be effective in people with both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma .\n\nMast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn sodium, are inhaled asthma medications (asthma inhalers) that work by preventing the release of inflammatory substances (histamines) from immune cells called mast cells. They help prevent and reduce asthma symptoms, especially in children with allergies and asthma and in people with exercise-induced asthma. These asthma inhalers need to be taken two to four times a day, and they take three to four weeks to start working.\n\nXolair (omalizumab), an immunomodulator, works differently than other anti-inflammatory medications for asthma . Xolair blocks the activity of IgE (a protein that is overproduced in people with allergies) before it can lead to asthma attacks. Immunomodulator treatment has been shown to help reduce the number of asthma attacks in people with moderate to severe allergic asthma whose symptoms are not controlled with inhaled steroids\n\nXolair, a prescription medication, is given by injection every two to four weeks. It's recommended for people with moderate to severe allergic asthma. \nAll these drugs have side effects. Make sure you inform your doctor of all the medications you are taking. ", "Inhaled steroids (asthma inhalers) are safe for adults and children. Side effects with these anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers are minimal. Your doctor will prescribe the lowest dose that effectively controls yours or your child's asthma.\n\nOn a side note, many parents are concerned about giving their children \"steroids.\" The inhaled steroids are not the same as anabolic steroids that some athletes take to build muscle. These steroids are anti-inflammatory drugs, the cornerstone of asthma therapy. There are many benefits of using anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers to self-manage asthma.\nUsing systemic steroids (steroids taken by mouth or by injection that can affect the entire body) such as prednisone , prednisolone, and methylprednisolone help to treat severe asthma episodes, allowing people to gain better asthma control. Prednisone and other steroid drugs may be used to help control sudden and severe asthma attacks or in rare cases to treat long-term, hard-to-control asthma.\n\nMost often, prednisone or other steroid is taken in high doses for a few days (called a steroid burst) for more a severe asthma attack. \n\nThe benefits of inhaled steroids for better asthma control far exceed their risks, and include:\n\n Reduced frequency of asthma attacks\n Decreased use of beta-agonist bronchodilators (quick relief or rescue inhalers)\n Improved lung function\n Reduced emergency room visits and hospitalizations for life-threatening asthma\n", "If you or your child has a very mild itch and rash, you may be able to control it without medicine by using home treatment and preventive measures. But if symptoms are getting worse despite home treatment, it is essential that you use medical treatment to prevent the itch-scratch-rash cycle from getting out of control.", "Atopic Dermatitis - Exams and Tests.\n\nMost cases of atopic dermatitis can be diagnosed from a medical history and a physical exam. You will be asked about your family history of allergic conditions, when the itch first started, and when the rash first appeared. What the rash look likes and where it is located will help your doctor make a diagnosis. Your or your child's condition is more likely to be atopic dermatitis if a parent or brother or sister has an allergic condition (especially asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis).\nAllergy testing\n\nYour doctor may recommend allergy testing to identify any factors that are related to atopic dermatitis flares. Allergy testing is most helpful for people with atopic dermatitis who also have respiratory allergies or asthma. Allergy testing can help identify certain allergens. But test results are often false-positive. For more information, see the topic Allergy Tests. \nIf a specific allergen is thought to trigger your atopic dermatitis, you and your doctor will discuss how to eliminate it from your diet or environment while closely observing and recording your symptoms. ", "The key treatment for asthma are steroids and other anti-inflammatory drug s. These asthma drugs both help to control asthma and prevent asthma attacks.\n\nSteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs work by reducing inflammation, swelling, and mucus production in the airways of a person with asthma. As a result, the airways are less inflamed and less likely to react to asthma triggers , allowing people with symptoms of asthma to have better control over their condition. ", "Anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly inhaled steroids, are the most important treatment for most people with asthma. These lifesaving medications prevent asthma attacks and work by reducing swelling and mucus production in the airways. As a result, the airways are less sensitive and less likely to react to asthma triggers and cause asthma symptoms. ", "Asthma medication plays a key role in gaining good control of your condition. Controlling your asthma is crucial in avoiding asthma attacks and living an active life.\n\nTreatment with asthma medication focuses on:\n\n Controlling inflammation and preventing symptoms (controller medication)\n Easing asthma symptoms when a flare-up occurs (quick-relief medication)\n\nThere are two general types of asthma medication which can give you long-term control or quick relief of symptoms.\n\n Controller Medication. This is the most important type of therapy for most people with asthma because these asthma medications prevent asthma attacks on an ongoing basis. As a result of controller medications, airways are less inflamed and less likely to react to triggers. Steroids, also called \"corticosteroids\", are an important type of anti-inflammatory medication for people suffering from asthma. These asthma drugs reduce inflammation, swelling, and mucus production in the airways. Some people may combine use of an inhaled steroid with an inhaled long-acting beta-agonist (LABA). LABAs help keep airways open by relaxing the muscles around the airways. They should only be used along with an inhaled steroid for the treatment of asthma. Leukotriene modifiers are also used to control asthma and prevent symptoms. They target inflammatory chemicals in the body that lead to swelling of the airways and mucus production.\n Quick Relief Medication. These asthma medications are also called rescue medications and consist of short-acting beta-agonists (SABA). They relieve the symptoms of asthma by relaxing the muscles that tighten around the airways. This action rapidly opens the airways, letting more air come in and out of the lungs. As a result, breathing improves. Using these as a rescue medication more than twice a week indicates that your asthma is not well controlled. SABAs are also used prior to exercise to prevent symptoms in people who have exercise-induced asthma.\n\nThese asthma drugs can be administered in different ways. Successful treatment should allow you to live an active and normal life. If your asthma symptoms are not controlled, you should contact your doctor for advice and look at a different asthma medication that may work better for you. ", "Although your child's asthma cannot be cured, you can manage the symptoms with medicines and other measures.\n\nIt's very important to treat your child's asthma. Although he or she may feel good most of the time, even mild asthma can cause changes to the airways that speed up and make worse the natural decrease in lung function that occurs as we age.12\n\nYour child can expect to live a normal life by following his or her asthma action plan. Asthma symptoms that are not controlled can limit your child's activities and lower his or her quality of life.\n\nKnow the goals of treatment\n\nBy following your child's treatment plan, you can help your child meet these goals:\nIncrease lung function by treating the inflammation in the lungs.\nDecrease the severity, frequency, and duration of asthma attacks by avoiding triggers.\nTreat acute attacks as they occur.\nUse quick-relief medicine less (ideally on not more than 2 days a week).\nHave a full life-the ability to participate in all daily activities, including school, exercise, and recreation-by preventing and managing symptoms.\nSleep through the night undisturbed by asthma symptoms.\n\nBabies and small children need early treatment for asthma symptoms to prevent severe breathing problems. They may have more serious problems than adults because their bronchial tubes are smaller.\n\nYour child will take several types of medicines to control his or her asthma and to prevent attacks.\n", "Atopic Dermatitis - Symptoms.\n\nThe main symptom of atopic dermatitis is itching. The itching can be severe and persistent, especially at night. Scratching the affected area of skin usually causes a rash. The rash is red and patchy and may be long-lasting (chronic) or come and go (recurring). The rash may:\n\n Develop fluid-filled sores that can ooze fluid or crust over. This can happen when the skin is rubbed or scratched or if a skin infection is present. This is known as an acute (sudden or of short duration), oozing rash.\n Be scaly and dry, red, and itchy. This is known as a subacute (longer-duration) rash.\n Become tough and thick from constant scratching (lichenification).\n\nThe severity of symptoms depends on how large an area of skin is affected, how much you scratch the rash, and whether a secondary infection develops. Mild atopic dermatitis usually involves a small area of skin that does not itch much and goes away with adequate moisturizing. Severe atopic dermatitis usually involves a large area of skin that is very itchy and does not go away with moisturizing.\n\nThe usual location of the rash on the body varies by age group.\nInfants (ages 2 months to 2 years)\n\n The areas most commonly affected are the face, scalp, neck, arms and legs (especially the front of the knees and the back of the elbows), and trunk. The rash usually does not appear in the diaper area. It is most commonly seen in babies during the winter months as dry, red, scaling areas on the baby's cheeks. See a picture of atopic dermatitis camera in an infant. The rash is often crusted or oozes fluid. Rubbing and scratching can lead to frequent infections.\n\nChildren (ages 2 years to 11 years)\n\n The symptoms may appear for the first time or may be a continuation of the infant phase.\n The rash occurs primarily on the back of the legs and arms, on the neck, and in areas that bend, such as the back of the knees and the inside of the elbows.\n The rash is usually dry. But it may go through stages from an acute oozing rash to a subacute red, dry rash to a chronic rash that causes the skin to thicken (lichenification). Lichenification often occurs after the rash goes away.\n Rubbing and scratching can lead to infections.\n\nAdolescents and adults\n\n Atopic dermatitis often improves as you get older.\n The areas affected by atopic dermatitis are usually small and commonly include places that bend, such as the neck, the back of the knees, and the inside of the elbows. Rashes can also affect the face, wrists, and forearms. Rashes are rare in the groin area.\n", "Atopic Dermatitis - Medications.\n\nMedicines for atopic dermatitis include the following.\n\n Topical corticosteroids (such as hydrocortisone, betamethasone, and fluticasone) are the most common and effective treatment for atopic dermatitis. They are used until the rash clears and may be used to prevent atopic dermatitis flares. Topical medicines, such as creams or ointments, are applied directly to the skin. Only low-strength topical corticosteroids should be used on your face.\n Calcineurin inhibitors (pimecrolimus and tacrolimus) are topical immunosuppressants-medicines that weaken your body's immune system. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends caution when prescribing or using Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream and Protopic (tacrolimus) ointment because of a potential cancer risk.5 The FDA also stresses that these medicines only be used as directed and only after trying other treatment options. Calcineurin inhibitors are not approved for children younger than 2 years of age.\n Antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine) are often used to treat atopic dermatitis itch and to help you sleep when severe night itching is a problem. But histamines are not always involved in atopic dermatitis itch, so these medicines may not help all people who have the condition. Don't give antihistamines to your child unless you've checked with the doctor first.\n Oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone and prednisolone) are used in severe cases when the rash covers large areas of the body or when complications occur.\n Cyclosporine or interferon is sometimes used in adults if other treatment is not successful.\n\nIf the rash becomes infected, antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal medicines are used. Skin that has been broken down by scratching and inflammation can become infected.\n\n\nCoal tar preparations applied to the skin may help reduce itching. But this medicine should not be used on skin that is very irritated, or it can make your skin problem worse. Tar preparations are sometimes used to control the condition after a stronger medicine has successfully improved atopic dermatitis.\n\nMild- to moderate-strength corticosteroids that are applied to the skin, together with heavy moisturizing, are effective in reducing atopic dermatitis rash in most cases. Specific treatment depends on the type of rash you have.\n\nIf you or your child has a very mild itch and rash, you may be able to control it without medicine by using home treatment and preventive measures. But if symptoms are getting worse despite home treatment, it is essential that you use medical treatment to prevent the itch-scratch-rash cycle from getting out of control.\n", "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It's important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. \n\nOral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. \n\nCoal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. ", "Prevalence\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population, 1 with a slight female preponderance (1.3:1 in children). The incidence has increased twofold to threefold since the 1970s. The basis of this increase in not well understood; however, environmental factors appear to play an important role in disease prevalence.\n\nSome factors associated with an increased risk of atopic dermatitis include small family size, higher socioeconomic and educational levels regardless of ethnicity, movement from rural to urban environment, and increased use of antibiotics (the Western lifestyle). This has led to the hygiene hypothesis, which postulates that infections in early childhood (from less-hygienic practices and older siblings) might prevent atopic dermatitis. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that infections induce type-1 helper T cells (Th1), whereas there is a predominance of type-2 helper T cells (Th2) in atopic dermatitis. Th1 responses antagonize the development of Th2 cells, thereby potentially decreasing the incidence of atopic dermatitis", "Atopic dermatitis and hereditary eczema are interchangeable terms for an inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by erythema, pruritus, scaling, lichenification, and papulovesicles. Atopic dermatitis is a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. It is characterized by the itch-scratch cycle: Affected persons have the sensation of itch, followed by scratching and the subsequent creation of a rash. The classic triad of atopy includes eczema, asthma, and allergies. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora, and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis.", "Oral antihistamines: They tend to be used more commonly in children. The sedating antihistamines allow a better night's sleep for the child and his or her parents. \nPhototherapy: Phototherapy is unsuitable for those who have little flexibility with work or school hours, mobility or transport problems, very fair skin or a history of photosensitivivity. It is also unsuitable for very young children as they are unable to stand still for the required period of time and cannot be relied upon to wear safety glasses.", "The optimal treatment of asthma depends upon a number of factors, including the child's age ( younger than 12 years) and the severity and frequency of asthma attacks. For most children, asthma treatment can control symptoms, allowing the child to participate fully in activities and sports.\n\nSuccessful treatment of asthma involves three components:\n\n Controlling and avoiding asthma triggers\n Regularly monitoring asthma symptoms and lung function\n Understanding how to use medications to treat asthma\n\nAfter identifying potential asthma triggers, the parent and healthcare provider should develop a plan to deal with the triggers. If possible, the child should completely avoid or limit exposure to the trigger (eg, eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke). Recommendations may be made about decreasing allergen exposure (eg, removing carpets from bedrooms, not allow pets to sleep in the child's room). Children who have persistent problems despite efforts to avoid triggers may benefit from seeing an asthma specialist.\n\nExercise is an exception to the general rule about trigger avoidance. Exercise is encouraged for children with asthma. An asthma action plan should include steps to prevent and treat exercise-related symptoms.\n\nChildren with persistent asthma need to take medication on a daily basis to keep their asthma under control, even if there are no symptoms of active asthma on a given day. Medications taken daily for asthma are called \"long-term controller\" medicines and function to decrease inflammation (or swelling) of the small airways over time.\n\nController medications include inhaled glucocorticoids (also called inhaled corticosteroids or ICS), leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), chromones, sustained release theophylline, long-acting beta agonists (LABA) in combination with inhaled glucocorticoids, and systemic glucocorticoids.\n\n", "Common Asthma Triggers\n\nThe key to controlling asthma is managing your environment and your medications. Things that cause asthma to flare up are called triggers. If you have asthma, it's important to know your triggers. \n\nBelow are some common triggers:\n\nAllergies\nSmoking\nExercise\nStress\nIllness\nOther Triggers\nAllergies\n\nAsthma is more common in people who have allergies. Approximately 60 percent of asthma cases are caused by allergies to dust mites, mold, pollen and animal dander. Here are some ways to control these triggers:\n\nDust and Dust Mites:\n\nPut your mattresses and pillows in special allergen-proof covers.\nRemove all animal products from bedding (e.g. feather pillows and down comforters).\nWash your bedding every week in hot water (over 130? F).\nWash stuffed animals often and, if possible, remove other dust collectors from the bedroom.\nDust woodwork and wash curtains often.\nUse a damp mop on floors instead of sweeping.\nVacuum carpets/rugs weekly with a HEPA filter. It's better to have bare floors than carpets, if possible.\nReplace air conditioner and furnace filters monthly.\nMold and Mildew:\nKeep the bathroom dry by using an exhaust fan or dehumidifier.\nClean sinks, tubs and showers often with a bleach solution (1 part bleach, 3 parts water).\nLimit house plants as they are sources of dampness and mold.\nAsk your health care provider before using a vaporizer or humidifier.\nAlways keep vaporizers and humidifiers clean.\nClean spacers and nebulizers often.\nPollen:\nDuring allergy season, use air conditioning instead of opening the windows at home and in the car.\nLimit time outdoors on high pollen count days.\nChange the air conditioner filter monthly.\nShower or bathe after being outdoors.\nYour doctor may recommend additional medicines during allergy season.\nThe American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), National Allergy Bureau can keep you updated on pollen and mold counts\nPets\nKeep pets outside, if possible.\nKeep them off the furniture.\nKeep pets out of the bedrooms.\nBathe your pets weekly.\n\n\nSmoking\n\nSmoking and secondhand smoke irritate the lungs. For people with asthma, it increases swelling of the breathing tubes and mucus production. Remember, children's airways are smaller than the airways of adults. More swelling means even less air can get into the lungs. If you or anyone in your home smokes, quit.\n\nDo not allow a child to be around smoke.\nDo not allow smoking in your home or your car.\nDo not use wood burning stoves or fireplaces and avoid campfires.\n\n\nExercise\n\nSome people have asthma symptoms (wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath) after they start exercising. However, exercise is important to your health and asthma should not keep you or your child from playing sports or doing other types of physical activities. Tell your doctor if exercise causes your asthma to flare up.\n\nTake your asthma medicine as prescribed. Your doctor may tell you to take it just before exercising.\nWarm up by exercising slowly at first.\nLimit exercise if you are ill or if the weather is cold and dry.\n\n\nStress\n\nStrong emotions, such as anger and anxiety, can lead to changes in breathing that can cause asthma symptoms or make them worse. Regular exercise, deep breathing, meditation and relaxation techniques can help reduce stress. \n\n\nIllness\n\nEven minor colds can cause asthma flare-ups.\n\nWash hands often.\nEat well and get plenty of sleep.\nAvoid people with colds and flu.\nGet a yearly flu shot.\n\n\nOther Triggers\n\nSulfites: These chemicals are found in wine, beer, shrimp, dried fruit and processed potatoes, and can cause breathing difficulty for many people with asthma.\nMedications: Some medications, such as aspirin or beta blockers, can trigger asthma flare-ups. Talk to your doctor if you think a medication may be causing asthma symptoms.\nStrong smells: Perfumes, sprays and cleaning products can make asthma worse.", "Is my coughing or wheezing asthma?\n\nNot all coughing and wheezing is related to asthma. While coughing and wheezing are two common symptoms of asthma, experiencing these symptoms does not necessarily mean that you have asthma. Sometimes, a cough may be due to nose allergies or acid reflux. People also experience short-term coughing or wheezing with a cold, pneumonia, bronchitis or bronchiolitis. \n\nOnly a physician can diagnose asthma. \nIf you have a persistent cough or are concerned you may have asthma, make an appointment with your physician. An evaluation for asthma may include your physician asking you several questions about your health as well as diagnostic testing.", "Leukotriene Modifiers\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are also called leukotriene receptor antagonists. These medicines are used for long-term control and prevention of asthma symptoms. Leukotrienes are substances made by your body that act as a trigger for an asthma attack. Blocking the action of leukotrienes helps prevent these attacks from occurring. These medicines are taken in pill form once every day. \n\nAlthough these medicines may seem like they are having no effect, they work slowly over time to reduce inflammation. Leukotriene modifiers are not as powerful as corticosteroids and don't work effectively in everyone. However, they are generally very safe medicines. \n\nExamples: Singulair (montelukast) and Accolate (zafirlukast)", "Asthma in Children\n\nAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung's air passages that can make breathing difficult. There is no cure for asthma and it will not go away, but there are very good treatments to control it. A child with asthma can enjoy a normal healthy life and participate in normal activities.\n\nDuring normal breathing air moves in and out of the lungs through air passages, bringing oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the body. During an asthma attack, or asthma flare-up, muscle spasms constrict and tighten the airways and cause the air passages to become narrower or blocked, making it harder for air to get in and out. Air flow is also blocked by inflammation (swelling), which thickens the airway walls and creates mucus and phlegm inside the airways. Both the spasms and the inflammation make it hard to breathe. \n\nSymptoms of an asthma flare up include:\n\nWheezing\nCoughing\nChest tightness that makes it hard to breathe\nWaking up at night coughing\nExtra phlegm and mucus\nAsthma flare-ups can be caused by many different triggers. Asthma flare-ups can come on suddenly and progress rapidly. You must be ready to treat them quickly and correctly. If asthma is not treated well and kept under control, it can cause numerous problems, including:\nFrequent visits to your health care provider or emergency room and even hospitalization\nInability to participate in sports and other physical activity\nMissed school days\nLung damage and, in severe cases, death\nThere are good medications that can help treat chest tightness and the inflammation caused by asthma and control asthma symptoms.", "Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) and Tiotrpium Bromide (Spiriva) are medications that prevent the muscle bands around the airways from tightening. Atrovent is available for use as a metered dose inhaler and in a solution for a nebulizer. Spiriva is available for use in a HandiHaler. \n\nLike short-acting beta agonists (e.g. albuterol), they are bronchodilators, relaxing the muscle bands around the airways. However, short-acting beta agonists relax the muscle bands after they are already tight. Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) and Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) prevent the muscle bands from tightening. \n\nFor that reason, they are controller medicines. These medicines are most commonly used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They may be used if a doctor suspects a person has both asthma and COPD. \n\nCaution: It is important to place the Atrovent inhaler in the mouth with this medicine. Otherwise, the spray from the inhaler can come in contact with the eyes, causing the pupils to dilate. ", "Short-Acting Beta Agonists\n\nThese medications are also known as rescue medicines. They are used for quick relief of asthma symptoms, such as wheezing, \"feeling tight\" when breathing, coughing and shortness of breath. Short-acting beta agonists act within minutes to temporarily relieve these symptoms. They do this by relaxing the tightening (bronchospasm) of the muscle bands around the airways, and are very effective in opening the airways. They do not relieve the swelling or inflammation of the breathing tubes that occurs in individuals with asthma. If you need to use these short-acting beta agonists often, it means that the inflammation is not being controlled.\n\nQuick relief medicines come in metered dose inhalers and in a solution for nebulizers. An oral solution is also available, but is less effective and has more side effects. Short-acting beta agonists have few severe side effects when used in the recommended dose. The possible side effects of short-acting inhaled beta agonists include a fast heartbeat, nervousness and shakiness, which usually pass quickly when the medicine is inhaled. \n", "What is Asthma?\n\nAsthma is a disease of the lung airways. The airways get swollen and inflamed. They react easily to certain things, like viruses, smoke or pollen. When the inflamed airways react, they get narrow. This makes it hard to breathe.\n\nThere is no known cure for asthma. But you can control it well.\n\nWhen your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack. In a severe asthma attack, the airways can close so much that your vital organs do not get enough oxygen. People can die from severe asthma attacks. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\nAlthough asthma cannot be cured, in most patients it can be controlled so that you have only minimal and infrequent symptoms, and you can live an active life. If you have asthma, taking care of it is an important part of your life. Controlling your asthma means staying away from things that bother your airways and taking medicines as directed by your doctor. \n", "Long-Acting Beta Agonists\n\nLong-acting beta agonists relax the muscle bands that surround the airways (bronchodilation) and allow you to breathe in and out more easily. These medicines can improve asthma control only when used in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid medicine. They are used every day, even when there are no asthma symptoms. \n\nLong-acting beta agonists are not rescue medicines and do not relieve sudden asthma symptoms. They are often used in people who have asthma symptoms at night or used to prevent exercise-induced asthma symptoms. \n\nIf you are using a rescue medicine frequently and are taking an inhaled corticosteroid, your doctor may prescribe a long-acting beta agonist. \n\nExamples: Serevent (salmeterol) and Foradil (formoterol)", "Oral Corticosteroids\n\nOral corticosteroids are used in combination with short acting beta agonists (also called bronchodilators or rescue medicines) to treat moderate to severe asthma flare-ups. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways. During an asthma attack, the inside walls of the airways swell and narrow. Reducing this swelling allows the airways to open up, allowing better air flow. Sometimes difficult-to-manage asthma can only be treated with regular use of daily or every-other-day oral corticosteroids. \n\nTo treat acute asthma flare-ups, oral corticosteroids are usually prescribed in \"short bursts\" of five days up to two weeks. Using corticosteroids in this manner is the most effective way to reduce inflammation and the frequency of future flare-ups. It is important to finish taking the whole prescription of oral corticosteroids. If they are used for more than a week or two, the dose should be gradually reduced so your body can increase its own natural steroids again. \n\nOral corticosteroids are more likely to cause side effects than inhaled corticosteroids because they are carried to all parts of the body. Inhaled corticosteroids only go to the lungs. The possibility for side effects is low when a short burst is used. Such side effects might include increased appetite, mood changes or difficulty sleeping. \n\nIf you need to take oral corticosteroids on a regular basis to control your asthma, side effects are more likely. Some possible side effects of long-term use are glucose intolerance, peptic ulcer, bloating, weight gain, elevated blood pressure and osteoporosis. You and your doctor must weigh the possible side effects against the effects of uncontrolled asthma. \n\nCaution: If you have been taking oral corticosteroids within the last year, you should tell any other doctor, surgeon, anesthesiologist or dentist who may treat you for any other condition that you are taking this medication. \n\nExamples: prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone and methylprednisolone", "Asthma and Pregnancy\n\nIt's not possible to predict how pregnancy will affect your asthma. Most studies show that with good control, a woman can have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. Normal hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause any pregnant woman to feel short of breath. \n\nIf you have asthma and you feel short of breath, it's a good idea to talk with your doctor. It's important to make sure that the shortness of breath is due to the pregnancy and not a flare-up of your asthma. Also, these pregnancy changes don't affect your peak flow tests. If your peak flow level goes down, it's probably a sign that your asthma is worse. \n\nIt is very important to avoid your asthma triggers during pregnancy. \n\nYou should be an active participant in keeping your asthma under control during pregnancy. Some women stop taking their asthma medicines when they become pregnant. However, those medicines are important in keeping your asthma under control and getting the right amount of oxygen to you and to your baby. ", "Mast Cell Stabilizers\n\nMast cell stabilizers work to prevent allergy cells called mast cells from breaking open and releasing chemicals that help cause inflammation. They make the airways less sensitive to many asthma triggers. \n\nMast cell stabilizers are not rescue medicines. \n\nThey work slowly over time, taking two to six weeks to become effective. Mast cell stabilizers come in metered dose inhalers and in a solution for nebulizers. They must be taken two to four times a day to work. Possible side effects are cough, runny nose, throat irritation, unpleasant taste and headache. \n\nExamples: Cromolyn Sodium and Tilade\n", "Inhaled Corticosteroids\n\nInhaled corticosteroids are the most effective medicine to treat persistent asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids are asthma controller medicines. Asthma symptoms happen less often when an inhaled corticosteroid is used every day. When used every day, these medicines make the breathing tubes less sensitive by blocking the inflammation that leads to asthma symptoms. Using a controller medicine reduces the need for rescue medicines and lowers the chance of needing to go to the emergency room for an asthma attack. \n\nBecause the main problem in asthma is long-term inflammation in the lungs, corticosteroids are often used to treat asthma. Corticosteroids help to reduce and prevent the swelling and excess mucus in the airway caused by inflammation. For most people with asthma, corticosteroids are the single most effective medicine because they break the inflammation cycle and reduce the likelihood of future asthma flare-ups. \n\nInhalded corticosteroids are not like anabolic steroids.\n\nAlthough they have a similar name, they are very different from the anabolic steroids that are abused by some athletes. Also, it is important to know that concerns about using oral corticosteroids do not apply because inhaled corticosteroids are not absorbed into the body to any large extent. A small number of individuals experience some local side effects, such as a yeast infection (white spots) of the mouth, tongue or throat and occasional hoarseness. Side effects can be avoided by rinsing the mouth after each treatment and using a spacer with a metered dose inhaler. \n\nCaution: If you have a severe asthma episode that does not respond to your usual medicines, it is important to contact your doctor immediately. The severe asthma episode may make you unable to inhale your usual corticosteroids deeply into your lungs and you may need a \"short burst\" of oral corticosteroids to reduce the inflammation. \n\nExamples: Pulmicort (budesonide), Flovent (fluticasone), QAR (beclomethesone) and others", "10 Ways to Fight Indoor Mold\n\nMold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. It can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions.\n\nMold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. While bathrooms are an obvious place for mold to get a toehold, there are some other relatively surprising sources of mold in your homesuch as firewood.", "Americans spend up to 90 percent of their time indoors. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms, an episode or attack or make asthma worse. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Be sure to work with a doctor to identify triggers and develop a treatment plan that includes ways to reduce exposures to your asthma triggers.", "About wood smoke and asthma\n\nSmoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles. Breathing these small particles can cause asthma attacks and severe bronchitis, aggravate heart and lung disease and may increase the likelihood of respiratory illnesses. If you're using a wood stove or fireplace and smell smoke in your home, it probably isn't working as it should.", "Dust mites are tiny bugs that are too small to see. Every home has dust mites. They feed on human skin flakes and are found in mattresses, pillows, carpets, upholstered furniture, bedcovers, clothes, stuffed toys and fabric and fabric-covered items.\n\nBody parts and droppings from dust mites can trigger asthma in individuals with allergies to dust mites. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms.", "About chemical irritants and asthma\n\nChemical irritants are found in some products in your house and may trigger asthma. Your asthma or your child's asthma may be worse around products such as cleaners, paints, adhesives, pesticides, cosmetics or air fresheners. Chemical irritants are also present in schools and can be found in commonly used cleaning supplies and educational kits.\n\nChemical irritants may exacerbate asthma. At sufficient concentrations in the air, many products can trigger a reaction.", "About outdoor air pollution and asthma\n\nOutdoor air pollution is caused by small particles and ground level ozone that comes from car exhaust, smoke, road dust and factory emissions. Outdoor air quality is also affected by pollen from plants, crops and weeds. Particle pollution can be high any time of year and are higher near busy roads and where people burn wood.\n\nWhen inhaled, outdoor pollutants and pollen can aggravate the lungs, and can lead to chest pain, coughing, digestive problems, dizziness, fever, lethargy, sneezing, shortness of breath, throat irritation and watery eyes. Outdoor air pollution and pollen may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma. ", "About Nitrogen Dioxide and asthma\n\nNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an odorless gas that can irritate your eyes, nose and throat and cause shortness of breath. NO2 can come from appliances inside your home that burn fuels such as gas, kerosene and wood. NO2 forms quickly from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants and off-road equipment. Smoke from your stove or fireplace can trigger asthma.\n\nIn people with asthma, exposure to low levels of NO2 may cause increased bronchial reactivity and make young children more susceptible to respiratory infections. Long-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can lead to chronic bronchitis. Studies show a connection between breathing elevated short-term NO2 concentrations, and increased visits to emergency departments and hospital admissions for respiratory issues, especially asthma.", "Secondhand smoke is the smoke from a cigarette, cigar or pipe, and the smoke exhaled by a smoker. Secondhand smoke contains more than 4,000 substances, including several compounds that cause cancer.\n\nSecondhand smoke can trigger asthma episodes and increase the severity of attacks. Secondhand smoke is also a risk factor for new cases of asthma in preschool-aged children. Children's developing bodies make them more susceptible to the effects of secondhand smoke and, due to their small size, they breathe more rapidly than adults, thereby taking in more secondhand smoke. Children receiving high doses of secondhand smoke, such as those with smoking parents, run the greatest relative risk of experiencing damaging health effects.", "Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present.\n\nMolds create tiny spores to reproduce, just as plants produce seeds. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\nFor people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack.", "About pets and asthma\n\nProteins in your pet's skin flakes, urine, feces, saliva and hair can trigger asthma. Dogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander.\n\nThe most effective method to control animal allergens in the home is to not allow animals in the home. If you remove an animal from the home, it is important to thoroughly clean the floors, walls, carpets and upholstered furniture.\n\nSome individuals may find isolation measures to be sufficiently effective. Isolation measures that have been suggested include keeping pets out of the sleeping areas, keeping pets away from upholstered furniture, carpets, and stuffed toys, keeping the pet outdoors as much as possible and isolating sensitive individuals from the pet as much as possible.", "About cockroaches, other pests and asthma\n\nDroppings or body parts of cockroaches and other pests can trigger asthma. Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma symptoms in some individuals.\n\nCockroaches are commonly found in crowded cities and the southern regions of the United States. Cockroach allergens likely play a significant role in asthma in many urban areas.", "Asthma: Limit asthma attacks caused by colds or flu\nA cold or the flu can trigger an asthma attack. Here's why and how to keep your sneeze from turning into a wheeze.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nRespiratory infections, such as colds and the flu, are one of the most common causes of asthma flare-ups, especially in young children. A stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, fever, or other signs and symptoms caused by a cold or flu (influenza) virus can be a nuisance. But if you have asthma, even a minor respiratory infection can cause major problems. Asthma signs and symptoms, such as wheezing and chest tightness, may not respond as well to regular asthma medications. Also, asthma symptoms caused by a respiratory infection may last for several days to weeks.\n\nThere's no sure way to keep yourself or your child from getting a cold or the flu. But taking steps to avoid getting sick and taking the right steps when you do can help.\n\nPreventing colds and the flu\n\nTake these steps to help you avoid getting sick:\n\nGet an annual flu shot unless your doctor recommends against it. Most adults and children older than 6 months old should get a flu vaccination every year. If you do get a vaccination, you'll need a shot (injection), since nasal spray vaccinations, such as FluMist, aren't recommended for people with asthma. You or your child may need vaccinations for more than one type of flu virus.\nAsk your doctor if you need a pneumonia vaccination. Most people need to get this vaccination only one time, but in some cases a booster shot is needed.\nAvoid contact with anyone who's sick. Germs that cause respiratory infections are easily passed from person to person.\nWash your hands often. This kills the germs that can cause respiratory infections. Carry a bottle of hand sanitizer to kill germs while you're on the go.\nAvoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. These are the points where germs that can make you sick enter your body.\nStay in shape. Regular exercise may help you avoid getting sick.", "Manage asthma by staying organized. Here's help creating an adult asthma action plan.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nMaintaining good day-to-day asthma control is the key to keeping symptoms at bay and preventing asthma attacks. Having a written asthma action plan makes it easier for you to measure whether your asthma is under control and it lets you know exactly what steps to take when it isn't. Using an asthma action plan is especially important if you have moderate to severe asthma or you've had a serious asthma attack in the past. Here's how to get started.\n\nCreating your asthma action plan\n\nBecause asthma varies from person to person, you'll need to work with your doctor to develop a plan that's customized for you. Your action plan can help you:\n\nTrack asthma symptoms. The plan will help you keep tabs on asthma signs and symptoms and record when your symptoms interfere with daily activities, such as work, exercise or sleep. You'll also need to track how often you use a quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol) to ease symptoms.\nRecord peak flow readings. You may use a peak flow meter to track your asthma day to day. This simple hand-held device tests how well the lungs are working. Measurements that are lower than usual indicate that the lungs aren't working as well as they should be. This is often the first sign that asthma is getting worse.\nJudge asthma control. The action plan will give you a system for making sense of the information you record. Many asthma plans use a \"traffic light\" system of green, yellow and red zones that correspond to worsening symptoms. This system can help you quickly determine asthma severity and identify signs of an asthma attack. Some asthma plans use a symptoms questionnaire called the Asthma Control Test (ACT) to measure asthma severity over the past month.\nAdjust medications. Your plan should say when you need to make medication adjustments based on the severity of your asthma symptoms. Asthma medications usually include long-term control medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids, and as-needed, quick-relief medications, such as inhaled albuterol. Make sure you understand what medications to use when, how to use them and what to expect.\nRecognize and treat an asthma attack. Tracking symptoms daily and adjusting treatment accordingly improves asthma control and reduces the risk of having an asthma attack. But if symptoms do start to get worse quickly, follow the action plan's instructions for using quick-relief medications or other steps to get your symptoms under control.\nKnow when to seek emergency care. Some asthma attacks can't be managed at home. Use the action plan to recognize the signs of rapidly worsening asthma. If you use a peak flow meter, the action plan will also tell you when low peak flow readings signal that an asthma attack has become an emergency.\nAvoid asthma triggers. The action plan may have a place for you to list your asthma triggers and notes on how to avoid them. These vary from person to person examples include exercise, cold air, pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), smoke, including secondhand tobacco smoke, and respiratory infections.", "Asthma treatment: Do complementary and alternative approaches work?\nMany people try complementary and alternative asthma treatments ranging from herbs to yoga. Discover which home remedies for asthma are most likely to work.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nComplementary and alternative asthma treatment ranges from breathing exercises to herbal remedies. Researchers are still investigating whether these types of asthma treatments really work and are safe. In many cases, the verdict's still out. Here's what the evidence says.\n\nAcupuncture\nAcupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles into your skin at specific points on your body. Acupuncture originated in China thousands of years ago, and its popularity has grown significantly in other parts of the world. Some studies suggest that asthma symptoms may improve with acupuncture, but there's still not enough clear evidence to be certain. If you decide to try acupuncture, work with an experienced, licensed acupuncturist or a medical doctor who practices acupuncture. When delivered by trained practitioners, acupuncture is relatively low risk.\n\nBreathing exercises\nBreathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don't seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms.\n\nBreathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to:\n\nTake breaths less often\nTake slower breaths\nBreathe through your nose rather than your mouth\nUse your abdominal muscles to take deep \"belly breaths\" (diaphragmatic breathing)\nA few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Some methods also offer advice about stress reduction, medication use, nutrition and general health. New programs are being tried to see what works best. Some clinics and researchers offer breathing technique instruction as part of asthma treatment, either face to face or via video or Internet.\n\nHerbal remedies\nHerbal remedies have been used for thousands of years to treat lung disorders and are still considered a primary asthma treatment in many countries. Some have shown promise in research, but more studies are still needed to find out for certain what works and what's safe. Herbs that have shown at least some promise in treating asthma symptoms include:\n\nButterbur\nDried ivy\nGinkgo extract\nTylophora indica\nFrench maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol)\nIndian frankincense (Boswellia serrata)\nCholine\nBlends of different types of herbs are commonly used in traditional Chinese, Indian and Japanese medicine. Certain combinations of herbs may be more effective than taking one herbal remedy on its own.\n\nUse caution with herbal remedies and always discuss the use of any new herb or dietary supplement with your doctor. Consider these concerns before taking any herbal remedy:\n\nQuality and dose. Until recently, the quality of herbal and dietary supplements sold in the United States was often suspect. Things have improved with the introduction of guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration. The guidelines help ensure that manufacturers accurately indicate on the label what is in the bottle. While this is a significant step forward, it still pays to do your homework and research different brands.\nSide effects. Side effects caused by herbal supplements can range from minor to severe, and depend on the herb and the dose you take. Be especially cautious of herbal asthma remedies that contain ephedra or ephedra-like substances, which may cause high blood pressure and have been linked to heart attack and stroke. Examples include ma-huang (banned in the United States) and bitter orange.\nDrug interactions. Certain herbal remedies can interact with other medications.\nThese concerns don't necessarily mean trying an herbal treatment is a bad idea you just need to be careful. Talk to your doctor before taking an herbal remedy to make sure it's safe for you.\n\nHomeopathy\nHomeopathy aims to stimulate the body's self-healing response using very small doses of substances that cause symptoms. In the case of asthma, homeopathic remedies are made from substances that generally trigger an asthmatic reaction, such as pollen or weeds. There's limited evidence that homeopathy helps treat asthma. The substances that trigger symptoms are used in such tiny amounts that they're unlikely to cause an asthma attack. Even so, most asthma experts discourage trying homeopathic treatment.\n\nInspiratory muscle training\nThis technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It's sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\nMassage and chiropractic treatment\nAlthough some claim that these treatments help, there's no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms.\n\nRelaxation therapy\nRelaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It's unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being.\n\nVitamins and supplements\nMore research is needed to determine whether vitamins or other nutrients may help ease asthma symptoms in people who have a deficiency. Three that seem promising include:\n\nAntioxidants. People with severe asthma appear to have decreased levels of these protective nutrients found in fruits and vegetables. Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin A and magnesium may have some effect on asthma by boosting the immune system.\nOmega-3 fatty acids. Found in several types of fish, healthy oils containing omega-3s may reduce the inflammation that leads to asthma symptoms, but the verdict's still out. They also appear to have a number of other health benefits. It isn't clear whether omega-3s from vegetable sources have the same beneficial effects as omega-3s found in fish.\nVitamin D. Some people with severe asthma have a vitamin D deficiency. Researchers are exploring whether vitamin D may reduce asthma symptoms in some people.\nA multivitamin or supplement pill may help you get nutrients, but the best way to make sure you're getting adequate nutrition is to eat a varied diet rich in fresh, unprocessed foods.", "Allergies and asthma: They often occur together\nAllergies and asthma: A Mayo Clinic specialist explains the connection, and what you can do to prevent attacks and manage symptoms.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\n\nJames T. Li, M.D.\nYou may wonder what allergies and asthma have in common besides making you miserable. A lot, as it turns out. Allergies and asthma often occur together.\n\nThe same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\nJames T. Li, M.D., a Mayo Clinic allergy specialist, answers questions about the link between allergies and asthma.\n\nHow does an allergic reaction cause asthma symptoms?\n\nAn allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms.\n\nAre allergies and asthma treated differently?\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example:\n\nLeukotriene modifier. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Called a leukotriene modifier, this daily pill helps control immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction. In rare cases, this and other leukotriene modifiers have been linked to psychological reactions, including suicidal thinking. Seek medical advice right away for any unusual psychological reaction to one of these medications.\nAllergy shots (immunotherapy). Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Immunotherapy involves getting regular injections of a tiny amount of the allergens that trigger your symptoms. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well. This treatment generally requires regular injections over a period of three to five years.\nYou may need other medications to treat allergies or asthma, especially if your symptoms become severe at times. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take.", "asthma inhalers: Which one's right for you?\nHere's information that will help you weigh the pros and cons of different asthma inhalers.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nAsthma inhalers are hand-held portable devices that deliver medication to your lungs. A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. Certain types of asthma inhalers may work better for you than do others. Finding the right asthma inhaler can help make sure you get the right dose of medication to prevent or treat asthma attacks whenever you need it.\n\nTypes of asthma inhalers include:\n\nMetered dose inhalers. These inhalers consist of a pressurized canister containing medication that fits into a boot-shaped plastic mouthpiece. With most metered dose inhalers, medication is released by pushing the canister into the boot. One type of metered dose inhaler releases medication automatically when you inhale. Some metered dose inhalers have counters so that you know how many doses remain. If there's no counter, you'll need to track the number of doses you've used to tell when the inhaler's low on medication.\nMetered dose inhaler with a spacer. A spacer holds medication after it's released, making it easier to inhale the full dose. Releasing the medication into the spacer gives you time to inhale more slowly, decreasing the amount of medicine that's left on the back of your throat and increasing the amount that reaches your lungs. Some metered dose inhalers have a built-in spacer. Others can be used with a separate spacer that attaches to the inhaler.\nDry powder inhaler. These inhalers don't use a chemical propellant to push the medication out of the inhaler. Instead, the medication is released by breathing in a deep, fast breath. Available types include a dry powder tube inhaler, a powder disk inhaler and a single-dose powder disk inhaler.\nComparing inhaler types\n\nChoosing the right kind of asthma inhaler for you depends on several factors. Keep in mind, some medications are available only with certain inhaler types. The chart below can help you understand the pros and cons of each type. Work with your doctor to find the inhaler that best meets your needs.", "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system then produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.\n\nCommon allergy triggers include:\n\nAirborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold\nCertain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk\nInsect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings\nMedications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics\nLatex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions", "Corticosteroid medications including cortisone, hydrocortisone and prednisone have great potential in the treatment of a variety of conditions, from rashes to lupus to asthma. But corticosteroids also carry a risk of side effects. Working with your doctor, you can take steps to reduce these medications' side effects so that the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.Corticosteroids mimic the effects of hormones your body produces naturally in your adrenal glands, which sit on top of your kidneys. When prescribed in doses that exceed your body's usual levels, corticosteroids suppress inflammation. This can reduce the signs and symptoms of inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis and asthma. \n You can take corticosteroids:\n\n By mouth. Tablets, capsules or syrups help treat the inflammation and pain associated with certain chronic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.\n By inhaler and intranasal spray. These forms help control inflammation associated with asthma and nasal allergies.\n Topically. Creams and ointments can help heal many skin conditions.\n By injection. This form is used to treat such signs and symptoms as the pain and inflammation of tendinitis.\n", "Pregnancy and asthma: Managing your symptoms\nAsthma during pregnancy can pose health risks for you and your baby. Know how to avoid triggers and use medication safely.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nAsthma is a chronic lung condition. If you're pregnant, asthma can have an impact on your health and your baby's health. Find out what you need to know about asthma and pregnancy.\n\nWhy is asthma during pregnancy a concern?\n\nIf you're effectively treating your asthma and it's well controlled during pregnancy, there's little or no risk of asthma-related complications. However, severe or poorly controlled asthma during pregnancy might increase the risk of various problems, including:\n\nOxygen deprivation for the baby\nMorning sickness\nVaginal bleeding\nHigh blood pressure and protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy (preeclampsia)\nRestricted fetal growth\nComplicated labor\nNeed for a C-section\nPremature birth\nLow birth weight\nIn extreme cases, the baby's life might be in jeopardy.\n\nCan pregnancy make asthma worse?\n\nAsthma is classified into four general categories, from least to most severe. Often, pregnancy doesn't affect asthma severity. For some women, however, asthma improves during pregnancy. When this happens, the improvement is generally gradual as the pregnancy progresses. It's also possible for asthma to get worse during pregnancy, with symptoms typically increasing during week 29 to week 36 of pregnancy.\n\nIt's not clear why asthma symptoms improve in some women and worsen in others during pregnancy. However, it's possible that some women experience worse asthma symptoms late in pregnancy because they stop taking their medications after becoming pregnant. Any changes you make to your medication routine might also influence the severity of your asthma symptoms.\n\nIs it safe to take asthma medication during pregnancy?\n\nAny medication you take during pregnancy can affect your baby. Some concerns have been raised about the use of systemic glucocorticoids, which could cause a condition in which the baby's adrenal glands don't produce enough of certain hormones immediately after birth (neonatal adrenal insufficiency). However, most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. Also, it's safer to take asthma medications during pregnancy than it is to experience asthma symptoms or an asthma attack. If you're having trouble breathing, your baby might not get enough oxygen.\n\nIf you need medication to control your asthma symptoms during pregnancy, your health care provider will prescribe the safest medication at the most appropriate dosage. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Depending on the type of medication you're taking and your symptoms, your health care provider might be able to monitor your asthma control during your prenatal visits. In other cases, you might need to consult your family doctor or asthma specialist throughout the pregnancy.\n\nIf you started a course of allergy shots before pregnancy, you can continue the shots during pregnancy. However, beginning a course of allergy shots during pregnancy isn't recommended. Allergy shots can cause a dangerous allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis especially early in the course of therapy. Anaphylaxis during pregnancy can be fatal for both mother and baby.\n\nWill I need special tests?\n\nIf you have poorly controlled or moderate to severe asthma or you're recovering from a severe asthma attack, your health care provider might recommend a series of ultrasounds starting at week 32 of pregnancy to monitor your baby's growth and activity. During an ultrasound, high-frequency sound waves are used to produce images of the baby in your uterus.\n\nIf your asthma symptoms are getting steadily worse, your health care provider might recommend electronic fetal monitoring or a biophysical profile a prenatal test used to check on a baby's well-being. The test combines fetal heart rate monitoring and fetal ultrasound. During a biophysical profile, a baby's heart rate, breathing, movements, muscle tone and amniotic fluid level are evaluated.\n\nYour health care provider might also recommend that you pay close attention to your baby's activity level.", "Long-term control medications\n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. You take these medications even when you don't have symptoms. There are several types of long-term control medications, including the following.\n\nInhaled corticosteroids\nThese anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. They reduce swelling and tightening in your airways. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Inhaled corticosteroids include: Fluticasone (Flovent Diskus), Budesonide (Pulmicort), Mometasone (Asmanex Twisthaler), Beclomethasone (Qvar), Ciclesonide (Alvesco).\nIn children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Regular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check.\n\nCorticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. When they do occur, side effects can include mouth and throat irritation and oral yeast infections. If you're using a metered dose inhaler, use a spacer and rinse your mouth with water after each use to reduce the amount of drug that can be swallowed and absorbed into your body.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers\nThese medications block the effects of leukotrienes, immune system chemicals that cause asthma symptoms. Leukotriene modifiers can help prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. Examples include:Montelukast (Singulair), Zafirlukast (Accolate), Zileuton (Zyflo).\nIn rare cases, montelukast has been linked to psychological reactions, such as agitation, aggression, hallucinations, depression and suicidal thinking. See your doctor right away if you have any unusual reaction.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists (LABAs)\nThese bronchodilator (brong-koh-DIE-lay-tur) medications open up narrowed airways and reduce swelling. Their effects last at least 12 hours, and they're used to control moderate to severe asthma and to prevent nighttime symptoms. LABAs are used on a regular schedule along with inhaled corticosteroids. Although they're effective, they've been linked to severe asthma attacks. For this reason, LABAs are taken only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. Examples of LABAs include: Salmeterol (Serevent), Formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), Theophylline.\nYou take this bronchodilator in pill form every day to treat mild asthma. Theophylline (Theo-24, Elixophyllin, others) relaxes the airways and decreases the lungs' response to irritants. It can be helpful for nighttime asthma symptoms. If you're taking theophylline, you may need regular blood tests to make sure you're getting the correct dose. Potential side effects of theophylline include insomnia and gastroesophageal reflux.\n\nCombination inhalers: Corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists\nSome inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator: Fluticasone and salmeterol (Advair Diskus), Budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort), Mometasone and formoterol (Dulera)\nAs with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.", "\nAllergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.\n\nYour immune system produces substances known as antibodies. Some of these antibodies protect you from unwanted invaders that could make you sick or cause an infection. When you have allergies, your immune system makes antibodies that identify your particular allergen as something harmful, even though it isn't. When you come into contact with the allergen, your immune system's reaction inflames your skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nThe severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms.", "Having an allergy increases your risk of certain other medical problems, including:\n\nAnaphylaxis. If you have severe allergies, you're at increased risk of this serious allergy-induced reaction. Anaphylaxis is most commonly associated with food allergy, penicillin allergy and allergy to insect venom.\nAnother allergy. Having one type of allergy also increases your risk of becoming allergic to something else.\nAsthma. If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma).\nAtopic dermatitis (eczema), sinusitis, and infections of the ears or lungs. Your risk of getting these conditions is higher if you have hay fever, a pet allergy or a mold allergy.\nFungal complications of your sinuses or your lungs. You're at increased risk of getting these conditions, known as allergic fungal sinusitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, if you're allergic to mold.", "Secondhand smoke: Avoid dangers in the air\nExposure to the toxins in secondhand smoke can cause asthma, cancer and other serious problems. Know what you're breathing and consider practical steps for clearing the air.\n\nBy Mayo Clinic staff\nYou don't smoke because you understand the dangers but what about secondhand smoke? Secondhand smoke causes or contributes to various health problems, including heart disease, lung disease and various types of cancer. Understand what's in secondhand smoke, and consider ways to protect yourself and those you love from secondhand smoke.\n\nWhat's in secondhand smoke?\n\nSecondhand smoke also known as environmental tobacco smoke includes the smoke that a smoker exhales (mainstream smoke) and the smoke that comes directly from the burning tobacco product (sidestream smoke). Secondhand smoke contains thousands of toxic chemicals, including:\n\nAmmonia, used in cleaning products\nButane, used in lighter fluid\nCarbon monoxide, found in car exhaust\nChromium, used to make steel\nCyanide, used in chemical weapons\nFormaldehyde, an industrial chemical\nLead, a toxic metal\nPolonium, a radioactive substance\nThe dangerous particles in secondhand smoke can linger in the air for hours or even longer. It isn't just the smoke that's a concern, though. The residue that clings to a smoker's hair and clothing, as well as cushions, carpeting and other goods sometimes referred to as thirdhand smoke also can pose risks, especially for children.", "Medications that focus on treating allergy triggers include:\n\n Allergy shots. Allergy shots (immunotherapy) may be an option if you have allergic asthma that can't be controlled by avoiding triggers. You'll begin with skin tests to determine which allergens trigger your asthma symptoms. Then you'll get a series of injections containing small doses of those allergens.\n\n You generally receive injections once a week for a few months, and then once a month for a period of three to five years. In some cases, desensitization can be done more quickly. Over time, you should lose your sensitivity to the allergens.\n\n Omalizumab. Omalizumab (Xolair) is sometimes used to treat asthma triggered by airborne allergens. If you have allergies, your immune system produces allergy-causing antibodies to attack substances that generally cause no harm, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. Omalizumab blocks the action of these antibodies, reducing your immune system reaction that causes allergy and asthma symptoms.\n\n Omalizumab is given by injection every two to four weeks. It isn't generally recommended for children under 12. In rare cases, this medication has triggered a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Anyone who takes omalizumab should be monitored closely by health professionals after getting an omalizumab injection in case of a severe reaction.\n\n Allergy medications. These include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. Allergy medications are available over-the-counter and in prescription form.\n\n Corticosteroid nasal spray helps reduce inflammation without causing the rebound effect sometimes caused by nonprescription sprays. Because it has few, if any, side effects, cromolyn is safe to use over long periods of time.\n", "The doctor will want your child to take just the right amount and type of medication needed to control his or her asthma. This will help prevent side effects. Based on your record of how well your child's current medications seem to control signs and symptoms, your child's doctor may \"step up\" treatment to a higher dose or add another type of medication. If your child's asthma is well controlled, the doctor may \"step down\" treatment by reducing your child's medications. This is known as the stepwise approach to asthma treatment.\n\nCertain medications aren't specifically approved for use in children by the Food and Drug Administration, but the doctor may prescribe them based on his or her judgment of what's likely to work best for your child. \n\nLong-term control medications\nKnown as maintenance medications, these are generally taken every day on a long-term basis to control persistent asthma. These medications may be used seasonally if your child's asthma symptoms become worse during certain times of the year.\n\nTypes of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids, Leukotriene modifiers, Combination inhalers, Theophylline.\n\nQuick-relief 'rescue' medications\nThese medications called short-acting bronchodilators provide immediate relief of asthma symptoms and last four to six hours. Albuterol is the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilator for asthma. Others include pirbuterol and levalbuterol. Although these medications work quickly, they can't keep your child's symptoms from coming back. If your child has frequent or severe symptoms, he or she will need to take a long-term control medication such as an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nImmunotherapy for allergy-induced asthma\nAllergy-desensitization shots (immunotherapy) may help if your child has allergic asthma that can't be easily controlled by avoiding asthma triggers. Your child will begin with skin tests to determine which allergy-causing substances (allergens) may trigger asthma symptoms. Once your child's asthma triggers are identified, he or she will get a series of injections containing small doses of those allergens. Your son or daughter will probably need injections once a week for a few months, then once a month for a period of three to five years. Your child's allergic reactions and asthma symptoms should gradually diminish. " ]

[ { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis medications", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "asthma medication", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "asthma allergy", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "asthma causes", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "exercise for asthmatic", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "exercise induced asthma", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "asthma treatment", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can\\'t be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. Due to possible concerns about the effect of these medications on the immune system when used for prolonged periods, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that Elidel and Protopic be used only when other treatments have failed or if someone can\\'t tolerate other treatments. Many alternative therapies including chamomile, evening-primrose oil, witch hazel extract and borage seed oil have been touted as possible ways to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). However, there\\'s no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated.\n\n Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Nonprescription anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Corticosteroid creams or ointments can ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Antibiotics help a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. \n\nAlthough atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The exact cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema) is unknown, but it\\'s likely due to a combination of dry, irritable skin with a malfunction in the body\\'s immune system. Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis, but they don\\'t cause it. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. Although atopic dermatitis is related to allergies, eliminating allergens is rarely helpful in clearing the condition. Occasionally, items that trap dust such as feather pillows, down comforters, mattresses, carpeting and drapes can worsen the condition. Allergy shots usually aren\\'t successful in treating atopic dermatitis. Light therapy (phototherapy) As the name suggests, this treatment uses natural or artificial light. The simplest and easiest form of phototherapy involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light including the more recently available narrow band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) either alone or with medications. Though effective, long-term light therapy has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The right medications for Asthma depend on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep the asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in the airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, beclomethasone and others.\n\nLeukotriene modifiers are oral medications (including montelukast , zafirlukast and zileutonhelp relieve asthma symptoms for up to 24 hour. These medication may have more severe side effects.\n\nLong-acting beta agonists are inhaled medications, which include salmeterol and formoterol, open the airways and reduce inflammation.\n\nSome research shows that thesse may increase the risk of a severe asthma attack, so take them only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid.\n\nCombination inhalers are medications such as fluticasone-salmeterol, budesonide-formoterol and mometasone-formoterol which contain a long-acting beta agonist along with a corticosteroid.\n\nBecause these combination inhalers contain long-acting beta agonists, they may increase the risk of having a severe asthma attack.\n\n A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children.\n\nTheophylline is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator) by relaxing the muscles around the airways. It's not used as often now as in past years.\n\n\n\n Most asthma medications can be safely used during pregnancy. \n\nNot all medications are approved for use in children by the FDA, but the doctor may prescribe them based on judgment of what\\'s likely to work best for the child." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. \n\n Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack such as Short-acting beta agonists. When inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. \n\nMany people with asthma need to take long-term control medications on a daily basis. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. \n\nRegular use of inhaled corticosteroids helps keep asthma attacks and other problems linked to poorly controlled asthma in check. In children, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may slightly delay growth, but the benefits of using these medications to maintain good asthma control generally outweigh their risks. Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator.\n\n As with other LABA medications, these inhalers may increase your risk of having a severe asthma attack and should be used with caution.\n\nAllergy medications may help if asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Over time, allergy shots gradually reduce the immune system reaction to specific allergens.\n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. Short-acting beta agonists can be taken using a portable, hand-held inhaler or a nebulizer a machine that converts asthma medications to a fine mist, so they can be inhaled through a face mask or a mouthpiece. Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Ipratropium is mostly used for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but it\\'s sometimes used to treat asthma attacks. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications which include prednisone and methylprednisolone relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they\\'re used only on a short-term basis to treat severe asthma symptoms. If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn\\'t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often. Keep a record of how many puffs you use each week. If you need to use your quick-relief inhaler more often than your doctor recommends, see your doctor." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. In asthma, the inside walls of airways tubes become sore and swollen and the lungs do not get enough air. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Severe attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.\n\nAllergy-induced asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect the body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. \n\nA hygiene hypothesis assumes that the Western lifestyle which emphasises hygiene and sanitation has resulted in changes in living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood. This affects the way that young children's immune systems develop, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. \n\nAsthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control to prevent symptoms. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.\n\nAllergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander. Inflaming the: skin, sinuses, airways or digestive system.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in triggering asthma attacks. Allergic asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction. Exposure to dust mites can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma is airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication. It is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from it.\n\nAtopic dermatitis is a common, often long-lasting skin disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies, and a chronic dermatitis.\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. Montelukast (Singulair) is a medication that eases both allergy and asthma symptoms. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing the immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger the symptoms is the most important step. \n\n " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Allergies and asthma often occur together. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. \n\n\n\nIn some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. \n\nDogs, cats, rodents (including hamsters and guinea pigs) and other warm-blooded mammals can trigger asthma in individuals with an allergy to animal dander. Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma. \n\n\n\nSome treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. \n\nIf your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can\\'t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots. Allergy shots can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take. \n\n\n\nAsthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. Symptoms of asthma or allergy also may improve on their own as an illness (like a cold or flu) runs its course. Hypnosis might give people with asthma or allergies more self-discipline to follow good health practices. \n\n" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies. Allergens Animal Dander Allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance such as pollen, bee venom or pet dander.This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. Allergies and asthma often occur together. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Allergies and asthma often occur together. This is called allergic asthma or allergy-induced asthma. The same substances that trigger your hay fever symptoms may also cause asthma signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). A few treatments can help with both conditions." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. Molds can be found almost anywhere when moisture is present. Mold spores float through the indoor and outdoor air continually. For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger an asthma attack. Mold is among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing. In many cases, asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (allergy-induced asthma). How To Control Things That Make Your Asthma Worse: Indoor Mold Fix leaky faucets, pipes, or other sources of water that have mold around them. Clean moldy surfaces with a cleaner that has bleach in it. Stay indoors with windows closed from late morning to afternoon, if you can. Clean damp areas in the bath, kitchen and around the house to keep mold spores from developing. Get rid of moldy leaves or damp firewood in the yard." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " An allergy is triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The immune system produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you\\'re exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life including: hereditary (from parents), tendency (atopy), respiratory infections, exposure or contact to some airborne allergens or viral infections in early childhood, exposure to irritants.\n\nThe same factors may affect people differently. \n\nResearchers explore Hygiene Hypothesis which claims that the hygienic lifestyle of the west reduce the exposure of children to infections and therefore the immune system is not practiced and tends to develop allergies. \n\n\n\n Indoor allergies (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR]/nasal allergies) occur when allergens that are commonly found indoors are inhaled into the nose and the lungs causing allergic reactions. Other common triggers include: Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, dust mites and mold) Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk. Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings, Certain proteins are found in cockroach feces and saliva and can cause allergic reactions or trigger asthma. Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. Smoke from wood-burning stoves and fireplaces contain a mixture of harmful gases and small particles." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "An allergy starts when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and produces antibodies that are always on the alert for your particular allergen. When you're exposed to the allergen again in the future, these antibodies release a number of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause allergy symptoms. Having an allergy increases the risk of certain medical problems, such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, including Asthma (an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing). In many cases, allergies and asthma often occur together. So, If you have an allergy, you're more likely to have asthma. Asthma is triggered by exposure to an allergen in the environment (called allergy-induced asthma or allergic asthma). Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers. Substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis a potentially life-threatening emergency. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger your symptoms is the most important step you can take." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing, especially early in the morning or at night. When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called an asthma attack .The exact cause of asthma isn't known, Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others.Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. (Triggers are things that can cause asthma symptoms) If you have asthma, you may react to just one trigger or you may find that several things act as triggers. Some common triggers are: Getting a cold or flu Pollen, dust and animals (especially cats) Cold weather, Smoking, Exercise. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "What Is Mold Allergy? Mold and mildew are fungi. They differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. The \"seeds\" called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather and others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions.\n\nMold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause high fever symptoms.They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. It is common for people to be at greater risk of developing mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander or if their occupations includ more exposure to mold (for example: Farmers, dairymen, loggers, bakers, mill workers, carpenters, greenhouse employees, wine makers and furniture repairers). The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. In some people with allergy, irritation alone can cause a reaction. To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, the doctor will take a complete medical history, skin tests and use the physical examination all together. How Is Mold Allergy Treated? As with most allergies, patients should take some actions to avoid contact with the spores (for example: Wear a dust mask when cutting grass, digging around plants, picking up leaves, disturbing other plant materials and reduce the humidity indoors to 35%). " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. When mold spores land on damp places indoors, they may begin growing.\n\n Mold can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and cause health problems in people without those conditions. Mold grows in humid, damp environments, so the best way to prevent and control indoor mold is to keep your home as dry and ventilated as possible. Mold spores can deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms. They also can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.\n\n\n\nThe symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. Some people with mold allergies may have symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. \n\n\n\nFor diagnosis doctors use patient's medical history, skin testing results, and physical examination. \n\n\n\nPrognosis: Allergies cannot be cured, symptoms of the allergy can be reduced by avoiding contact with the spores. Mold quantity in the air can measured help the carrier decide if to stay in a place.\n\n\n\nTreatment: avoid contact with the spores, wear a dust mask when exposure may occur, reduce the humidity indoors. Medications include antihistamines and decongestants, or prescribed non-sedating antihistamines if continuous consumption of antihistamines cause drowsiness. For moderate and severe allergy symptoms, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroid nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is commonly divided into two types: allergic (extrinsic) asthma and non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma. Researchers think a combination of factors (family genes and certain environmental exposures) interact to cause asthma. Asthma triggers are different from person to person and can include: Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites Allergic reactions to some foods, such as peanuts or shellfish Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma) Cold air Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke Certain medications, including beta blockers, aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve) Strong emotions and stress Sulfites and preservatives added to some types of foods and beverages Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat Menstrual cycle in some women. If you have an allergy, you\\'re more likely to have asthma an immune system reaction that affects the airways and breathing." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is characterized by symptoms that are triggered by an allergic reaction; it is an airway obstruction and inflammation that is partially reversible with medication.\n\nAsthma, a chronic lung disease, inflames and narrows the airways that react and tighten strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. Cells in the airways make more mucus than normal. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, can be mild or can get worse and intense, and cause an asthma attack which require emergency care, and can even cause death. It is more common in childhood and tends to affect boys more than girls.\n\nAllergies and asthma often occur together. Substances such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. In some people, skin or food allergies can cause asthma symptoms.\n\n An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance such as tree pollen as a dangerous invader. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Some treatment can reduce both asthma and allergy symptoms, but most are designed to treat either one or the other. However, recognizing and avoiding the allergic substances that trigger symptoms is the most important step to take.\n\nAllergy medications include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid and cromolyn nasal sprays. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (long-term), non-curable lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten the airways narrow and less air flows to the lungs. The swelling also can worsen the airways condition, by making them even narrower. As of 2009, 300 million people worldwide were affected by asthma leading to approximately 250,000 deaths per year. More boys have asthma than girls, but more women have it than men. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance and for others it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. What Causes Asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include: An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe), Parents who have asthma, Certain respiratory infections during childhood, Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke), Having a mother who smoked while pregnant, Being overweight, Exposure to pollution, Exposure to occupational triggers (such as chemicals used in farming), hairdressing and manufacturing, Low birth weight, animal dander, dust mites and mold Certain foods, Insect stings, Medications, Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause allergic skin reactions. However, more research is needed to determine what role they may play in developing asthma. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting over 50% of the 20 million asthma sufferers.Over 2.5 million children under age 18 suffer from allergic asthma. Many of the symptoms of allergic and non-allergic asthma are the same (coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness). However, allergic asthma is triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust mite allergen, pet dander, pollen, mold, etc. resulting in asthma symptoms. An allergic response occurs when immune system chemicals (antibodies) mistakenly identify a harmless substance as a dangerous invader. In an attempt to protect your body from the substance, antibodies attack the allergen. The chemicals released by your immune system lead to allergy signs and symptoms, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes or skin reactions. For some people, this same reaction also affects the lungs and airways, leading to asthma symptoms. Common allergy triggers include: Airborne allergens, animal dander, dust mites and mold. Certain foods, Insect stings and certain Medications. While allergies can't be cured, a number of treatments can help relieve your allergy symptoms. A few treatments can help with both conditions. For example: Leukotriene modifier- a daily pill that helps control your immune system chemicals released during an allergic reaction, Allergy shots (immunotherapy) that can help treat asthma by gradually reducing your immune system response to certain allergy triggers. Your immune system builds up a tolerance to the allergens over time, and your allergic reactions diminish. In turn, asthma symptoms decrease as well." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant and animal matter. They among the most hazardous household substances for people with allergies and asthma. Fungi differ from plants or animals in how they reproduce and grow. Their \"seeds\", called spores, are spread by the wind outdoors and by air indoors. Some spores are released in dry, windy weather. Others are released with the fog or dew when humidity is high. Inhaling the spores can trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions (such as hay fever or eczema), and it can even cause health problems in people without those conditions. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to late summer, But with fungi growing in so many places, allergic reactions can occur year round. The symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching, nasal discharge, congestion and dry, scaling skin. It is common for people to get mold allergy if they or other family members are allergic to substances such as pollen or animal dander. Some people with mold allergies may have allergy symptoms the entire summer because of outdoor molds or year-round if symptoms are due to indoor molds. Molds can reach the lungs, to cause asthma or another serious illness called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Sometimes the reaction is immediate, and sometimes the reaction is delayed. Symptoms often worsen in a damp or moldy room such as a basement; this may suggest mold allergy." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Having asthma doesn\\'t mean you have to be less active. Treatment can prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms during activity. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma.\n\n Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve EIA symptoms. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms. Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. If you have chronic asthma it is important that you participate in sports/exercise to help in the management of asthma. If you already know you have EIA, or chronic asthma here is some advice to help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "The treatment for Atopic termatits varies and depends on the severity of your case and your age. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus ointments are powerful topical medicated creams that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children.For mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults Phototherapy is sometime used. Its a treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl or Atarax, can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. However, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases.For more severe falers of atopic dermatitis, Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face, but they are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash due to numerous side effects. For more mild cases, Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching, You may need antibiotics." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Many of the medications used to treat Atopic dermatitis have side effects that are important to know about. Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), are used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Possible side effects for Corticosteroids include: Thinning of the skin, Skin infections Growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), Stretch marks on the skin, Possible side effects for Nonsteroidal Topical Immunomodulators include: Temporary mild warmth, burning, or itching Side effects for Antihistamines include: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, nose, or throat. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, and increased risk of infection.Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, that has long been a treatment for a variety of skin, can be very irritating to already inflamed skin.Long term Light therapy,Though effective, has many harmful effects, including premature skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema) aim to reduce inflammation, relieve itching and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch creams and other self-care measures may help control mild atopic dermatitis. An example for nonprescription cream is low-potency corticosteroid creams, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. There are side effects of long-term or repeated use of these creams. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine). For more severe cases, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. These medications are effective, but can't be used long term because of potential serious side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medications is approved for children older than 2 and for adults. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease, with possible concerns about their effect on the immune system and are best used on the faces of children. There is also the possibility to get allergy shots, but usually they aren't successful in treating atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "There are some side effects of different medications. Topical corticosteroids include the following: A burning sensation, itching, irritation, dryness, or redness may develop in the area where the medicine is applied. Using topical corticosteroids on the face can result in enlarged blood vessels (telangiectasias), bruising, acne, and stretch marks (striae). With long-term use, high-strength topical corticosteroids cause temporary thinning of the skin, making it more easily irritated. But when used carefully and mostly in low-strength doses, topical corticosteroids can be used for up to 10 years without severe side effects. Corticosteroids can be absorbed through the skin and cause problems throughout the body. Side effects include headache, indigestion, increased appetite, restlessness, increased risk of infection, thinning of the skin, skin infections, growth suppression in children (with long-term oral prednisone), stretch marks on the skin, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. If your skin rash gets worse or if you have blurred vision, increased urination, excessive thirst, or mood changes, see your doctor. Side effects are associated with long-term use of corticosteroids. You and your doctor must watch for side effects and weigh them against the potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. Possible side effects for nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators include: temporary mild warmth, burning or itching. Side effects for antihistamines include: drowsiness (do not drive a car or operate heavy machinery until you know how these drugs affect you), dry mouth, nose or throat. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Its a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. Its a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic dernatitis is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. In some the skin disease improves or disappears altogether with age, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. There seems to be a basic hypersensitivity and an increased tendency toward itching. While emotional factors and stress may in some cases exacerbate or initiate the condition, they do not seem to be a primary or underlying cause for the disorder. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin and a large percentage of the world's population. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another, unless they have active skin infections. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but the disease seems to result from a combination of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors. A wide range of environmental factors, such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora and humidity, play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Self-care measures, such as avoiding soaps or other irritants and applying creams or ointments, can help relieve itching. Tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some low-potency corticosteroid creams are available without a prescription, but you should always talk to your doctor before using any topical corticosteroid. Side effects of long-term or repeated use can include skin irritation or discoloration, thinning of the skin, infections, and stretch marks on the skin. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Antibiotics. You may need antibiotics if you have a bacterial skin infection or an open sore or fissure caused by scratching. Your doctor may recommend taking antibiotics for a short time to treat an infection or for longer periods of time to reduce bacteria on your skin and to prevent recurrent infections. Oral antihistamines. If itching is severe, oral antihistamines may help. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) can make you sleepy and may be helpful at bedtime. If your skin cracks open, your doctor may prescribe mildly astringent wet dressings to prevent infection. in severe cases your doctor may prescribe oral or injection Corticosteroid such as prednisone, or an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and to control symptoms. those treatments have severe side effects. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Oral antihistamines, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or Atarax (hydroxyzine), can be used to treat itch associated with atopic dermatitis. It\\'s important to note, however, that they can cause sleepiness and may not help in all cases of atopic dermatitis. Antihistamine creams should not be used on atopic dermatitis rashes because they contain chemicals that can actually worsen the rash. Oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, prednisolone, and medrol, may be used for more severe flares of atopic dermatitis. They are used if the rash covers a large part of the body and face. Oral steroids used long term have numerous side effects, including weight gain, thinning of the bones, and suppression of the immune system. Though they may clear atopic dermatitis well, the side effects are too risky to warrant using them as a first-line treatment. To avoid these side effects, but still benefit from the medication, oral steroids are often prescribed for a short course (5 days) to calm the rash. Topical steroids can then be used on the remaining rash. Coal tar, actually made by melting coal, has long been a treatment for a variety of skin conditions. Shampoos and soaps containing coal tar can help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. Coal tar tends to work better on thickened skin that is not scaly, or to ease very early symptoms of itching. However, coal tar can be very irritating to already inflamed skin. It is OK to try coal tar for mild cases of atopic dermatitis, but use should stop immediately if there is any increase in itching or redness of the rash. " }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Breathing exercises Breathing techniques for asthma have been around for years, but many health providers remain skeptical about them. They don\\'t seem to improve the underlying allergic reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Nonetheless, in a number of studies, people who did breathing exercises reported improved symptoms. Breathing methods vary, but generally involve learning to: Take breaths less often Take slower breaths Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth Use your abdominal muscles to take deep \\\"belly breaths\\\" (diaphragmatic breathing) A few breathing techniques used for asthma include the Buteyko breathing technique and yoga breathing (pranayama). Inspiratory muscle training This technique helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises. It\\'s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. These exercises definitely strengthen the muscles of your lungs, but there\\'s not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma. Massage and chiropractic treatment Although some claim that these treatments help, there\\'s no evidence that physical manipulation of the spine or muscles reduces asthma symptoms. Relaxation therapy Relaxation therapy techniques include meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation. It\\'s unclear whether any of these techniques directly help with asthma, but they do seem to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "If you exercise in cold temperatures, wear a face mask to warm the air you breathe. To help prevent symptoms: Take two puffs of your blue reliever inhaler before warming up Do some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase your heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air Now you are ready to start If you experience symptoms during playing sport/exercising: STOP and take some slow, deep breaths Take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible Return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible. At times, programs for students who have asthma may need to be temporarily modified, such as by varying the type, intensity, duration, and/or frequency of activity. At all times, students who have asthma should be included in activities as much as possible. The good news is that today\\'s treatments can successfully control asthma so that most students can participate fully in regular school and childcare activities, including play, sports, and other physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. It is considered as a non-allergic asthma, where the immune system is not involved in the reaction. Like allergic asthma, it is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication.\n\nIn addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma such as cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing.\n\nDuring exercise it is necessary to breath through the mouth and the nose, enabling to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy.\n\nIf susceptible airways is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness.\n\nSympthoms include shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to a strenuous physical activity or a tight feeling in chest which forces one to stop, wheezing and/or coughing.\n\nExercise provokes symptoms in most children with poorly controlled asthma, the student who has asthma symptoms with physical activity may need to be evaluated by his or her health care provider.\n\nEven for a student who has exercise-induced asthma, the frequent use of quick-relief medication during or after exercise may signal the need to return to his or her health care provider to add a daily long-term control medication or to increase the dosage." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Exercise Induced Asthma Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. To help you understand the condition and know how to manage it here are a few pointers. The symptoms with which chronic asthma presents are cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, or wheezing and are caused by the airways in the lungs narrowing. Many triggers cause chronic asthma e.g. colds, dust mites and exercise. In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. What happens? When breathing normally air enters our lungs through the nose, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. During exercise it is necessary to breath through our mouths, enabling us to acquire the large amounts of air needed to sustain the increased level of energy. In susceptible airways when we breathe air that is unfiltered, dry and cold it causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), producing the symptoms of asthma chest tightness, wheeze/cough and breathlessness. How will I know if I have EIA...? If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: Shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport Tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/ exercising/active Stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "In addition to chronic asthma another condition is Exercise Induced Asthma or (EIA) when physical activities is the only trigger causing narrowing of the airways, and producing the symptoms of asthma. This condition is Non-Allergic (intrinsic) asthma that triggered by factors not related to allergies, in this case: exercise. Exercise induced asthma is a relatively common problem that can go undiagnosed, as some attribute their symptoms to being unfit. Exercise-induced asthma, may be worse when the air is cold so there is a need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often for some people. If you have any of these symptoms during or after playing sport or exercising/activities, you may be experiencing EIA: shortness of breath a few minutes after starting to exercise/play sport, tight feeling in chest while playing a sport/exercising/active, stopping exercise/sport/activity because you feel unwell Wheezing and/or coughing. If you think you may have any of the signs of EIA and have not been diagnosed with asthma, please contact your family doctor for advice. Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition. Exercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Being active is important for people with asthma as it helps in the management of the condition.\nExercise helps to strengthen the muscles used for breathing, and over time may even help to improve your EIA symptoms.\nIt is important to participate in sports/exercise when there is chronic asthma, in order to help in the management of asthma.\nSome advice to help prevent symptoms while exercising: two puffs of the blue reliever inhaler before warming up, some warm-up exercise e.g. gentle exercises and stretching for 5-10 minutes. This will help to increase the heart and breathing rates gradually lessening the effects of the cold air and only after that to start. If one experiences symptoms during playing sport/exercising, one should stop and take some slow, deep breaths, take four puffs of blue inhaler (one at a time), using a spacer if accessible, then return to activity if you are free of symptoms If your symptoms continue or return after your recommence, repeat inhaler instructions and see a doctor as soon as possible.\n\nInspiratory muscle training helps strengthen lung muscles with a series of breathing exercises.\nIt is s sometimes used for other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and after certain types of surgery. Though, there's not enough proof to say whether they help with asthma.\n\n\t" }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing to make sure your daily asthma medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler, such as albuterol. The right medications for you depend on a number of things, including your age, symptoms, your asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep your asthma under control. Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your airways that leads to symptoms.They are taken daily and are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long term medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely to have an asthma attack. Types of long-term control medications include: Inhaled corticosteroids. You may need to use these medications for several days to weeks before they reach their maximum benefit. Quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack or before exercise if your doctor recommends it. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled, quick-relief bronchodilators act within minutes to rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. But if your long-term control medications are working properly, you shouldn't need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. They are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators, or when taken on an odd occasion. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone), Flixotide (Fluticasone), Pulmicort (Budesonide). Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your your asthma. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. These side effects can be avoided by using a spacer." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms in adults and children. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS (also known as short-acting bronchodilators) are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms.Types of asthma inhalers include: Metered dose inhalers. Dry powder inhaler. Metered dose inhaler with a spacer. Take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dosage on your own. Types of quick-relief medications include: Short-acting beta agonists. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) and pirbuterol (Maxair). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Ipratropium (Atrovent). Like other bronchodilators, ipratropium acts quickly to immediately relax your airways, making it easier to breathe. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. Inhaled corticosteroids These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Asthma is a chronic (longterm) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. it is can not be cured but its sympthoms can be controlled. It is treated with two types of medicines: long term control and quick relief medicines. Long term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. such medicine are doctor prescribes and should be taken daily. Quick relief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. an inhaler is a common quick relief medicine. it is important to practice using your inhaler at the doctors office in order to learn the correct usage. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will: \t Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath \t Reduce your need for quick relief medicines \t Help you maintain good lung function \t Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night \t Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms and can live normal, active lives." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Corticosteroids are medicines that help prevent asthma symptoms occurring by reducing the inflammation in the airways. Cortisone, is part of a family of substances known as steroids which are produced by the body to help it function normally. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. Inhaled steroids are not addictive. The dose is carefully worked out according to you/your childs weight. Its best to give each dose of steroid with food in the morning, usually at breakfast time. Steroids given by mouth During severe acute asthma episodes you/your child may need a higher dose of corticosteroids to be taken by mouth. A larger dose of steroid taken this way allows the medicine to work faster. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly used long-term control medications for asthma. Corticosteroids don't generally cause serious side effects. After you use it, rinse your mouth with water, gargle, and spit out. Corticosteroid creams or ointments. Your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid creams or ointments to ease scaling and relieve itching. Some people on inhaled corticosteroids may have local side effects such as: sore throat, husky voice, thrush (an infection) in the mouth. Inhaled steroids are not addictive." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Asthma is a longterm lung disease that cant be cured.It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making them swollen and very sensitive. That can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms may include wheezing , chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. When symptoms get more intense and/or additional symptoms occur, this is an asthma attack. Its important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack that may require emergency care, and can cause death. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is working to control your symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. Good asthma control will Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as shortness of breath, Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines, Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night and will Prevent severe asthma attacks. To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. With todays knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease and prevent asthma attacks. It is treated with two types of medicines: longterm control and quickrelief medicines. Longterm control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quickrelief, or rescue, medicines relieve asthma symptoms when they flare up. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding factors that worsen your asthma, tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening asthma, and seeking emergency care when needed. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quickrelief medicines Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity levels and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in your going to the emergency room or being admitted to the hospital for treatment To reach this goal, you should actively partner with your doctor to manage the disease and create and follow an asthma action plan. Your initial asthma treatment will depend on how severe your disease is. Asthma can\\'t be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it\\'s important that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust treatment as needed." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Most asthma medications are inhaled as sprays or powders and may be taken using metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, or nebulizers. A metered-dose inhaler is a pressurized canister that delivers a dose of medication and does not require deep and fast breathing (see Appendix 3 for instructions). A dry powder inhaler is another kind of inhaler that does require deep and fast breathing to get the medication into the lungs (see Appendix 4 for instructions). A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medication into a fine mist. Whichever delivery method is used, it is important for patient to take their medications correctly. LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS are usually taken daily to control underlying airway inflammation and thereby prevent asthma symptoms. They can significantly reduce a patient need for quick-relief medication. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective long-term control medications for asthma. It is important to remember that inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe for long-term use when taken as prescribed. They are not addictive and are not the same as illegal anabolic steroids used by some athletes to build muscles. QUICK-RELIEF MEDICATIONS are taken when needed for rapid, short-term relief of asthma symptoms. They help stop asthma attacks by temporarily relaxing the muscles around the airways. However, they do nothing to treat the underlying airway inflammation that caused the symptoms to flare up. An additional use for quick-relief medications is the prevention of asthma symptoms in patients who have exercise-induced asthma. These patients may be directed to take their quick-relief medication inhaler 5 minutes before physical activities." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Corticosteroids were developed from cortisone and are agents that decrease inflammation. The medication is used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. It reduces itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, asthma and arthritis. Although corticosteroids are part of the steroid family they are not the same as the anabolic steroids some athletes and body-builders use to enhance their muscles and gain strength. Anabolic steroids can have serious side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids are prescribed for patients of all ages to treat different levels of persistent asthma. They work by dampening down the inflammation in the airways, and are the most effective agents for treating asthma. As a result, asthma symptoms and sudden acute attacks occur less often. To be effective, they need to be taken once or twice every day as prescribed by your doctor. They are of no benefit when used for symptoms, unlike bronchodilators or when taken on an odd occasion. Inhaled corticosteroids are a maintenance medicine that helps to prevent severe asthma symptoms. Common Corticosteroids: Beclozone (Beclomethasone)\\ Flixotide (Fluticasone) Pulmicort (Budesonide) Some preventers may take 3 to 4 weeks to become effective others only take a few days, so it may take some time before you notice a difference in your childs or your asthma. You may also notice that the blue inhaler is not needed as often." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children Give brief, lukewarm baths. Apply an emollient immediately following the bath. Keep a child\\'s fingernails filed short. Select soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. Consider using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night. Keep the child cool; avoid situations where overheating occurs. Learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. Attempt to distract the child with activities to keep him or her from scratching. \nTacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel) ointments are powerful and expensive topical medicated creams (drugs that are applied to the skin) that are used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. They are not particularly effective in patients with severe disease and are best used on the faces of children. Phototherapy is treatment with light that uses ultraviolet A or B light waves or a combination of both. This treatment can be an effective treatment for mild to moderate dermatitis in older children (over 12 years old) and adults. Photochemotherapy, a combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a drug called psoralen, can also be used in cases that are resistant to phototherapy alone. Possible long-term side effects of this treatment include premature skin aging and skin cancer. If the doctor thinks that phototherapy may be useful in treating the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, he or she will use the minimum exposure necessary and monitor the skin carefully." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Treating atopic dermatitis in infants and children includes Giving brief, lukewarm baths and Applying an emollient immediately following the bath, Keeping the child's fingernails filed short, Selecting soft cotton fabrics when choosing clothing. using antihistamines to reduce scratching at night should be considered. The parent should keep the child cool and avoid situations where overheating occurs. He should learn to recognize skin infections and seek treatment promptly. When a child has atopic dermatitis, the entire family situation may be affected. It is important that families have additional support to help them cope with the stress and frustration associated with the disease. The child may be fussy and difficult and often is unable to keep from scratching and rubbing the skin. Distracting the child and providing as many activities that keep the hands busy are key but require effort and work on the part of the parents or caregivers. The child may face difficulty in school or other social relationships and may need additional support and encouragement from family members." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another through skin contact. There is generally no cause for concern in being around someone with even an active case of atopic dermatitis, unless they have active skin infections. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. The term atopic is from the Greek meaning strange. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. Although atopic dermatitis can occur in any age, most often it affects infants and young children. Occasionally, it may persist into adulthood or may actually appear at that time. Some patients tend to have a protracted course with various ups and downs. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is often referred to as eczema, which is a general term for the several types of inflammation of the skin. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": " Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects the skin. It is not contagious; it cannot be passed from one person to another. The word dermatitis means inflammation of the skin. Atopic refers to a group of diseases in which there is often an inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. Atopic dermatitis affects a large percentage of the world's population.It is a special type of allergic hypersensitivity that includes a triad of conditions that includes asthma, inhalant allergies (hay fever), and a chronic dermatitis (eczema). In atopic dermatitis, the skin becomes extremely itchy. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, and finally, crusting and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse (called exacerbations or flares) followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely (called remissions). As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. Atopic dermatitis is the most common of the many types of eczema. There is a known hereditary component of the disease, and it is more common in affected families. Criteria that enable to diagnose it include the typical appearance and distribution of the rash in a patient with a personal or family history of asthma and/or hay fever." }, { "query": "atopic dermatitis", "summ": "Atopic dermatitis most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood. Most children with atopic dermatitis enter into a permanent remission of the disease when they get older, although their skin may remain somewhat dry and easily irritated. For some, it flares periodically and then subsides for a time, even up to several years. Itching may be severe, and scratching the rash can make it even itchier and cause more inflammation. Once the skin barrier is broken, the skin can become infected by bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly live on the skin. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be challenging. When atopic dermatitis occurs in infants, it's called infantile eczema. This condition may continue into childhood and adolescence. Infantile eczema often involves an oozing, crusting rash, mainly on the skin of the face and scalp, but it can occur anywhere. After infancy, the rash becomes dryer and tends to be red to brown-gray in color. In adolescence, the skin may be scaly or thickened and easily irritated. The intense itching may continue. As some children with atopic dermatitis grow older, their skin disease improves or disappears altogether, although their skin often remains dry and easily irritated. In others, atopic dermatitis continues to be a significant problem in adulthood. A class of medications called immunomodulators, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel), affect the immune system and may help maintain normal skin texture and reduce flares of atopic dermatitis. This prescription-only medication is approved for children older than 2 and for adults." } ]

[ "The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma\n\nEven if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nNon-small cell lung carcinoma\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.", "Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are\nmore than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung\ncancer stays high. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk.", "Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. The primary cause of these lung cancer cases is smoking cigarettes; however, more than 20,000 never-smokers in the United States are diagnosed with lung cancer each year.", "Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men.", "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. ", "The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma\n\nSCLC, usually initially responds well to chemotherapy and/or radiation, but has usually metastasized widely by the time it is discovered, making surgery ineffective.\nEven if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nNon-small cell lung carcinoma\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.", "Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer\n\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. Doctors use it because\n\n This type of cancer responds very well to chemotherapy\n Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed\n\nChemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. This microscopic spread often happens even in the early stages of small cell lung cancer.\n\nOften chemotherapy is used on its own. Or you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy (or at the same time). If you are to have surgery for very early small cell lung cancer, your doctor may suggest that you have chemotherapy before or after surgery.\n\nDoctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). The combinations include\n\n EP cisplatin and etoposide\n Carboplatin and etoposide\n GemCarbo (gemcitabine and carboplatin)\n\nSmall cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both.\n\nFor cancer that has come back after treatment, doctors may use one of the treatments above or one of the following chemotherapy combinations\n\n CAV (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine)\n CAVE (CAV plus etoposide)\n ACE (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide)\n\nPeople who have medical conditions that mean they cannot have CAV or ACE chemotherapy may have topotecan chemotherapy capsules.\nChemotherapy for non small cell lung cancer\n\nDoctors use chemotherapy to treat non small cell lung cancer in the following situations\n\n After surgery for early stage cancer\n Before, after, or alongside radiotherapy treatment\n For locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread\n\nChemotherapy after surgery\n\nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC can help to lower the risk of the cancer coming back. It is important that your doctor talks to you beforehand about the benefits and possible risks of chemotherapy because the drugs can cause side effects. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. If you are fit enough to have chemotherapy you usually start it within about 8 weeks of having surgery.\n\nCombinations of chemotherapy tend to work better than single drugs. Usually doctors combine cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin) with at least one other drug such as\n\n Vinorelbine\n Gemcitabine\n Paclitaxel (Taxol)\n Docetaxel (Taxotere)\n Doxorubicin\n Etoposide\n Pemetrexed\n\nChemotherapy and radiotherapy\n\nGiving chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy can sometimes help to get rid of early stage NSCLC in people who can't have surgery. The chemotherapy drugs will usually be the same as mentioned above.\n\nThese treatments can also help some people with advanced non small cell lung cancer to live longer even if they are not likely to be cured of their cancer. If you are fairly fit, your doctor may suggest combined treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiation) as the best way of trying to control it.\n", "\nHome>Cancer information>Cancer types (A to Z)>Lung cancer\nTreatment for lung cancer\nMonday 31 December, 2012\n\nOn this page: Surgery | Chemotherapy | Radiotherapy | Thoracentesis (pleural tap) | Pleurodesis | Palliative care | Reviewers\n\nYour choice of treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer, your breathing capacity and ongoing general health, and your wishes.\n\n Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.\n Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. Some people with cancer in one lung (limited disease) will have radiotherapy to the chest and brain (known as preventive or prophylactic radiotherapy). Because it usually spreads early, surgery is not often used for this type of cancer.\n\nResearch shows that quitting smoking will improve your chances of responding to treatment. If you smoke, your medical team will probably tell you to stop smoking before you have an operation.\nSurgery\n\nSurgical removal of a tumour offers the best chance of a cure for patients who have early-stage cancer. The surgeon, who is part of the multidisciplinary team, will determine if the cancer is confined to your lung, assess your general wellbeing and fitness for an operation, and assess your breathing capacity.\n\nPatients must cease smoking for a minimum of four weeks before any surgery will be performed.\nTypes of surgery\nLobectomy lung surgery\n\t\nPneumonectomy lung surgery\n\t\nWedge resection lung surgery\nLobectomy: a lobe of the lung is removed \tPneumonectomy: one whole lung is removed \tWedge resection: only part of the lung, not a lobe, is removed \nAfter an operation\n\nAfter major lung surgery you'll have an intravenous (IV) drip for at least a few days (though you'll be able to eat and drink the day after the operation). There will be one or two temporary tubes in your chest to drain fluid and/or air from your chest cavity.\n\nYou'll have some pain and discomfort but your medical team will work with you to reduce these effects. There's no need to suffer in silence tell your doctor or nurse how you're feeling. This is important because if you're not in pain, you're more likely to move around and do exercises with the physiotherapist. Pain-relief may also help you clear phlegm from your chest and reduce your chances of developing a chest infection. \n\n \"The physio came regularly to help me get up after surgery. Eventually the physio walked me around the room. By the end of the last day in hospital, I could walk around the room myself.\"\n Patient \n\nYou'll probably go home four to 10 days after the operation but you'll still be recovering for about six weeks. The recovery time depends on the type of operation and your fitness.\n\nMany patients who've had part of their lung removed experience some breathlessness. If your lung function was poor before surgery, or if you have one whole lung removed (pneumonectomy), you'll feel breathless but exercising will help to reduce the breathlessness.\n\nYour doctor, nurses and physiotherapist will talk to you about how to manage effectively at home. You'll be expected to do regular exercises, like walking, to speed your recovery.\n\nA referral to pulmonary rehabilitation is advised, especially if a complete lung is removed, to improve your breathing and confidence living with one lung. \n\nYou'll have regular chest x-rays to check your lung or lungs are working properly. \nChemotherapy\n\nChemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs. The aim of chemotherapy is to kill cancer cells while doing the least possible damage to healthy cells.\n\nChemotherapy is commonly given to patients whose cancer is large or has spread outside the lungs. It may be given:\n\n before surgery, to try to shrink the cancer and make the operation easier\n before radiotherapy or during radiotherapy (chemoradiation), to increase the chance of the radiotherapy working\n after surgery, to reduce the chances of the cancer coming back\n as palliative treatment, to reduce symptoms, improve your quality of life or extend your life.\n\nGenerally, chemotherapy is administered intravenously through a drip or a plastic catheter (tube) inserted into a vein in your arm, hand or chest. Some types of chemotherapy are given orally (that is in tablet form).\n\nChemotherapy is given in cycles that typically last three weeks each. Intravenous chemotherapy may be given for a few days. The rest of the time is a break from treatment. The number of treatments you have will depend on the type of lung cancer you have and how well your body is handling the side effects. You may be able to have treatment as an outpatient.\n\nIf you have tablet chemotherapy it will probably be given on a continuous basis. ", "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. As they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though, they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells.", "Chemotherapy is being used in new ways to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NCSLC). Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease.\n\nAnother innovation includes the addition of targeted drugs. Used alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer.\n\nAs you discuss treatment options with your doctor, its helpful to understand how chemotherapy is used, when it may be recommended, when targeted therapies may be added, and what to expect from your treatment. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs.", "The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients.\n\nFor patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear.\n\nEven if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay.\n\nNo matter what stage a person's lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable.", "The goals of chemotherapy can vary, depending on a persons health and the stage of the lung cancer. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:\n\n Cure cancer so that it does not come back. Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. Surgery to remove cancer provides the best chance of curing it. However, its not always possible to get all the cancer. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning.\n Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body.\n Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. This is called palliative care.\n\nChemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Chemo is the icing on the cake when it comes to NSCLC treatment, says Azzoli. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable.", "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active.\nHow Does Chemotherapy Work?\nChemotherapy medications work by killing rapidly dividing cells. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during chemotherapy, such as hair loss, nausea, and low blood cell counts. Different chemotherapy medications work at different stages of cell division. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible. \n\nHow Is It Given?\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously. Initial treatment for lung cancer usually involves the use of 2 or more drugs (combination chemotherapy). These drugs are often given in cycles of 3 to 4 weeks at least 4 to 6 times.\nMedications\nMany different medications are used to treat lung cancer. Most commonly, treatment begins with either cisplatin or carboplatin combined with another medication. In some cases, targeted therapy may also be used. Common medications used in lung ", "Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication to treat cancer. There are several different ways that chemotherapy can be used to treat lung cancer. For example, it can be:\n\n given before surgery to shrink a tumour, which can increase the chance of successful surgery \n given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning \n used to relieve symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible \n combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms\n\nChemotherapy treatments are usually given in cycles. A cycle involves taking the chemotherapy medication for several days, then having a break for a few weeks to let your body recover from the effects of the treatment.\n\nThe number of cycles of chemotherapy that you need will depend on the type and the grade of your lung cancer. Most people require 46 courses of treatment over 36 months.\n\nChemotherapy for lung cancer involves taking a combination of different medications. The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.\n\n", "When Is Chemotherapy Used?\nUnlike surgery and radiation therapy, which are considered local treatments, chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, meaning that it works to kill cancer cells anywhere in the body. This can be particularly helpful if cancer cells may have spread beyond the regions treated by surgery and radiation. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons:\n\n As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery In this case, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans.\n\n To shrink a tumor before surgery In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective.\n\n To cure cancer Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia.\n\n To prolong life in those with advanced cancer Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible.\n\n To help with symptoms of cancer When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms.\n\n", "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects.\n\nThe kind(s) of chemotherapy your doctor recommends will depend on your individual situation. The type of lung cancer (non-small cell or small cell) you have been diagnosed with, your overall health, the goals of treatment, and your personal preferences will be taken into consideration.\n\nInitial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Pemetrexed (Alimta) and bevacizumab (Avastin) may also be used instead of or in addition these drugs.\n\nIf first line chemotherapy is not decreasing the size of the cancer, or if it continues to grow, other drugs may be used, together or separately. Chemotherapy after the initial round is called second line.\n\nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended. The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Be sure to talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy so that you can make an informed decision.\n\nMaintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. One targeted drug (erlotinib or Tarceva) is also approved for use as maintenance in non-small cell lung cancer under certain circumstances. Lung cancer specialists do not agree on if and how maintenance chemotherapy should be used. \n\nIf lung cancer comes back (recurs) after successful treatment, the same or different chemotherapy may be used, alone or together.", "There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Many cancer treatment centers review newly diagnosed patients at an inter-disciplinary chest tumor board where radiologists, oncologists, surgeons, pulmonologists, pathologists and EUS specialists (endosonographers) discuss the relative merits of the available modalities and make a choice by consensus.", "Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs.", "After you learn that you have lung cancer, you may need staging tests to help with decisions about treatment. Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.\n\nWhen lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands.\n\nStaging tests may include...\n\n CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. The pictures can also show cancer that has spread to your liver, adrenal glands, brain, or other organs.\n PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. Youll receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. A machine makes computerized pictures of the sugar being used by cells in the body. Because cancer cells use sugar faster than normal cells, areas with cancer cells look brighter on the pictures.\n MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Sometimes contrast material is used to make abnormal areas show up more clearly on the picture.\n Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through your bloodstream and collects in the bones. A machine called a scanner detects and measures the radiation. The scanner makes pictures of your bones. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones.\n\nOther tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread.", "Fatigue commonly occurs with all types of cancer, but people with lung cancer are further burdened with decreased pulmonary function. The compromised lung function resulting from the cancer reduces the ability of the lungs to provide proper amounts of oxygen to the body. This decreased oxygen supply contributes to fatigue. Surgery to remove all or part of a lung further compromises breathing. Additionally to the specific challenges of damaged lungs, people with lung cancer face other factors related to their disease that drain their energy. The fatigue associated with lung cancer goes beyond a general sense of tiredness. The person feels weak and drained, and rest or sleep does not relieve the feeling of tiredness. Other symptoms include leg pain, difficulty walking or climbing stairs, shortness of breath even after light activity or inability to perform daily activities. The fatigue may affect concentration and may affect the person's ability to work or sleep and cause feelings of frustration, anxiety and depression.\n\nFatigue takes a toll on the patient and may interfere with treatment. Prolonged fatigue can cause depression and feelings of hopelessness, limiting the person's quality of life. More importantly, chemotherapy treatments may have to be postponed to allow the person to recover from extreme fatigue, especially if the fatigue results from anemia. In some cases, fatigue may prevent the patient from receiving the complete cycle of chemotherapy, reducing the effectiveness of the cancer therapy.\n\n\n", "Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Understanding and managing the experience of fatigue in lung cancer is a challenge, however, be assured that there are things that you and your health care professionals can do to help.", "Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.\n\n\n", "What can be done to help fatigue?\n\n\nPrioritise - In order to have more energy to do the things you want to do, try to prioritise by deciding what is most important to you. This may vary from day to day. Try to cut out unnecessary jobs or perhaps leave some of the heavier tasks for friends or family.\nPlan ahead - Forward planning can help you achieve what you want to do without over-tiring yourself. Think ahead when planning outings, for example give yourself extra time when going to an appointment or choose a restaurant that has convenient parking. This will help you to feel more relaxed and able to enjoy your outing.\nPace yourself during the day by balancing periods of activity with periods of rest. Sit down for as many activities as possible. Try to take a break before you need it and remember that many short rest periods are better than a few long ones. Try to use slow, relaxed movements and avoid rushing and getting flustered. You may also find it helpful to see an occupational therapist from the hospital or from social services. They can help you find ways of saving your energy and may be able to visit you at home.\nExercise - There is good evidence that exercise can actually help to reduce the symptoms of fatigue, so it's important to try to exercise a little if you can, even if you don't feel like it. It's best to try to get a balance between being active, exercising and getting rest. This can be difficult when you just don't feel like doing anything, sometimes it is necessary to push yourself a little to try to minimise fatigue. Exercise may help to lessen the feelings of fatigue as well as increasing your confidence. Your lung cancer specialist team will be discussing fatigue with you and can give advice on types of exercise for your individual situation, also you may find it useful to get advice about exercise from a physiotherapist, and you're GP or specialist team can arrange a referral for you.\nSleep - Having a good sleep pattern can help reduce fatigue. It is important to try to keep to a normal sleep routine. During these times sleep can be difficult. Please refer to the Sleep Disturbances section of the website for more information.\nNutrition - Having a good nutritional intake can improve the experience of fatigue, eating a good and varied diet, taking plenty of protein and drinking plenty of fluids is helpful. If your taste has changed trying foods which have more flavouring and perhaps more in the way of herbs and spices can help you enjoy what you are eating. Eating little and often may work for you so that you are not presented with large plates of food that can be off putting. There are a number of nutritional supplements that can be tried on prescription to help boost your calorie intake and if required your doctor or specialist nurse can refer you to a dietician.\nMedication that may help - For a proportion of patients with lung cancer being active may be difficult because of the other symptoms the lung cancer is causing, for example breathlessness. Or it may be other health conditions mean that you cannot be as active as you would like. Occasionally your health care team may recommend a dose of steroids to try to boost your energy levels a bit. Steroids which can be used are dexamethasone or prednisolone, your team may recommend that if starting steroids that you are also given a tablet to protect the lining of your stomach; these medicines are called PPI's and include medicines such as omeprazole and lansoprazole. Some people are very sensitive to steroids and it makes them a little hyperactive and puts people off their sleep, in this case the steroid medication dose should be cut down then stopped. There are a number of potential side-effects from steroid medication, therefore your doctor or specialist team will only suggest this as a trial if absolutely necessary.\nAnaemia is a shortage of haemoglobin in the blood, it is a common cause of fatigue in people with lung cancer and can be a side effect of some of your lung cancer treatments. Apart from contributing to fatigue anaemia can also make you feel breathless, light headed and dizzy. We measure the amount of haemoglobin in your blood to determine if you are anaemic, haemoglobin carries oxygen around the body. The normal range of haemoglobin is 13.5-18 g/dl for an adult male and 11.5-16.5 g/dl for an adult female. If your fatigue is as a result of anaemia then dependant on how anaemic you are, and the cause of the anaemia, your health care team can work out the best way to reverse this. This may include blood transfusions, iron, folate, or vitamin B12 supplements.\nPain - Uncontrolled pain can contribute to fatigue. Pain needs to be regularly assessed, managed and reviewed to ensure that this symptom is as well controlled as it can be. Your GP or specialist hospital team or specialist palliative care team can with assessing and managing your pain, with the aim of trying making you pain free. Please refer to the Pain section of the website for further information.\nEmotional distress - Coping with a serious diagnosis such as lung cancer can have a significant impact on your emotions and many patients suffer anxiety, depression and distress, all of which has an impact on fatigue and quality of life. By discussing any emotional distress with either, your GP or health care team, they may be able to help. Please refer to the Anxiety and Depression sections of the website for more information.", "Cancer fatigue is one of the most common and annoying symptoms you may experience during lung cancer treatment. In one study, cancer survivors quoted fatigue as interfering with their quality of life more than nausea, depression, and pain combined. We all talk about being tired, but the fatigue associated with cancer treatment is much different. What does cancer fatigue feel like, what causes it, and what can you do to feel better?\nWhat Does Cancer Fatigue Feel Like?\nCancer fatigue is different from ordinary tiredness - the kind of tiredness you experience after a busy day, or when you havent had enough sleep. With cancer fatigue, you can feel tired despite an excellent nights rest, and determination (or caffeine) just doesnt work to get past it. You may experience any of these symptoms as you live with fatigue during cancer treatment:\n\n An overwhelming sense of tiredness, often described as whole body tiredness\n Tiredness that persists despite rest\n Becoming tired even with simple activities, such as walking to the mailbox\n Difficulty concentrating\n Feeling more emotional than you ordinarily would\n Rapid onset of fatigue\n Less desire to participate in activities you usually enjoy\n\nEveryone experiences the fatigue of cancer treatment in different ways, but most people agree that it is a different sense of tiredness than they experienced prior to cancer treatment. ", "Fatigue is the commonest symptom in those experiencing lung cancer and the most difficult to describe to those non-sufferers, as it is much more than just a feeling of tiredness. It may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Fatigue is associated with other symptoms, including weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, trouble concentrating, trouble thinking and making decisions, and \"no energy\", and it can have a significant effect on quality of life. It can be difficult for people to understand how much fatigue can affect your life and how distressing it can be.", "What Can I Do About Cancer Fatigue?\nThe most important thing you can do for yourself is to recognize that cancer fatigue is real and unique. Share your symptoms with your oncologist at each visit. He or she will want to rule out any treatable causes such as anemia.\nThe first step in coping with cancer fatigue is to share your symptoms with your doctor. He or she will want to rule out any treatable causes of fatigue such as anemia, a low oxygen level in your blood (hypoxemia), sleep apnea, or medications that may need to be adjusted. Your doctor will also want to know if your treatment is interfering with your ability to eat a nutritious diet and get adequate rest at night. If he or she doesnt find any cause of fatigue that can be easily treated, there are still many things you can do to make living with fatigue a little more tolerable.\n1. Ask for Help\nLearn to ask for help, and graciously accept help that is offered. Dont try to be a hero. People want to help, and allowing them to help can ease their own anxiety and sense of helplessness at this time. That said, dont assume that people will jump in and do the things you would find most helpful. None of us can read minds, and sometimes we need direction. Keep a running list of specific items you could use help with, and have your friends and loved ones sign up for those tasks they are willing to do.\n2. Exercise Moderately\nStudies have shown that moderate exercise can improve cancer fatigue. Research hasnt evaluated which activities or duration of exercise are most effective, so choose an activity that you enjoy and an amount of time that feels comfortable to you.\n3. Get Enough Sleep\nTry to get at least 8 hours of sleep each night, and nap during the day if needed. On the other hand, too much rest can actually make you feel more tired. It might be helpful to keep a journal noting how much you sleep and how you feel the next day, to understand what amount of rest works best for you.\n4. Eat Regularly\nEating regular meals is very helpful when it comes to maintaining your baseline energy level. Avoid becoming overly hungry or eating in excess. In addition, emphasizing complex carbohydrates and protein-rich foods over sugary treats and fats can prevent some of the highs and lows in your energy level.\n5. Keep Your Environment Comfortable\nSetting the thermostat at a comfortable temperature not too hot, not too cold can help your energy level as well. Avoid hot showers, long hot baths, or activities where you might become chilled.\n6. Prioritize\nPlan ahead and try to complete your most important activities when you are feeling fresh. In one study, researchers found that patients said fatigue was most upsetting when it interfered with an activity they particularly enjoyed. Identify those activities that make you happiest, and fit them in at times when you are feeling your best.\n7. Pace Yourself\nWith cancer fatigue, slow and steady wins the race. Rushing tends to tire you out more quickly, and can add to your anxiety level as well. Listen to your body. Many cancer survivors find that taking short, frequent rest periods during the day instead of one long period of rest is helpful.\n8. Avoid Alcohol and Caffeine\nBoth alcohol and caffeine can contribute to tiredness during cancer treatment. A cup of coffee in the morning probably wont hurt, but using caffeine to stay awake can backfire and leave you feeling more tired. Likewise, alcohol may help you fall asleep, but your sleep will not be as restful as if you abstain.\n9. Keep a Journal\nKeeping a journal can help you identify times of the day when you have the most energy, so you can plan accordingly. It can also help identify those things that seem to drain your energy level, and activities that improve it.\n10. Manage Stress\nWe all know how stress can drain our energy, even when we arent going through cancer treatment. Find ways to relieve stress that you find enjoyable. Meditation, yoga, or prayer are helpful for some people; others find reading, listening to music, or a walk in a park to be calming. Visualization is being taught in many cancer centers, both as a way to cope with the symptoms of cancer, and as a method of moving past the inevitable stress of cancer treatment.\n11. Consider Complementary/Alternative Therapies to Fight Fatigue\nMany alternative therapies are being used to help with the fatigue that accompanies cancer. Both therapeutic touch and acupuncture have been linked with a decrease in fatigue in clinical studies on cancer patients. Check with your cancer team, and support group, to see what services are offered in your community.\n12. Join a Cancer Support Group\nOften, just knowing that you are not alone can help you cope with the fatigue of cancer treatment. On top of that, a support group allows you to hear from others that have experienced similar symptoms and what they have done that has helped them cope. ", "Fatigue can be treated. Iron supplements are effective for mild anemia caused by iron insufficiency, whereas severe anemia is treated with blood transfusions or epoetin alfa, a synthetic hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. For other causes of fatigue, keeping a journal with details about activities and energy levels throughout the day may help make planning activities easier. Rest is encouraged, but aim for short rest periods for maximum effect. Also eating well, drinking plenty of fluids, and asking for help.\n\n\n", "What Causes Cancer Fatigue?\nThere are many causes of fatigue. Some of these are related to the cancer itself, some due to treatment, and others related to the day-to-day stress of living with lung cancer. Some of these are treatable; whereas others can be managed by recognizing your limitations at this time and making needed adjustments. \nSome causes of fatigue during cancer treatment include:\n\n The cancer itself. Changes in your metabolism due to the cancer itself can drain your energy\n Treatment and side effects of treatment. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery can all contribute to tiredness\n Shortness of breath The increased work of breathing when you feel short of breath can sap your energy\n Depression Depression and fatigue often go hand-in-hand, and it can be hard to determine which symptoms came first\n Anemia Anemia, due to bleeding following surgery, chemotherapy, or simply being ill, can lower your energy level\n A low oxygen level in your blood (hypoxemia) Oxygen poor blood can make you feel more tired\n Medications Several medications used during cancer treatment, including pain medications, can contribute to fatigue\n Uncontrolled pain Pain clearly increases fatigue, so it is important to discuss any uncontrolled pain you have with your oncologist\n Lack of rest, or resting too much Both a lack of, and an excess amount of rest, can increase fatigue\n Immobility and lack of activity. Deconditioning, from time spent in the hospital or recovering at home can lower your energy level\n Stress Stress can make you feel more tired, and the stress of being limited by fatigue increases this further\n Difficulty eating (due to loss of appetite, mouth sores, or taste changes). Inadequate nutrition can lower your reserve and add to your sense of tiredness", "\n Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Uncontrolled cells form a tumour.\n Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs.\n There are basically 2 types of lung cancer:\n Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)\n Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)\n 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.\n", "There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. Small cell lung cancer begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways.\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A cancerous tumor is a collection of a large number of cancer cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body in a process. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung.\n\nOnce a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes, the tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Lymph nodes are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body. The natural flow of lymph out of the lungs is toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis.", "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope. \nCancer Cells\n\nCancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up all tissues and organs of the body, including the lungs.\n\nNormal cells in the lungs and other parts of the body grow and divide to form new cells as they are needed. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.\n\nSometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesnt need them, and old or damaged cells dont die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.\n\nTumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer):\n\nLung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. After spreading, cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues.\n\nWhen lung cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary (original) tumor. For example, if lung cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually lung cancer cells. The disease is metastatic lung cancer, not bone cancer. For that reason, it is treated as lung cancer, not bone cancer.", "Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs.\n\nThe lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the lungs, where it spreads through tubes called bronchi. Most lung cancer begins in the cells that line these tubes.\n\nThere are two main types of lung cancer:\n\n Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer.\n\n Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases.\n\nIf the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.\n\nIf the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung.", "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. The main types of lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).", "There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Staging lung cancer is based on whether the cancer is local or has spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or other organs. Because the lungs are large, tumors can grow in them for a long time before they are found. Even when symptomssuch as coughing and fatiguedo occur, people think they are due to other causes. For this reason, early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV.\nNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer accounts for about 85 percent of lung cancers. Among them are these types of tumors:\n\n Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in the United States among both men and women.\n Squamous cell carcinoma (which is also called epidermoid carcinoma) forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes.\n Large cell carcinomas refer to non-small cell lung cancers that are neither adenocarcinomas nor epidermoid cancers.\n\nStages of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer\n\nStage I: The cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes.\n\nStage II: The cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\nStage III: Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease. Stage III has two subtypes:\n\n If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage IIIA.\n If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone, it is called stage IIIB.\n\nStage IV: This is the most advanced stage of lung cancer, and is also described as advanced disease. This is when the cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body, such as the liver or other organs.\nSmall Cell Lung Cancer\n\nSmall cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 15 percent of lung cancers in the United States. Small cell lung cancer results from smoking even more so than non-small cell lung cancer, and grows more rapidly and spreads to other parts of the body earlier than non-small cell lung cancer. It is also more responsive to chemotherapy.\nStages of Small Cell Lung Cancer\n\nLimited stage: In this stage, cancer is found on one side of the chest, involving just one part of the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\nExtensive stage: In this stage, cancer has spread to other regions of the chest or other parts of the body.\n\nMore recently, the American Joint Commission on Cancer implemented a more detailed staging system in which the stages of small cell lung cancer are described using Roman numerals and letters (for example, Stage IIA). This is the same method that is used for non-small cell lung cancer in describing the growth and spread of the cancer.", "Staging is the process of finding out how far a cancer has spread. Your treatment and prognosis (outlook) depend, to a large extent, on the cancer's stage. The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status.\n\nThere are actually 2 types of stages.\n\n The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).\n If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery.\n\nThe clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases. For example, during surgery the doctor may find cancer in an area that did not show up on imaging tests, which might give the cancer a more advanced pathologic stage.\n\nBecause many patients with non-small cell lung cancer do not have surgery, the clinical stage is often used when describing the extent of this cancer. However, when it is available, the pathologic stage is likely to be more accurate than the clinical stage, as it uses the additional information obtained at surgery. ", "Staging is the process of determining how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. Staging of lung cancer is of paramount importance as treatment choices are often highly complex, even for physicians with much experience in the field, and the options largely depend on the stage of the disease. The underlying purpose is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment.\n\nStaging information which is obtained prior to surgery, for example by x-rays and endoscopic ultrasound, is called clinical staging and staging by surgery is known as pathological staging.\n\nCancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. \n\n Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Thus, it may include information about the tumor obtained by physical examination, radiologic examination, and endoscopy.\nClinical staging is done by a combination of imaging and sampling (biopsies), or stated differently, non-invasive (radiological) and invasive (biopsy) methods.\n Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.\nPathologic staging is more accurate than clinical staging, but clinical staging is the first and sometimes the only staging type. For example, if clinical staging reveals stage IIIB or IV disease, surgery is not helpful and no pathological staging information will be obtained (appropriately).\n\nBecause they use different criteria, clinical stage and pathologic stage often differ. Pathologic staging is usually considered the \"better\" or \"truer\" stage because it allows direct examination of the tumor and its spread, contrasted with clinical staging which is limited by the fact that the information is obtained by making indirect observations at a tumor which is still in the body. However, clinical staging and pathologic staging should complement each other. Not every tumor is treated surgically, therefore pathologic staging is not always available. Also, sometimes surgery is preceded by other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy which shrink the tumor, so the pathologic stage may underestimate the true stage.\n\nThis staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies.\n\n\n\n", "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). There are different stage descriptions for different types of cancer.\n\nIn general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. However, no doctor can predict how long a patient will live with lung cancer based only on the stage of disease because lung cancer is different in each person, and treatment works differently for each tumor.\n\nCancer stage grouping\n\nThe stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue.\n\nStage 0\n\nThis is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung.\n\nStage I\n\nA stage one (I) lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. Stage I is divided into two substages: stage IA or stage IB, based on the size of the tumor. Smaller tumors, such as those less than 3 centimeters (cm) wide are stage IA, and slightly larger ones (more than 3 cm but less than 5 cm wide) are stage IB.\n\nStage II\n\nStage two (II) lung cancer is divided into two substages: stage IIA or IIB. A stage IIA cancer describes a slightly larger tumor (larger than 5 cm but less than 7 cm wide) that has not spread to the nearby lymph nodes or a small tumor (less than 5 cm wide) that has spread to the nearby lymph nodes.\n\nStage IIB lung cancer describes a slightly larger tumor (larger than 5 cm but less than 7 cm wide) that has spread to the lymph nodes or a larger tumor (more than 7 cm wide) that may or may not have invaded nearby structures in the lung but has not spread to the lymph nodes.\n\nSometimes, stage II tumors can be removed with surgery, and other times, other treatments are needed.\n\nStage III\n\nStage three (III) lung cancers are classified as either stage IIIA or IIIB. For many stage IIIA cancers and nearly all stage IIIB cancers, the tumor is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to remove. For example, the lung cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes located in the center of the chest, which is outside the lung. Or, the tumor may have invaded nearby structures in the lung. In either situation, it is less likely that the surgeon can completely remove the cancer because removal of the cancer must be performed bit by bit.\n\nStage IV\n\nStage four (IV) means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream. Once released in the blood, cancer can spread anywhere in the body, but is more likely to spread to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. It is classified as stage IVA when the cancer has spread within the chest or IVB when it has spread outside of the chest.\n\nIn general, surgery is not successful for most stage III or IV lung cancer. Lung cancer can also be impossible to remove if it has spread to the lymph nodes above the collarbone, or if the cancer has grown into vital structures within the chest, such as the heart, large blood vessels, or the main breathing tubes leading to the lungs. The doctor will recommend other treatment options.", "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor's size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors.\nNon-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity.\n\n In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung.\n In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes.\n Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body.\n\nSmall cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:\n\n Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes.\n In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.\n\n ", "Radiotherapy can be used to treat many different types of cancer. About four out of 10 people who have cancer will have radiotherapy as part of their treatment.\n\nRadiotherapy works by destroying the DNA inside cancer cells, preventing them from reproducing and so shrinking cancerous tumours. Healthy cells will also be affected but they are better able to repair themselves.\n\nRadiotherapy can be used for the following reasons.\n\n To destroy the tumour this may include radiotherapy on its own or combined with other treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy. If the aim is to cure your cancer with radiotherapy, this is known as primary therapy or radical radiotherapy.\n To reduce the size of a tumour before surgery. This is called neo-adjuvant treatment.\n To make sure all the cancer cells are destroyed after surgery. This is called adjuvant treatment.\n In the emergency treatment of a cancer pressing on your spinal cord to reduce the size of the cancer and prevent damage to your nerves.\n In advanced cancer to slow down the progress of the disease, relieve pain and other symptoms. This is called palliative treatment.\n\nRadiotherapy may be given as one or two treatments, or more often, as a course of treatment usually requiring daily visits on weekdays for between one and six weeks.", "Radiation may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the treated area. Doctors also use radiation therapy, often combined with chemotherapy, as primary treatment instead of surgery. Radiation therapy also may be used to relieve symptoms such as shortness of breath.\n\nRadiation for lung cancer most often comes from a machine, or external radiation. Radiation also may come from an implant, a small container of radioactive material placed directly into or near the tumor called internal radiation.", "Radiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses pulses of radiation to destroy cancer cells.\n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).\n\nA more intensive course of radiotherapy, known as radical radiotherapy, can be used to try to cure non-small cell lung cancer if the person is not healthy enough to have surgery.\n\nA type of radiotherapy known as prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is also used to treat small cell lung cancer. PCI involves directing high-energy pulses at your brain.\n\nIt is used as a preventative measure because there is a risk that small cell lung cancer will spread to your brain.\n\nThe two ways that radiotherapy can be given are described below.\n\n External beam radiotherapy a machine is used to beam high-energy pulses of radiation at affected parts of your body. \n Internal radiotherapy a catheter (thin tube) is inserted down a bronchoscope and into your lung. A small piece of radioactive material is placed inside the catheter and positioned against the site of the tumour before being removed after a few minutes. This is often used if the cancer is blocking or partly blocking your airway.\n\nA course of radiotherapy treatment can be planned in several different ways.\n\nRadical radiotherapy is usually given five days a week, with a break at weekends. Each session of radiotherapy lasts 1015 minutes. The course of radiotherapy usually lasts 37 weeks.\n\nContinuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) is an alternative method of delivering radical radiotherapy. CHART is given three times a day for 14 days in a row.\n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.\n\nSide effects of radiotherapy include:\n\n chest pain \n fatigue \n persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm (this is normal and nothing to worry about) \n difficulties swallowing (dysphagia) \n redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn \n hair loss, which can occur on your chest and, if you are receiving PCI, on your head\n\nSide effects should pass once the course of radiotherapy has been completed. ", "Radiation therapy can be used to help control cancer spread in the brain or relieve pain if cancer has spread to the bones.\n\nMany people with lung cancer are concerned about pain. If the cancer grows near certain nerves it can sometimes cause pain, but this can almost always be treated effectively with pain medicines. Sometimes radiation therapy or other treatments will help as well. \n\nRadiation therapy for small-cell lung cancer\n\nRadiation therapy uses high-energy rays (such as x-rays) or particles to kill cancer cells. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) delivers radiation from outside the body that is focused on the cancer. This is the type of radiation therapy most often used to treat small cell lung cancer.\n\nIn small cell lung cancer (SCLC), radiation therapy may be used in several situations:\n\n It is most often given at the same time as chemotherapy in limited stage disease to treat the tumor and lymph nodes in the chest. After chemotherapy, radiation therapy is sometimes used to kill any small deposits of cancer that may remain.\n It can be used to shrink tumors to palliate (relieve) symptoms of lung cancer such as bone pain, bleeding, trouble swallowing, cough, shortness of breath, and problems caused by brain metastases.\n In limited SCLC, it is often given to the brain after other treatments, to help reduce the chances that the cancer will spread there. (The brain is a common site of metastasis.) This is called prophylactic cranial irradiation.\n\nBefore your treatments start, the radiation team will take careful measurements to find the correct angles for aiming the radiation beams and the proper dose of radiation. Radiation therapy is much like getting an x-ray, but the radiation is more intense. The procedure itself is painless. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes, although the setup time getting you into place for treatment usually takes longer.\n\nMost often, radiation treatments as part of the initial treatment for SCLC are given once or twice daily, 5 days a week, for 3 to 7 weeks. Radiation to relieve symptoms and prophylactic cranial radiation are given for shorter periods of time.\n\nStandard (conventional) EBRT isn't used as much as it used to be. Newer techniques help doctors treat lung cancers more accurately while lowering the radiation exposure to nearby healthy tissues. These techniques may offer better chances of increasing the success rate and reducing side effects. Most doctors now recommend using these newer techniques when they are available.\n\nThree-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT): 3D-CRT uses special computer programs to precisely map the location of the tumor(s). Radiation beams are shaped and aimed at the tumor(s) from several directions, which makes it less likely to damage normal tissues.\n\nIntensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): IMRT is an advanced form of 3D therapy. It uses a computer-driven machine that moves around the patient as it delivers radiation. Along with shaping the beams and aiming them at the tumor from several angles, the intensity (strength) of the beams can be adjusted to minimize the dose reaching the most sensitive normal tissues. This technique is used most often if tumors are near important structures such as the spinal cord", "Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible. Radiation may be used to:\n\n Treat the cancer, along with chemotherapy, if surgery is not possible\n Help relieve symptoms caused by the cancer, such as breathing problems and swelling\n Help relieve cancer pain when the cancer has spread to the bones\n\nOften, SCLC may have already spread to the brain, even when there are no symptoms or other signs of cancer in the brain. As a result, some patients with smaller cancers, or who had a good response in their first round of chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy to the brain. This method is called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI).", "Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible. Radiation may be used to:\n\n Treat the cancer, along with chemotherapy, if surgery is not possible\n Help relieve symptoms caused by the cancer, such as breathing problems and swelling\n Help relieve cancer pain when the cancer has spread to the bones\n\nOften, SCLC may have already spread to the brain, even when there are no symptoms or other signs of cancer in the brain. As a result, some patients with smaller cancers, or who had a good response in their first round of chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy to the brain. This method is called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI).", "Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy radiation to damage and kill cancer cells. Unlike the weaker radiation used for routine x-rays, radiation therapy uses specialized, high-energy x-rays, gamma rays, electrons or protons to kill and shrink tumors. Other names include radiotherapy, irradiation, RT, or x-ray therapy.", "Surgery to remove the cancer (often along with other treatments) may be an option for early stage non-small cell lung cancers. If surgery can be done, it provides the best chance to cure NSCLC. Lung cancer surgery is a complex operation that can have serious consequences, so it should be done by a surgeon who has a lot of experience operating on lung cancers.\n\nIf your doctor thinks the lung cancer can be treated with surgery, pulmonary function tests will be done beforehand to determine if you will have enough healthy lung tissue left after surgery. Other tests will check the function of your heart and other organs to be sure you're healthy enough for surgery.\nTypes of lung surgery\n\nSeveral different operations can be used to treat (and possibly cure) non-small cell lung cancer. These operations require general anesthesia (where you are in a deep sleep) and a surgical incision between the ribs in the side of the chest (called a thoracotomy).\n\n Pneumonectomy: an entire lung is removed in this surgery.\n Lobectomy: a section (lobe) of the lung is removed in this surgery.\n Segmentectomy or wedge resection: part of a lobe is removed in this surgery.\n\nAnother type of operation, known as a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. If you think of the large airway with a tumor as similar to the sleeve of a shirt with a stain an inch or 2 above the wrist, the sleeve resection would be like cutting across the sleeve above and below the stain and sewing the cuff back onto the shortened sleeve. A surgeon may be able to do this operation instead of a pneumonectomy to preserve more lung function.\n\nWith any of these operations, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to look for possible spread of the cancer.\n\nThe type of operation your doctor recommends depends on the size and location of the tumor and on how well your lungs are functioning. In some cases, doctors may prefer to do a more extensive operation (for example, a lobectomy instead of a segmentectomy) if a person's lungs are healthy enough, as it may provide a better chance to cure the cancer.\n\nWhen you wake up from surgery, you will have a tube (or tubes) coming out of your chest and attached to a special canister to allow excess fluid and air to drain out. The tube(s) will be removed once the fluid drainage and air leak subside. Generally, you will need to spend 5 to 7 days in the hospital after the surgery.\n\nVideo-assisted thoracic surgery: Some doctors now treat some early stage lung cancers near the outside of the lung with a procedure called video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), which is less invasive than a thoracotomy.\n\nDuring this operation, a thin rigid tube with a tiny video camera on the end is placed through a small hole in the side of the chest to help the surgeon see the chest cavity on a TV monitor. One or two other small holes are created in the skin, and long instruments passed through these holes are used to do the same operation that would be done using an open approach (thoracotomy). One of the incisions is enlarged if a lobectomy or pneumonectomy is done to allow the specimen to be removed. Because usually only small incisions are needed, there is less pain after the surgery and a shorter hospital stay usually 4 to 5 days.\n\nMost experts recommend that only early stage tumors smaller than 3 to 4 centimeters (about 1 inches) near the outside of the lung be treated this way. The cure rate after this surgery seems to be the same as with older techniques. But it is important that the surgeon doing this procedure is experienced since it requires a great deal of technical skill. ", "Surgery\n\nMost stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSome surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. The thoracoscope has a light and a tiny camera connected to a video monitor so that the surgeon can see inside the chest. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest.", "As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These are estimated to occur in one out of every five cases. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. This might mean that you have to stay longer in hospital.\n\nComplications of lung surgery can include:\n\n inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) \n excessive bleeding \n a leak of air from the lung wall \n a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)\n", "A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery. For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor.\n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:\n\nLobectomy. The lungs have five lobes, three in the right lung and two in the left lung. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.\n\nA wedge. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, the surgeon can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung.\n\nPneumonectomy. If the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung\n\nRadiofrequency ablation. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. It is sometimes used for a lung tumor that cannot be removed with the other types of surgery listed above.\n\nThe time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Talk with your health care team about what to expect before your surgery, including recovery time and possible side effects", "Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If a cancer is in stage I or II and has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgically removing the tumor and the nearby lymph nodes. After the disease has spread, however, it is nearly impossible to remove all of the cancer cells.\nSurgeons operating on patient\n\nLung cancer surgery is performed by a specially trained thoracic surgeon. After removing the tumor and the surrounding margin of tissue, the margin is further studied to see if cancer cells are present. If no cancer is found in the tissue surrounding the tumor, it is considered a \"negative margin.\" A \"positive margin\" may require the surgeon to remove more of the lung tissue.\n\nLung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Curative surgery aims to cure a patient with early stage lung cancer by removing all of the cancerous tissue. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer.\n\nSurgery carries side effects - most notably pain and infection. Lung cancer surgery is an invasive procedure that can cause harm to the surrounding body parts. Doctors will usually provide several options for alleviating any pain from surgery. Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent infections that may occur at the site of the wound or elsewhere inside the body.", "Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:\n\n One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)\n\n Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)\n\n The entire lung (pneumonectomy) ", "If investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) are used.[2] If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging.[62]\n\nBlood tests and pulmonary function testing are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough for surgery.[10] If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may be contraindicated.[2]\n\nIn most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. However, wedge resection has a higher risk of recurrent disease than lobectomy.[63] Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.[64] Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed.[63]\n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.[65] VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.", "\n First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently.\n Ask your doctor what the known side effects of your treatment are and what you can do to manage them.\n Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention.\n Your doctor or nurse will know if there are medications that can lessen some side effects, such as nausea and diarrhoea.\n Speak with your doctor or nurse about things you can do to prepare for treatment, such as staying hydrated, or making sure that you have certain foods in the house, or getting plenty of rest.\n If you experience side effects, be sure to talk with your doctor or nurse about ways to manage them.\n", "The bodys reaction to chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted treatments depends on a number of factors such as length of treatment, dosage prescribed, and a persons health history. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward. Although side effects can be uncomfortable or painful, doctors now have many ways to reduce and even prevent side effects from treatment.\n\n\nThe following are possible side effects you may experience and resources to help you manage:\nBlood clots\n\nPeople with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots.\n\nBone issues\n\nCancer that starts in or spreads to the bones can lead to bone pain and an increase in risk for complications, including weakening of the bone, fractures, and high calcium levels in the blood. Cancer treatments may also affect your bones.\n\nChemobrain\n\nProblems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.\n\nDental issues\n\nSide effects from cancer treatment may include tooth decay and other mouth issues, including dry mouth and mouth sores. Its important to address any dental concerns you have, especially before beginning treatment, but also during and after with both your treating physician and dentist.\n\nDiarrhea\n\nDefined as two or more loose bowel movements per day, diarrhea may be caused by some types of chemotherapy and radiation to certain areas of the body. There are many things you can do to help control diarrhea.\n\nFatigue\n\nFatigue is the most commonly reported side effect of cancer and its treatment. Make sure to report fatigue to your health care team so that everything can be done to manage it.\n\nHair loss\n\nHair loss from chemotherapy treatment occurs because hair follicles are weakened by chemotherapy, which causes your hair to fall out much more quickly than it would normally.\n\nLymphedema\n\nPeople with cancer who have undergone lymph node removal and/or radiation as part of their treatment are at risk for developing lymphedema, a painful swelling that happens when your bodys lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly and builds up in your soft tissues instead.\n\nMouth sores\n\nOral mucositis refers to mouth sores caused by irritation of the mucosathe soft tissues that cover the tongue and inside of the mouth, and can be a serious side effect of chemotherapy treatment.\n\nNausea and vomiting\n\nWhile many people who are treated for cancer experience nausea and vomiting, medicines exist that can help control these side effects.\n\nNeuropathy\n\nSome people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy.\n\nPain\n\nIf you are experiencing pain as a result of your cancer or its treatment, you should know that managing this pain is an important part of your overall care and should be brought to the attention of your physician. They may find it helpful to provide a referral to a pain management specialist.\n\nRash\n\nA type of targeted treatment that blocks epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) often causes rashes and other bothersome skin conditions.\n\nWeight loss or gain\n\nCancer treatments can usually lead to weight loss, but people with cancer can also experience weight gain from chemotherapy treatment, steroid medications, and hormone therapy.", "Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team. This is called palliative or supportive care, and it is an important part of the overall treatment plan, regardless of the stage of disease.\n\nCommon side effects from each treatment option for lung cancer are described in detail within the Treatment section. Learn more about the most common side effects of cancer and different treatments, along with ways to prevent or control them. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health.\n\nBefore treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Ask which side effects are most likely to happen, when they are likely to occur, and what can be done to prevent or relieve them. And, ask about the level of caregiving you may need during treatment and recovery, as family members and friends often play an important role in the care of a person with lung cancer. Learn more about caregiving.\n\nIn addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Patients and their families are encouraged to share their feelings with a member of their health care team who can help with coping strategies. Learn more about the importance of addressing such needs, including concerns about managing the cost of your cancer care. \n\nDuring and after treatment, be sure to tell the health care team about the side effects you experience, even if you feel they are not serious. Your doctor can work with you to watch for side effects and make changes to your treatment as needed to relieve those side effects. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Treatment of both types of effects is an important part of survivorship care. Learn more by reading the After Treatment section or talking with your doctor.\n", "Possible complications during and soon after surgery depend on the extent of the surgery and a person's health beforehand. Serious complications can include excessive bleeding, wound infections, and pneumonia. While it is rare, in some cases people may not survive the surgery, which is why it is very important that surgeons select patients carefully.\n\nSurgery for lung cancer is a major operation, and recovering from the operation typically takes weeks to months. Because the surgeon must spread ribs to get to the lung when doing a thoracotomy, the incision will hurt for some time after surgery. Your activity will be limited for at least a month or two.\n\nIf your lungs are in good condition (other than the presence of the cancer) you can usually return to normal activities after some time if a lobe or even an entire lung has been removed. If you also have non-cancerous lung diseases such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis (which are common among heavy smokers), you may become short of breath with activities after surgery. ", "Side effects of chemotherapy can include:\n\n fatigue \n nausea\n vomiting \n mouth ulcers\n hair loss\n\nThese side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy.\n\nChemotherapy can also weaken your immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection. Tell your care team or GP as soon as possible if you have the possible signs of an infection, such as:\n\n a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or higher \n suddenly feeling generally unwell\n", "Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during chemotherapy, such as hair loss, nausea, and low blood cell counts. ", "While rare, there are risks and potential complications associated with a pneumonectomy. These can be serious, like a persistent air leak or nerve injury, or more minor, such as bruising, mild infections, or nausea. Your overall health can be a factor affecting whether or not complications occur. Other health issues, such as diabetes, can also affect your chances of experiencing problems.\nAn Introduction to Pneumonectomy Complications\nNo surgery is completely free of risks. However, pneumonectomies have been done for many years with good results and few complications or problems.\nMinor pneumonectomy complications can include:\n Nausea and vomiting\n Minor infections\n Minor bleeding or bruising\n Abnormal or painful scar formation\n Allergic skin reaction to tape, dressings, or latex\n Skin numbness.\nIn most cases, minor problems are temporary and your healthcare team can take care of them easily. \nMajor Complications\nThere are some major pneumonectomy complications that can happen during or after the surgery, although they don't happen very often. Your overall health may play a role in whether or not some of these problems do happen and how well your body heals afterwards. \nFor example, people who have experienced any of the following are more likely to have pneumonectomy complications than those who don't have these health concerns:\n Severe heart disease\n Kidney disease\n Lung disease\n Diabetes\n Are overweight\n Use tobacco products\n Have had other surgeries in this area.\nThe most common or potentially serious pneumonectomy complications that can happen are as follows (although more can occur):\n A bronchopleural fistula\n An irregular heart rhythm\n Inability to breathe without a ventilator\n Persistent shortness of breath.\nSome of the other major problems that can happen are:\n Lung problems, such as partial or complete lung collapse or lung failure\n Heart problems, such as heart attack or heart failure\n Serious infection\n Significant bleeding\n Stroke\n Blood clots\n Wound breakdown\n Reaction to medication or anesthesia\n Nerve injury\n Blood vessel injury\n Loss of life\n Other rare and unlikely events.\nDepending on your health, if there is a complication, you may need to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) or the hospital longer than planned. You may also need to have a blood transfusion or another surgery. Other pneumonectomy complications may cause you to have a permanent disability or even lose your life.\nFinal Thoughts\nIt may be that in your doctor's practice, pneumonectomy complications are rare. However, in any surgery, complications can occur that are not expected and that cannot be avoided, even if the procedure goes well. Your age, other medical problems, and the lung cancer stage will be factors in whether pneumonectomy complications develop.\n \nYou can talk with your healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about these possible complications. It's important for you to know about and understand these complications so that you are well informed before your procedure and so that you and your doctor have the same pneumonectomy expectations.", "A pneumonectomy (or pneumectomy) is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection (or segmentectomy).\nThe most common reason for a pneumonectomy is to remove tumourous tissue arising from lung cancer. In the days prior to the use of antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, tuberculosis was sometimes treated surgically by pneumonectomy.\n\nThe operation will reduce the respiratory capacity of the patient; before conducting a pneumonectomy, the surgeon will evaluate the ability of the patient to function after the lung tissue is removed. After the operation, patients are often given an incentive spirometer to help exercise their remaining lung and to improve breathing function.\n\nA rib or two is sometimes removed to allow the surgeon better access to the lung.\nTypes\n\nThere are two types of pneumonectomy:\n\n Simple pneumonectomy: removal of just the affected lung\n Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP): removal of the affected lung, plus part of the diaphragm, the parietal pleura (lining of the chest) and the pericardium (lining of the heart) on that side. The linings are replaced by Gore-Tex in this radical and painful surgery that is used primarily for treatment of malignant mesothelioma.\n", "Pneumonectomy\nA surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed.A pneumonectomy is most often done for cancer of the lung that cannot be treated by removal of a smaller portion of the lung. A pneumonectomy is an open chest technique (thoracotomy).", "Definition \nPneumonectomy is the surgical removal of a lung.\nPurpose\nPneumonectomy is most often used to treat lung cancer when less radical surgery cannot achieve satisfactory results. It also may be the most appropriate treatment for a tumor that is located near the center of the lung and that affects the pulmonary artery or veins, which transport blood between the heart and lungs. For the treatment of cancer, pneumonectomy may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Pneumonectomy may also be the treatment of choice when traumatic chest injury has damaged the main air passage (bronchus) or the lung's major blood vessels so severely that they cannot be repaired. A form of this procedure known as extra-pleural pneumonectomy is often used to treat malignant mesothelioma.\nPrecautions\nBefore scheduling a pneumonectomy, the surgeon reviews the patient's medical and surgical history and orders a number of tests to determine how successful the surgery is likely to be.\n\nBlood tests, a bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) scans of the head and abdomen reveal whether the cancer has spread beyond the lungs. Positron emission tomography scanning (PET) is also used to help \"stage\" the disease. Cardiac screening indicates how well the patient's heart will tolerate the procedure, and extensive pulmonary testing (breathing tests and quantitative ventilation/perfusion scans) predicts whether the remaining lung will be able to compensate for the body's diminished breathing capacity.\n\nBecause extrapleural pneumonectomy is such an invasive operation, the patient must have no serious illness other than the cancer the surgery is designed to treat.", "Pneumonectomy Complications and Prognosis\n\nBecause a pneumonectomy is a major medical procedure, pneumonectomy complications are not uncommon. Your doctor will discuss these with you before your surgery. Some potential complications may include:\n\n The need for a respirator for a prolonged period after surgery\n\n Infections, such as pneumonia\n\n Bleeding\n\n Bronchopleural fistula a connection between the bronchus that was cut and the space between the pleura\n\n Heart problems, such as a heart attack or abnormal heart rhythms\n\n Stroke\n\n Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or traveling to your lungs (pulmonary embolism)\n\n Empyema pus in the space between the membranes (pleura) lining the lungs\n\n Problems related to anesthesia\n\n Kidney problems or kidney failure\n\n Postpneumonectomy syndrome symptoms caused by organs in the chest filling the space that is left vacant from the removed lung\n\n Persistent pain in your incision or where your ribs were cut\n\nPneumonectomy Prognosis\nThe prognosis following a pneumonectomy depends on many factors. Some of these include which lung is removed (the prognosis is better for left pneumonectomy than right pneumonectomy), the stage of the cancer, gender (women tend to do better than men), the type of lung cancer (prognosis is best for individuals with bronchioloalveolar cancer (BAC)), and how healthy you are in general prior to surgery. Recurrence of cancer in the lung is not common after a pneumonectomy, and the cancer may recur in distant regions of the body. ", "In the United States, the immediate survival rate from the surgery for patients who have had the left lung removed is between 96% and 98%. Due to the greater risk of complications involving the stump of the cut bronchus in the right lung, between 88% and 90% of patients survive removal of this organ.\n\nBetween 40% and 60% of pneumonectomy patients experience such short-term postoperative difficulties as:\n\n prolonged need for a mechanical respirator\n abnormal heart rate (cardiac arrhythmia), heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other heart problems\n pneumonia\n infection at the site of the incision\n a blood clot in the remaining lung (pulmonary embolism)\n an abnormal connection between the stump of the cut bronchus and the pleural space due to a leak in the bronchus stump (bronchopleural fistula)\n accumulation of pus in the pleural space (empyema)\n kidney or other organ failure\n\nOver time, the chest's remaining organs may move toward the space created by the surgery. This condition is called postpneumonectomy syndrome, and a surgeon can correct it by inserting a fluid-filled prosthesis into the space the diseased lung occupied.\n\nAbnormal Results\n\nA patient who experiences a fever, chest pain, persistent cough, or shortness of breath, or whose incision bleeds or becomes inflamed, should notify his or her doctor immediately.", "In the United States, the immediate survival rate from the surgery for patients who have had the left lung removed is between 96% and 98%. Due to the greater risk of complications involving the stump of the cut bronchus in the right lung, between 88% and 90% of patients survive removal of this organ.\n\nBetween 40% and 60% of pneumonectomy patients experience such short-term postoperative difficulties as:\n\n prolonged need for a mechanical respirator\n abnormal heart rate (cardiac arrhythmia), heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other heart problems\n pneumonia\n infection at the site of the incision\n a blood clot in the remaining lung (pulmonary embolism)\n an abnormal connection between the stump of the cut bronchus and the pleural space due to a leak in the bronchus stump (bronchopleural fistula)\n accumulation of pus in the pleural space (empyema)\n kidney or other organ failure\n\nOver time, the chest's remaining organs may move toward the space created by the surgery. This condition is called postpneumonectomy syndrome, and a surgeon can correct it by inserting a fluid-filled prosthesis into the space the diseased lung occupied.\n\nAbnormal Results\n\nA patient who experiences a fever, chest pain, persistent cough, or shortness of breath, or whose incision bleeds or becomes inflamed, should notify his or her doctor immediately.", "Complications following pneumonectomy include collapsed lung (atelectasis), heart rhythm disturbances, air leakage from the bronchial stump (pneumothorax), hemorrhage, shifting of organs and tissue into the empty chest cavity (mediastinal shift), lung infection (pneumonia), accumulation of excess fluid in the empty chest cavity (pleural effusion), respiratory failure, and death.\n\nA ruptured bronchial stump requires immediate surgery, as does hemorrhage caused by slippage of a suture from one of the major pulmonary blood vessels that were cut and sutured during the pneumonectomy.\n\nThe prognosis following pneumonectomy for lung cancer is usually poor; the exception may be in bronchoalveolar carcinoma if it is found as a single mass. If lung cancer is found early before it has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, the 5-year survival rate following surgery is 35 to 51% (Sekido 1427). However, the 5-year survival rate for all stages of lung cancer combined is 14%.\n\nRecurrence in the lungs after pneumonectomy is rare although the cancer may reappear in other organs.\n\nFollowing pneumonectomy, an individual may be able to return to work. As the disease progresses, however, the individual may become permanently disabled.\n", "Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy.\n Depending on the type of surgery performed you may have a thoracotomy, which involves opening the chest wall.\n\nThis will leave a scar around the side of the chest. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) is a less invasive surgical technique that involves inserting a tube into the chest through which surgery can be performed. This leaves a much smaller scar and is associated with less post-operative pain.\n\nPeople are often worried that they wont be able to breathe properly if their lung has been removed, but its possible to breathe normally with only one lung. People who had breathing difficulties before the operation may continue to be breathless afterwards.\n\nBreathing tests to measure how well your lungs work will be done to help you and your doctor decide whether an operation is right for you. ", "Pneumonectomy\nA surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed.A pneumonectomy is most often done for cancer of the lung that cannot be treated by removal of a smaller portion of the lung. A pneumonectomy is an open chest technique (thoracotomy).", "A pneumonectomy is a type of lung cancer surgery in which an entire lung is removed as a treatment for lung cancer. A pneumonectomy is also performed occasionally for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, severe COPD, or trauma that interrupts major blood vessels near the lungs.\nTypes of Pneumonectomy\nThere are two primary surgical procedures under the heading of pneumonectomy:\n\n Standard Pneumonectomy: With a standard pneumonectomy, either the right lung (which contains 3 lobes) or the left lung (containing 2 lobes) is removed.\n\n Extrapleural pneumonectomy: In an extrapleural pneumonectomy, one of the lungs is removed along with part of the diaphragm, the membrane lining the chest cavity (pleura), and part of the membrane lining the heart (pericardium). This procedure is most often done for mesothelioma, a form of cancer that begins in the lining surrounding the lungs.\n\nWhen is a Pneumonectomy Done?\nThe type of lung cancer surgery your doctor recommends will depend upon several factors, including:\n\n The location of your tumor.\n The size of your tumor.\n Whether or not your tumor has spread to nearby tissues.\n Your general state of health.\n How well your lungs are functioning prior to surgery. \n\nA pneumonectomy is most commonly done as a treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, when a less invasive procedure, such as a lobectomy, cannot remove the entire tumor. This may occur if the tumor is large, if it has spread beyond a single lobe, or if it is located in the central area of the lungs.\n\nBecause a pneumonectomy involves the removal of an entire lung, the procedure is usually reserved for those people who have adequate lung function and will be able to tolerate living with only one lung. That said, many people have gone on to live active lives following a pneumonectomy.", "Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. ", "In patients with terminal disease, palliative care or hospice management may be appropriate. These approaches allow additional discussion of treatment options and provide opportunities to arrive at well-considered decisions and may avoid unhelpful but expensive care at the end of life.\n\nChemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. The NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group recommends if the recipient wants and can tolerate treatment, then chemotherapy should be considered in advanced NSCLC.", "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many.\n\n The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point.\n Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance.\n Planning should begin with a 3-way conversation between the patient, someone representing the patient, particularly if the patient is too ill to be involved, and the doctor.\n During these meetings likely outcomes, medical issues, and any fears or uncertainties can be discussed.\n Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms.\n Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and medication such as opioids, which are narcotic drugs such as opium, morphine, codeine, methadone, and drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid if this is causing the breathlessness, while laser treatments may be used to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning.\n Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day.\n Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies.", "Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance. Patients needs vary greatly and arise from many different aspects of their illness, treatment and social situation. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77\n\nPalliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions.\n\nCounselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.", "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:\n\n Surgery\n Radiation therapy\n Chemotherapy\n\nIf you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well.\n\nAfter the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It is important to take time and think about all of your possible choices. In choosing a treatment plan, one of the most important factors to consider is the stage of the cancer. For this reason, it is very important that your doctor order all the tests needed to determine the cancer's stage.\n\nOther factors to consider include your overall health, the likely side effects of the treatment, and the probability of curing the disease, extending life, or relieving symptoms. Age alone should not be a barrier to treatment. Older people can benefit from treatment as much as younger people as long as their general health is good.\n\nYou may have different types of doctors on your treatment team, depending on the stage of your cancer and your treatment options.", "Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It spreads much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer.\n\nThere are two different types of SCLC:\n\n Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)\n Combined small cell carcinoma\n\nMost SCLCs are of the oat cell type.\nCauses\n\nAbout 15% of all lung cancer cases are SCLC. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women.\n\nAlmost all cases of SCLC are due to cigarette smoking. SCLC is rare in people who have never smoked.\n\nSCLC is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. It usually starts in the breathing tubes (bronchi) in the center of the chest. Although the cancer cells are small, they grow very quickly and create large tumors. These tumors often spread rapidly (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including the brain, liver, and bone.\nSymptoms\n\n Bloody sputum (phlegm)\n Chest pain\n Cough\n Loss of appetite\n Shortness of breath\n Weight loss\n Wheezing\n\nOther symptoms that may occur with this disease:\n\n Facial swelling\n Fever\n Hoarseness or changing voice\n Swallowing difficulty\n Weakness\n\nExams and Tests\n\nYour health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked whether you smoke, and if so, how much and for how long you have smoked.\n\nWhen listening to your chest with a stethoscope, your health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs or areas where the lung has partially collapsed. Each of these findings could (but does not always) suggest cancer.\n\nSCLC has usually spread to other parts of your body by the time it is diagnosed.\n\nTests that may be performed include:\n\n Bone scan\n Chest x-ray\n Complete blood count (CBC)\n CT scan\n Liver function tests\n MRI\n Positron emission tomography (PET) scan\n Sputum test (cytology, looking for cancer cells)\n Thoracentesis (removal of fluid from the chest cavity around the lungs)\n\nIn most cases, your health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs or other areas to be examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do a biopsy:\n\n Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy\n CT scan-directed needle biopsy\n Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy\n Mediastinoscopy with biopsy\n Open lung biopsy\n Pleural biopsy\n Video-assisted thoracoscopy\n\nUsually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer. (Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread.) SCLC is classified as either:\n\n Limited (cancer is only in the chest and can be treated with radiation therapy)\n Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest)", "Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, either on its own or in combination with radiotherapy. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms.\n\nSurgery isn't usually used to treat this type of lung cancer. This is because often the cancer has already spread to other areas of the body by the time it's diagnosed. However, if the cancer is found very early, surgery may be used. If so, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be given after surgery to help reduce the risk of the cancer returning.", "Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.", "Small-cell lung cancer\n\nThis type of lung cancer starts in the smallest cells in your lungs usually in the cells lining your bronchi. It can develop very fast and spread to other parts of the body very early often before its been diagnosed. For this reason SCLC can be difficult to treat.", "Because SCLC spreads quickly throughout the body, treatment must include cancer-killing drugs (chemotherapy) taken by mouth or injected into the body. Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin.\n\nCombination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body. However, the treatment only helps relieve symptoms. It does not cure the disease.\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.", "Radiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses pulses of radiation to destroy cancer cells.\n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).\n\nA more intensive course of radiotherapy, known as radical radiotherapy, can be used to try to cure non-small cell lung cancer if the person is not healthy enough to have surgery.\n\nA type of radiotherapy known as prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is also used to treat small cell lung cancer. PCI involves directing high-energy pulses at your brain.\n\nIt is used as a preventative measure because there is a risk that small cell lung cancer will spread to your brain.\n\nThe two ways that radiotherapy can be given are described below.\n\n External beam radiotherapy a machine is used to beam high-energy pulses of radiation at affected parts of your body. \n Internal radiotherapy a catheter (thin tube) is inserted down a bronchoscope and into your lung. A small piece of radioactive material is placed inside the catheter and positioned against the site of the tumour before being removed after a few minutes. This is often used if the cancer is blocking or partly blocking your airway.\n\nA course of radiotherapy treatment can be planned in several different ways.\n\nRadical radiotherapy is usually given five days a week, with a break at weekends. Each session of radiotherapy lasts 1015 minutes. The course of radiotherapy usually lasts 37 weeks.\n\nContinuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) is an alternative method of delivering radical radiotherapy. CHART is given three times a day for 14 days in a row.\n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.\n\nSide effects of radiotherapy include:\n\n chest pain \n fatigue \n persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm (this is normal and nothing to worry about) \n difficulties swallowing (dysphagia) \n redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn \n hair loss, which can occur on your chest and, if you are receiving PCI, on your head\n\nSide effects should pass once the course of radiotherapy has been completed. ", "When Europeans first explored the New World, they found the Aboriginal inhabitants smoking tobacco leaves, and apparently deriving therapeutic benefits and pleasure from this activity. By the 17th century, European physicians were prescribing tobacco in various forms for medicinal purposes. Even after it was realized that these \"cures\" were ineffective, tobacco grew in popularity. In the 20th century, cigarettes and pipes came to be associated with sophistication, leisure and affluence; films and advertisements helped to popularize smoking and to develop its connotations of glamour. While smoking was traditionally associated with masculinity, in the past several decades advertisers began to court the female market successfully. Only recently, when its links with various health problems were discovered, did smoking begin to decline in popularity in western industrialized countries.\n\nReports linking cigarette smoking with cancer began to appear in the 1920s, but it was not until after World War II that deaths from lung cancer became so numerous that systematic follow-up studies were initiated. Researchers efforts to establish causation were constrained by the fact that the most serious ill-effects of cigarette smoking may take 10 years or more to appear. By the early 1960s, however, the risks of lung cancer were found to be substantially higher for cigarette smokers than for non-smokers, as were the risks of coronary disease and stroke. The accumulating evidence of the ill-effects of smoking was publicized by the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1962, Health and Welfare Canada in 1963, and the Surgeon General of the United States in 1964.\n\nOver the past few decades, four separate concerns have driven the anti-tobacco lobby: the dangers of smoking for the smoker; the dangers of second-hand smoke for those who must live or work in the vicinity of tobacco smoking; costs of smoking-related illness to the public health system; and, increasingly, youth smoking and the resulting creation of a new generation of smoking-related diseases. ", "Lung cancer was uncommon before the advent of cigarette smoking; it was not even recognized as a distinct disease until 1761. Different aspects of lung cancer were described further in 1810. Malignant lung tumors made up only 1% of all cancers seen at autopsy in 1878, but had risen to 1015% by the early 1900s. Case reports in the medical literature numbered only 374 worldwide in 1912, but a review of autopsies showed the incidence of lung cancer had increased from 0.3% in 1852 to 5.66% in 1952. In Germany in 1929, physician Fritz Lickint recognized the link between smoking and lung cancer, which led to an aggressive antismoking campaign. The British Doctors Study, published in the 1950s, was the first solid epidemiological evidence of the link between lung cancer and smoking. As a result, in 1964 the Surgeon General of the United States recommended smokers should stop smoking.\n\nThe connection with radon gas was first recognized among miners in the Ore Mountains near Schneeberg, Saxony. Silver has been mined there since 1470, and these mines are rich in uranium, with its accompanying radium and radon gas. Miners developed a disproportionate amount of lung disease, eventually recognized as lung cancer in the 1870s. Despite this discovery, mining continued into the 1950s, due to the USSR's demand for uranium. Radon was confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in the 1960s.\n\nThe first successful pneumonectomy for lung cancer was performed in 1933. Palliative radiotherapy has been used since the 1940s. Radical radiotherapy, initially used in the 1950s, was an attempt to use larger radiation doses in patients with relatively early-stage lung cancer, but who were otherwise unfit for surgery. In 1997, continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy was seen as an improvement over conventional radical radiotherapy.\n\nWith small-cell lung carcinoma, initial attempts in the 1960s at surgical resection and radical radiotherapy were unsuccessful. In the 1970s, successful chemotherapy regimens were developed.", "History of Lung Cancer\nCancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900's. By the\nmiddle of the 20th century, however, an epidemic became apparent\nthroughout the U.S. and the rest of the world. This dramatic increase\ncorrelated with the widespread prevalence of cigarette smoking. The\ntobacco industry had largely multiplied its production immediately\nprior to WWI. The early part of the epidemic correlated with the\ntypical 20 to 30-year lagging period between initiation of smoking and\nthe actual tumor formation. Despite denial from the tobacco companies\nthe correlation was conclusively established in 1950. The tobacco\ncompanies continued to maintain that cigarette smoking was not\naddictive and did not cause cancer. Tobacco companies remain the most\nprofitable business in the world. ", "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.", "Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has spread, and the patient's performance status. Common treatments include palliative care, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.\nSurgery\n\nIf investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) are used. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging.\n\nBlood tests and pulmonary function testing are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough for surgery. If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may be contraindicated.\n\nIn most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. However, wedge resection has a higher risk of recurrent disease than lobectomy.Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.[64] Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed.\n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.\n\nIn SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. However the role of surgery in SCLC is being reconsidered. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC.\nRadiotherapy\n\nRadiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. This form of high-intensity radiotherapy is called radical radiotherapy. A refinement of this technique is continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART), in which a high dose of radiotherapy is given in a short time period. Postoperative thoracic radiotherapy generally should not be used after curative intent surgery for NSCLC. Some patients with mediastinal N2 lymph node involvement might benefit from post-operative radiotherapy.\n\nFor potentially curable SCLC cases, chest radiotherapy is often recommended in addition to chemotherapy.\n\nIf cancer growth blocks a short section of bronchus, brachytherapy (localized radiotherapy) may be given directly inside the airway to open the passage. Compared to external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy allows a reduction in treatment time and reduced radiation exposure to healthcare staff.\n\nProphylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is a type of radiotherapy to the brain, used to reduce the risk of metastasis. PCI is most useful in SCLC. In limited-stage disease, PCI increases three-year survival from 15% to 20%; in extensive disease, one-year survival increases from 13% to 27%.\n\nRecent improvements in targeting and imaging have led to the development of stereotactic radiation in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. In this form of radiotherapy, high doses are delivered in a small number of sessions using stereotactic targeting techniques. Its use is primarily in patients who are not surgical candidates due to medical comorbidities.\n\nFor both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy).\nChemotherapy\n\nThe chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma\n\nEven if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nNon-small cell lung carcinoma\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\n\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit.Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.\nPalliative care\n\nIn patients with terminal disease, palliative care or hospice management may be appropriate. These approaches allow additional discussion of treatment options and provide opportunities to arrive at well-considered decisions and may avoid unhelpful but expensive care at the end of life.\n\nChemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. The NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group recommends if the recipient wants and can tolerate treatment, then chemotherapy should be considered in advanced NSCLC.", " Depending on the type and stage of lung cancer treatment options may vary. In most cases one or a combination of the following methods will be used:\n\n Surgery \n Radiation\n Chemotherapy\n", "The TNM staging system\n\nThe system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:\n\n T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.\n N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body.\n M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. (The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung.)\n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\"\n\nThe TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. If you have any questions about the stage of your cancer, ask your doctor to explain it to you.\n\nT categories for lung cancer\n\nTX: The main (primary) tumor can't be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.\n\nT0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor.\n\nTis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages. It has not invaded into deeper lung tissues. This is also known as carcinoma in situ.\n\nT1: The tumor is no larger than 3 cm (slightly less than 1 inches) across, has not reached the membranes that surround the lungs (visceral pleura), and does not affect the main branches of the bronchi.\n\nIf the tumor is 2 cm (about 4/5 of an inch) or less across, it is called T1a. If the tumor is larger than 2 cm but not larger than 3 cm across, it is called T1b.\n\nT2: The tumor has 1 or more of the following features:\n\n It is between 3 cm and 7 cm across (larger than 3 cm but not larger than 7 cm).\n It involves a main bronchus, but is not closer than 2 cm (about inch) to the carina (the point where the windpipe splits into the left and right main bronchi).\n It has grown into the membranes that surround the lungs (visceral pleura).\n The tumor partially clogs the airways, but this has not caused the entire lung to collapse or develop pneumonia.\n the tumor is 5 cm or less across, it is called T2a. If the tumor is larger than 5 cm across (but not larger than 7 cm), it is called T2b.\n\nT3: The tumor has 1 or more of the following features:\n\n is larger than 7 cm across.\n has grown into the chest wall, the breathing muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen (diaphragm), the membranes surrounding the space between the two lungs (mediastinal pleura), or membranes of the sac surrounding the heart (parietal pericardium).\n invades a main bronchus and is closer than 2 cm (about inch) to the carina, but it does not involve the carina itself.\n has grown into the airways enough to cause an entire lung to collapse or to cause pneumonia in the entire lung.\n or more separate tumor nodules are present in the same lobe of a lung.\n\nT4: The cancer has 1 or more of the following features:\n\n tumor of any size has grown into the space between the lungs (mediastinum), the heart, the large blood vessels near the heart (such as the aorta), the windpipe (trachea), the tube connecting the throat to the stomach (esophagus), the backbone, or the carina.\n or more separate tumor nodules are present in different lobes of the same lung.\n\nN categories for lung cancer\n\nNX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed.\n\nN0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes.\n\nN1: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes within the lung and/or around the area where the bronchus enters the lung (hilar lymph nodes). Affected lymph nodes are on the same side as the primary tumor.\n\nN2: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes around the carina (the point where the windpipe splits into the left and right bronchi) or in the space between the lungs (mediastinum). Affected lymph nodes are on the same side as the primary tumor.\n\nN3: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the collarbone on either side, and/or spread to hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on the side opposite the primary tumor.\nM categories for lung cancer\n\nM0: No spread to distant organs or areas. This includes the other lung, lymph nodes further away than those mentioned in the N stages above, and other organs or tissues such as the liver, bones, or brain.\n\nM1a: Any of the following:\n\n cancer has spread to the other lung.\n cells are found in the fluid around the lung (called a malignant pleural effusion).\n cells are found in the fluid around the heart (called a malignant pericardial effusion).\n\nM1b: The cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes or to other organs such as the liver, bones, or brain.", " Stages of Lung Cancer\nNSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for:\n\n Tumor size - how big the tumor is and has it spread in the area\n Lymph Nodes - are any lymph nodes positive for cancer and how many\n Metastasis - has the cancer spread to any other parts of the body\n\nSCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.", "TNM staging system\n\nCancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).\n\n Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Thus, it may include information about the tumor obtained by physical examination, radiologic examination, and endoscopy.\n Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.\n\nBecause they use different criteria, clinical stage and pathologic stage often differ. Pathologic staging is usually considered the \"better\" or \"truer\" stage because it allows direct examination of the tumor and its spread, contrasted with clinical staging which is limited by the fact that the information is obtained by making indirect observations at a tumor which is still in the body. However, clinical staging and pathologic staging should complement each other. Not every tumor is treated surgically, therefore pathologic staging is not always available. Also, sometimes surgery is preceded by other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy which shrink the tumor, so the pathologic stage may underestimate the true stage.\n\nThis staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies.", "Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms.\n\nSymptoms depend on the type of cancer you have, but may include:\n\n Chest pain\n\n Cough that doesn't go away\n\n Coughing up blood\n\n Fatigue\n\n Losing weight without trying\n\n Loss of appetite\n\n Shortness of breath\n\n Wheezing\n\nOther symptoms that may also occur with lung cancer, often in the late stages:\n\n Bone pain or tenderness\n\n Eyelid drooping\n\n Facial paralysis\n\n Hoarseness or changing voice\n\n Joint pain\n\n Nail problems\n\n Shoulder pain\n\n Swallowing difficulty\n\n Swelling of the face or arms\n\n Weakness\n\nThese symptoms can also be due to other, less serious conditions, so it is important to talk to your health care provider.", "there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk.\n\nSome of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.", "Symptoms of lung cancer do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray.", "Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:\n\n coughing\n weight loss\n dyspnea (shortness of breath)\n chest pain\n hemoptysis (coughing up blood)\n bone pain\n clubbing of the fingernails\n fever\n fatigue\n superior vena cava obstruction\n dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)\n wheezing\n\nIf the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. The obstruction can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, and predispose to pneumonia.\n\nDepending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus.\n\nMany of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. In many patients, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.", "Its important to report any unusual physical feelings to your doctor. Often, these unusual feelings can be attributed to other causes, such as bronchitis. But a doctor should check anything that is unusual or worrisome. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease is advanced.\n\nSymptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest:\n\n Coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense\n Pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing\n A change in color or volume of sputum\n Shortness of breath\n Changes in the voice or being hoarse\n Harsh sounds with each breath (stridor)\n Recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia\n Coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood\n Coughing up blood\n\nIf the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands.\n\nSymptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body:\n\n Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss\n Muscle wasting (also known as cachexia)\n Fatigue\n Headaches, bone or joint pain\n Bone fractures not related to accidental injury\n Neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss\n Neck or facial swelling\n General weakness\n Bleeding\n Blood clots\n", "One fourth of all people with lung cancer have no symptoms when the cancer is diagnosed. These cancers are usually identified incidentally when a chest X-ray is performed for another reason. The other three fourths of people develop some symptoms. The symptoms are due to direct effects of the primary tumor; to effects of cancer spread to other parts of the body (metastases); or to disturbances of hormones, blood, or other systems.\nSymptoms of lung cancer include cough, coughing up blood or rusty-colored phlegm, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, recurrent respiratory infections, hoarseness, new wheezing, and shortness of breath.\n\n A new cough in a smoker or a former smoker should raise concern for lung cancer.\n A cough that does not go away or gets worse over time should be evaluated by a health care provider.\n Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) occurs in a significant number of people who have lung cancer. Any amount of coughed-up blood should be evaluated by a health care provider.\n Pain in the chest area is a symptom in about one fourth of people with lung cancer. The pain is dull, aching, and persistent.\n Shortness of breath usually results from a blockage in part of the lung, collection of fluid around the lung (pleural effusion), or the spread of tumor through the lungs.\n Wheezing or hoarseness may signal blockage or inflammation in the lungs that may go along with cancer.\n Repeated respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, can be a sign of lung cancer.\n\nSymptoms of metastatic cancer depend on the extent and location of the cancer spread. About 30-40% of people with lung cancer have some symptoms or signs of metastatic disease.\n\n Lung cancer most often spreads to the liver, the bones, and the brain.\n Metastatic lung cancer in the liver may cause yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) but it may not cause any noticeable symptoms at the time of diagnosis.\n Lung cancer that has metastasized to the bone causes bone pain, usually in the bones of the spine (vertebrae), the thigh bones, and the ribs.\n Lung cancer that spreads to the brain can cause difficulties with vision, weakness on one side of the body, and/or seizures.\n\nParaneoplastic syndromes are the remote, indirect effects of cancer not related to direct invasion. Symptoms include the following:\n\n New bone formation - particularly in the fingertips that can be painful\n High levels of calcium in the blood\n Blood clots\n Low sodium levels in the blood", " There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The American Cancer Society lists the following symptoms associated with advanced stage lung cancer. A physician should be consulted if they persist. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer:\n\n Persistent cough\n Sputum streaked with blood\n Chest pain\n Voice change\n Recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis\n", "Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco. Nearly 87% of all lung cancers in the United States are smoking-related. Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk learn more about smoking cessation programs.\n\nExposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of lung cancer. According to the Surgeon Generals Report on the effects of secondhand smoke, nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home or at work increase their risk of developing lung cancer by 20 percent to 30 percent. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of heart disease and other ailments.\n\nOther environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include:\n\n Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. Asbestos is a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. People who smoke and are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Fortunately, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos.\n\n Radon is an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon. You can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\n Industrial substances can include arsenic, uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.\n\n Radiation exposure such as X-rays to the chest area can increase the risk of lung cancer, especially in people who smoke.\n\n Air pollution can contain trace amounts of diesel exhaust, coal products, and other industrial substances.\n\n Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer.\n\n Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations.\n Military service may have presented both veterans and active-duty personnel with exposures to industrial substances, asbestos bearing materials, and air pollution, as well as exposure to tactical chemicals (Agent Orange, for example). In addition, military past and current military personnel present with significantly higher smoking rates.\n", "Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.\n\nThe more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.\n\nHowever, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:\n\n Asbestos\n\n Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust\n\n Family history of lung cancer\n\n High levels of air pollution\n\n High levels of arsenic in drinking water\n\n Radiation therapy to the lungs\n\n Radon gas", " The risk factors for smoking include:\n\n Smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars)\n Secondhand smoke and air pollution\n Family history\n Radon\n Asbestos\n Metals like chromium, cadmium, arsenic\n Chronic lung diseases such as tuberculosis\n\nThe relative effects of these and other risk factors in any given case of cancer is variable and very difficult to determine with accuracy at this time. Some of these and other risk factors are discussed below.\n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer\nIt is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. For example, certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. An individual with inherited suceptibility that chooses to smoke may be at an increased the risk of developing lung cancer compared to other smokers.\n\nRisk is higher if an immediate family member has been diagnosed with lung cancer. The more closely related an individual is to someone with lung cancer, the more likely they are to share the genes that increased the risk of the affected individual. Risk also increases with the number of relatives affected.\n\nWatch the full interview with Dr. Gerold Bepler.\n\nSmoking\nSmoking is, by far, the leading risk factor for lung cancer. \nThere are more than 60 molecules in cigarette smoke that are thought to be carcinogenic in humans or laboratory animals.Two carcinogens highly associated with lung cancer are benzo[a]pyrene and N-nitrosamine NNK. These molecules bind to DNA and proteins, forming adducts. The presence of adducts increases the chance of DNA mutation and interferes with the proper function of proteins. Learn more about DNA mutations. The presence of adducts is directly related to smoking status. Studies show that the level of adducts drops when a person quits smoking.\n \n\nSecond-Hand Smoke\nExposure to second-hand smoke also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. In 2006, the Surgeon General released a report addressing the harmful effects of second-hand smoke on health (The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General). According to the report, second-hand smoke contains over 50 cancer-causing chemicals and can lead to many health problems, including lung cancer. The effects of second-hand smoke are especially harmful to the developing lungs of infants and children.\n\nRadon\nRadon is a naturally occuring, colorless, oderless gas. Exposure to radon is one of the leading risk factors for lung cancer, possibly contributing to 10% of all lung cancer cases. The mechanism by which radon leads to cancer is still unclear. Laboratory studies with radon have shown cellular damage that appears comparable to the damage caused by tobacco smoke, suggesting a similar mechanism of action. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates that can cause DNA damage is a likely event in mutagenic process caused by radon.\n\nAsbestos\nAsbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that was frequently used in commercial construction throughout the 1950's and 1960's. The long, thin fibers of asbestos are fragile and have a tendancy to break down into dust particles. Asbestos particles are easily inhaled into the lungs, where they cause damage to lung tissue that can lead to lung cancer.\n\nIndividuals who are exposed to asbestos and tobacco smoke are at a significantly increased risk of lung cancer. Studies suggest that asbestos particles may help deliver concentrated tobacco carcinogens to cells lining the lungs.However the exact mechanism by which asbestos, alone or in combination with tobacco smoke, leads to lung cancer is still uncertain.\n\nChronic Lung Diseases\nChronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. All of these diseases damage lung tissue and can result in scar tissue on the lungs.\n\nAs often is the case, it is difficult to distinguish between a relationship or correlation and causation or an actual cause. As an example: the increased incidence of lung cancer in individuals with a history of chronic bronchitis (or emphysema) may be due to a genetic predisposition that increases susceptibility to both the bronchitis (or emphysema) AND cancer. In this instance, the first disease does not CAUSE the second.\nOn the other hand, the chronic diseases may aid in the accumulation of harmful toxins in the lungs, resulting in cell/tissue damage and CAUSING an increase in cancer.Further studies are needed to clearly determine if the observed correlation is actually a causative one.", "Cancer develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. As more damage accumulates, the risk of cancer increases.\nSmoking\nNIH graph showing how a general increase in sales of tobacco products in the USA in the first four decades of the 20th century (cigarettes per person per year) led to a corresponding rapid increase in the incidence of lung cancer during the 1930s, '40s and '50s (lung cancer deaths per 100,000 male population per year)\nCross section of a human lung: The white area in the upper lobe is cancer; the black areas are discoloration due to smoking.\n\nSmoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer.Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Additionally, nicotine appears to depress the immune response to malignant growths in exposed tissue.[23] Across the developed world, 90% of lung cancer deaths in men during the year 2000 were attributed to smoking (70% for women). Smoking accounts for 8090% of lung cancer cases.\n\nPassive smokingthe inhalation of smoke from another's smokingis a cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. A passive smoker can be classified as someone living or working with a smoker. Studies from the US,Europe, the UK, and Australia have consistently shown a significantly increased risk among those exposed to passive smoke. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 2030% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 1619% increase in risk. Investigations of sidestream smoke suggest it is more dangerous than direct smoke.Passive smoking causes about 3,400 deaths from lung cancer each year in the USA.\nRadon gas\n\nRadon is a colorless and odorless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the Earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionize genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous. Radon is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. The risk increases 816% for every 100 Bq/m increase in the radon concentration. Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates one in 15 homes in the US has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m).\nAsbestos\n\nAsbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Tobacco smoking and asbestos have a synergistic effect on the formation of lung cancer. Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which is different from lung cancer).\nAir pollution\n\nOutdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Fine particulates (PM2.5) and sulfate aerosols, which may be released in traffic exhaust fumes, are associated with slightly increased risk. For nitrogen dioxide, an incremental increase of 10 parts per billion increases the risk of lung cancer by 14%. Outdoor air pollution is estimated to account for 12% of lung cancers.\nGenetics\n\nSome people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. In relatives of people with lung cancer, the risk is increased 2.4 times. This may be due to genetic polymorphisms.\nOther causes\n\nNumerous other substances, occupations, and environmental exposures have been linked to the genesis of cancer in lung tissue of humans. In its List of Classifications by Cancer Sites,the International Agency for Research on Lung Cancer (IARC) states there is \"sufficient evidence\" to show the following are carcinogenic in lung:\n\n Aluminum production\n Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds\n Beryllium and beryllium compounds\n Bis-(chloromethyl) ether\n Methyl ether (technical grade)\n Cadmium and cadmium compounds\n Chromium(VI) compounds\n Coal (indoor emissions from household coal burning)\n Combustion (incomplete)\n Coal gasification\n Coal-tar pitch\n Coke production\n Diesel engine exhaust\n Gamma radiation\n Hematite mining (underground)\n Iron and steel founding\n MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture)\n Nickel compounds\n Painting\n Plutonium\n Radon-222 and its decay products\n Rubber production industry\n Silica dust (crystalline)\n Soot\n Sulfur mustard\n X-radiation\n\n", "\n 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking.\n The best way to reduce ones risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory conditions is to quit smoking at any age.\n 15-20% of people with lung cancer have never smoked.\n The majority of non-smokers are females.\n\n \n\nRisk factors for lung cancer:\n\n\n Smoking is the biggest risk factor.\n The more years and larger number of cigarettes smoked the greater the risk of developing lung cancer.\n People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked.\n Second-hand smoke.\n Radon Gas.\n Certain occupations and occupational exposures. \n Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked.\n The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.\n Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer.\n\n", "Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. \nSome, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. \nIt is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).", "Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men.", "Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. \nSome, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. \nIt is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).", "Lung cancer in children never shows its presence until it reaches stage four. The time to reach the stage four depends on numerous factors. Some children may develop the disease within a short period of time, say a few months, while other children may take several years developing the disorder. It varies from child to child; however, the time it takes for the full effect mostly depends upon the childs health condition and the form of lung cancer.\nAll types of lung cancer can be developed in adult and children.\nParents always ask a question why their child is having lung cancer as they take very good care of their beloved. The answer is a child may suffer from lung cancer more because their lungs are not as mature as an adults.", " child may experience chronic infections, colds, and wheezing while having lung cancer. They may experience exhaustion while playing with friends. They may get depressed and cling to their parents. They may lose interest in childhood activities.\n\nChildren with lung cancer may have certain symptoms that are mistaken for asthma. Those symptoms are enlisted below:\n\n Shortness of breath\n Fatigue\n Wheezing\n Prolonged cough\n Swelling in the neck and face\n Unexplained weight loss\n Coughing up blood\n Severe chest pains\n Persistent attacks of bronchitis\n Pneumonia", " To prevent lung cancer in children certain measures can be taken. Children are a product of their environment. To reduce the risk to your child do not smoke around your child. Even if you smoke several feet a way, secondhand smoke can still travel far and affect the child's air quality.\n\n If you do smoke consider quitting for the sake of your children or at least smoke outside far away from your house. Even when you smoke on the porch, the smoke-filled air can still travel under the door and on your clothes. Be sure that you air out your clothing and walk around down the block before entering your home. In addition, children who are exposed to radon can also be susceptible to lung cancer. Have your home tested for radon. Improve air quality in your home by investing in an air filtration system. Feed your child antioxidant-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables daily. Children are still going to be exposed to other containments in the air ,but you can lesson the effects by taking the preventative measures mentioned.\n\n", "When cancer develops in the lungs of children, many of the signs and symptoms are detectable.The good news is, if detected early, most childhood cancers are curable.\nCoughing\n\n If the child has a cough that does not go away, this can be a sign of lung cancer. More likely, it is an infection or even asthma, but a persistent cough is an early sign of malignant growths in the lungs and should be addressed. If the cough is bringing up blood, this is a stronger indicator of cancer, but could also be pneumonia or a number of other issues your pediatrician can diagnosis and treat.\n\nShortness of Breath & Hoarsness\n\n If the child has a hard time catching his breath, and this has been chronic, meaning, lasting for several weeks, this too could be an indicator of lung cancer. As the cancer develops in the lungs respiration becomes increasingly difficult. This can also lead to wheezing and a hoarse voice.\n\nPain That Does Not Go Away\n\n Persistent pain can be a sign of lung cancer. This pain can be in the shoulders, back and chest and does not lessen with rest, stretching, massage or pain relievers. Children can get muscular pains while growing, which is normal. This is a pain that is persistent, continuous and is worsening; such pain is not common in children and is a sign that something is amiss in the body.\n\nLoss of Appetite\n\n Typically, children are active and growing and therefore hungry. A child who does not feel like eating and is beginning to lose weight may have the early signs of lung cancer. A child can go through phases where her appetite lessens, but these are usually after a growth spurt or during a virus such as a cold. A symptom would be a prolonged period of marked reduced appetite accompanied by weight loss.\n\nRepeated Bouts of Brochitis\n\n A child who is always down with bronchitis or pneumonia may be revealing early signs of cancer. During the growth and development of or lungs we respirate more (take in more breaths per minute) than when our lungs are fully developed. A child who is showing a difficult time with lung health may be impeded by cancerous growths in her lungs.\n\nSwelling\n\n Another visible symptom of the onset of childhood lung cancer is swelling. If your child's neck and face is persistently swollen this needs to be addresses with your pediatrician. This can be coupled with swelling and weakness in the arms and legs.\n\nFatigue\n\n A child who sleeps an excessive amount may be fighting lung cancer in his body. An early sign is a listless child who naps, sleeps and is difficult to rouse. Cancer wages a war in the body, and one of the signs of a little body fighting back is extreme fatigue.\n\n\n", "There are certain preventive measures that have to be taken by parents from developing lung cancer in children. Children are affected by their environment and it is advisable to not to smoke around children. This will reduce the risk developing the disease in them. Even if one wants to smoke then stay away or smoke several feet away from children as the fumes from cigarettes can travel far away and will have an unperceivable but negative effect on the quality of air that the child breathes.\n\nA person who is smoking on the porch must keep in mind that the smoke can travel through the doors making the children passive smokers. Feed the child with antioxidant-rich foods such as vegetables and fruits on daily basis to keep lung cancer in children away.", "Lung cancer can happen to anyone at any age, including children. The lungs are like giant trees that branch off to filter the air you breathe in. You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Parents may not know their child has lung cancer until the cancer has progressed to stage four. Watching for signs and symptoms along with taking your child to the doctor on a regular basis is one way to ensure their health.\nLung cancer in children is not an easy thing to deal with. A child may suffer more because their lungs are not as developed as an adult.\nChildren may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer. Children with lung cancer can become weak and lose interest in childhood activities. Playing with their friends can bring on exhaustion. They may also become depressed and cling to their parents.\nThe time it takes for lung cancer to reach stage four depends on several factors. Some children will develop lung cancer within a matter of months, while it can take years to develop in other children. Every case is different, but the length of time it takes for the cancer to take the full effect depends on the child's overall health and the type of lung cancer.\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. ", "Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.", "Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer.\n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC:\n\n Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung.\n\n Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus).\n\n Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.", " Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected.\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This type is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.\n", "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.[8] This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. The vast majority of lung cancers are carcinomasmalignancies that arise from epithelial cells. Lung carcinomas are categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope. The two broad classes are non-small-cell and small-cell lung carcinoma\nNon-small-cell lung carcinoma\nMicrograph of squamous carcinoma, a type of non-small-cell carcinoma, FNA specimen, Pap stain\n\nThe three main subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell lung carcinoma, and large-cell lung carcinoma.\n\nNearly 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinoma, which usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes (\"never-smokers\"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.\n\nSquamous-cell carcinoma accounts for about 30% of lung cancers. They typically occur close to large airways. A hollow cavity and associated necrosis are commonly found at the center of the tumor.\n\nAbout 9% of lung cancers are large-cell carcinoma. These are so named because the cancer cells are large, with excess cytoplasm, large nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (microscopic view of a core needle biopsy)\n\nIn small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), the cells contain dense neurosecretory granules (vesicles containing neuroendocrine hormones), which give this tumor an endocrine/paraneoplastic syndrome association. Most cases arise in the larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi). These cancers grow quickly and spread early in the course of the disease. Sixty to seventy percent have metastatic disease at presentation. This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking.\nOthers\n\nFour main histological subtypes are recognized, although some cancers may contain a combination of different subtypes. Rare subtypes include glandular tumors, carcinoid tumors, and undifferentiated carcinomas.\nMetastasis\n\nThe lung is a common place for metastasis of tumors from other parts of the body. Secondary cancers are classified by the site of origin; e.g., breast cancer that has spread to the lung is called metastatic breast cancer. Metastases often have a characteristic round appearance on chest radiograph.\n\n\nPrimary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.", "NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked.", " Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.\n\nSmall Cell Lung Cancer\n\nSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 14% of all lung cancers.(1) Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive. The cancer often grows rapidly and spreads to other regions including lymph nodes, bone, brain, adrenal glands, and the liver.(2) Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking. Less than 5% of patients diagnosed with the disease have never smoked.(2)\nNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into three categories, based on appearance and other characteristics of the cancerous cells:\n\n Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): SCC accounts for approximately 25-30% of all lung cancer cases. SCC is highly associated with tobacco smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs.(3)\n Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of all lung cancer cases. This cancer type usually develops in the outer region of the lungs.(3)\n Large Cell Carcinoma (LCC): LCC accounts for approximately 10-15% of all lung cancer cases. LCC is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis.(3)\n\nOther, less common types of lung cancers include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.", "As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. Patients with resectable disease may be cured by surgery or surgery followed by chemotherapy. Local control can be achieved with radiation therapy in a large number of patients with unresectable disease, but cure is seen only in a small number of patients. ", "Treatment of NSCLC\n\nStage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended.\n\nStage III. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\nAfter chemotherapy, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery, especially if the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer. However, some patients with stage III NSCLC do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The chemotherapy may be given either before or at the same time as the radiation therapy. This method has shown to improve the ability of radiation therapy to shrink the cancer and to lower the risk of the cancer returning.\n\nChemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy is more effective than chemotherapy given before radiation therapy, but causes more side effects. Patients who have received both chemotherapy and radiation therapy for stage III disease may still go on to have surgery. However, there is debate among doctors whether surgery is needed for patients when radiation therapy has worked well, and if radiation therapy is needed in patients whose tumors disappear after chemotherapy.\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. This may be because the surgeon feels that an operation would be too risky, or that the tumor cannot be removed completely. For patients with unresectable NSCLC, with no signs of spread of cancer to distant sites or to the fluid around the lung, a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy can still be used to try to cure the patient.\n\nStage IV NSCLC. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. However, patients with stage IV disease have a very high risk of the cancer spreading or growing in another location. Most patients at this stage of NSCLC receive only chemotherapy.\n\nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. However, doctors know from experience that the cancer will return. Therefore, patients with stage IV disease are never considered cured of their cancer no matter how well the chemotherapy works. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.", "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment\n\nSurgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects.\n", "After the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:\n\n Surgery\n Radiation therapy\n Other local treatments\n Chemotherapy\n Targeted therapies\n\nIn many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. ", "If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. Called a biopsy, this procedure can be performed in different ways. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue; this procedure is often called a needle biopsy.\n\nIn other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy. To perform a bronchoscopy, the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs. The tube, which has a light on the end, allows the doctor to see inside the lungs and to remove a small tissue sample.\n\nWhen a person is diagnosed with lung cancer, looking at biopsied cells under the microscope also helps doctors determine the type of lung cancer. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.", " Screening and Detection\n\nComputed tomography (CT)\nA CT scan uses x-rays to take an internal picture. Instead of taking just one picture, as does a normal chest x-ray, a CT scanner takes many pictures as it rotates. A computer then combines all the pictures taken and creates images that are like \"slices\" of your body. The machine will create multiple slices, giving doctors a much more powerful image than a single chest x-ray. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.\n\nMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\nMRI uses radio waves and a large magnet to create an internal image. The process by which an image is created is complicated. This exam is used to find lung cancer that has spread to the brain or spinal cord.\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET)\nPositron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells. This substance is then detected by a special camera in the PET scanner. The image produces indicates areas with large amounts of the substance. Doctors can use the image to find lung cancer that has spread to other areas.\n\nBone Scan\nDoctors may use a bone scan to determine whether or not lung cancer has spread to bones. Areas of diseased bone will show up differently on the scan.\n\n\nThere are many different tests used to determine the presence of, type, and stage of lung cancer. Some of the commonly used methods are listed below. Your doctor should determine which method or methods would be best for you.\n\n Sputum cytology - a sample of mucus is taken and checked for cancer cells\n Fine needle biopsy - a needle is guided into the lungs and a sample of cells is removed; this sample is examined for the presence and characteristics of cancer\n Bone marrow biopsy - a small piece of bone and a sample of bone marrow are removed; these samples are used to detect bone metastasis; only done for SCLC\n Bronchoscopy - a lighted, flexible tube is passed into the bronchi; this is used to find tumors and take samples of cells and fluid\n Mediastinoscopy - a lighted tube is inserted under the breastbone through a small cut in the neck allowing doctors to take a sample of regional lymph nodes\n Thoracentesis - a needle is placed through the ribs to drain fluid; the fluid is checked for the presence of cancer cells\n Thorascopy - a thin, lighted tube with a video camera is inserted into the space between the lungs and chest wall allowing doctors to check the surface of the lungs\n Blood tests - complete blood counts (CBC) and blood chemistry tests are used to watch for any abnormal findings may be caused by lung cancer", "Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology.\nCT scan showing a cancerous tumor in the left lung\n\nLung cancer often appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph. However, the differential diagnosis is wide. Many other diseases can also give this appearance, including tuberculosis, fungal infections, metastatic cancer, or organizing pneumonia. Less common causes of a solitary pulmonary nodule include hamartomas, bronchogenic cysts, adenomas, arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary sequestration, rheumatoid nodules, Wegener's granulomatosis, or lymphoma. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features.", " Detection\nDespite ongoing investigation into screening technology, research shows that lung cancer death rates have not improved. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:\n\n chest x-ray\n chest CT (computer tomography) scan,\n bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and\n sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm)." ]

[ { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer staging tests", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer causes", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer chemotherapy", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Non-small cell lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer treatment", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Types of lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Stage of lung cancer", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung cancer diagnosis", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. \n\n\n\nStage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. \n\n\n\nA stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. \n\n\n\nStage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.\n\n\n\nStage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.\n\n\n\nStage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.\n\n\n\nStaging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body; PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread; MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.\n\n\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. \n\n\n\nDoctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. \n\n\n\nA CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location. \n\n\n\nPositron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.\n\n\n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. \n\n\n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.\n\n\n\nBiopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. \n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.\n\n\n\nThe reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.\n\n\n\nEven though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.\n\n\n\nRecent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). \n\n\n\nWomen who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\n\n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.\n\nBecause our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.\n\nRisk factors for lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor as \n\n85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).\n\nLuckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.\n\nTake Care..." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust Family history of lung cancer High levels of air pollution High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. \n\n\n\nSecondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.\n\n\n\n The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. \n\n\n\nOther causes: Family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help: Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer: When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.\nSome chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.\nChemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread. \nChemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\n\nInitial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. \nNeo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. \n\nChemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA lung cancer. \nWhen lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.\nThe use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. \nNow, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. \nFor people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.\nSurgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. \nWhen surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. \nThe goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. \nChemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. \nChemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.\nPatients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.\nPalliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.\n\nPalliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. \n\nPalliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms. \n\nBreathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. \n\nPain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. \n\nAnxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. \n \nChemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. \n\nRadiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include: coughing weight loss dyspnea (shortness of breath) chest pain hemoptysis (coughing up blood) bone pain clubbing of the fingernails fever fatigue superior vena cava obstruction dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) wheezing If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs. There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.\n\nLung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.\n\nThe primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.\n\nIt is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.\n\nSecond hand smoke increases the risk. \n\nThe following may also increase your risk: asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs and radon gas.\n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. \n\nRecent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. \n\nFamily History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.\n\nThe first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. \n\nMany symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.\n\nSymptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. \n\nThere are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.\n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.\n\n\n\nStage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. \n\n\n\nBoth types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects. \n\n\n\nDepending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. \n\n \n\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. \n\n\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. \n\n\n\nFor most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.\n\n\n\nPatients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\\'s life." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. \n\n\n\nLung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. \n\n\n\nLung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.\n\n\n\nNon-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.\n\nSmall cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\\'t cure a person\\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.\n\n\n\n Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. \n\n\n\nThe main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).\n\n\n\nUsually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. \n\n\n\nSurgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.\n\n\n\nThere also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.\n\n\n\nAlthough less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.\n\n" }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " There are three common forms of NSCLC: Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove: One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy) Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal) The entire lung (pneumonectomy) Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Surgery Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) excessive bleeding a leak of air from the lung wall a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism) Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options. \n\nSCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.\n\nNSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC; it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for 25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. \n\nOther, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. \n\nMesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.\n\nIn most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.\n\nIn advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.\n\nIn general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. \n\nThe following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer: Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung \n\nRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. \n\nVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. ) Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer TX: The main (primary) tumor can\\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found. N categories for lung cancer NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \\\"limited stage\\\" and \\\"extensive stage\\\"." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. \n\nThere are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. \n\nStages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I: cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.\n\n Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \\\"c\\\" or \\\"p\\\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \\\"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.\n\n CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.\n\nFor PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. \n\nMRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. \n\nBone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). \n\nNumbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available.\" Thus, examples for lettering are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer M0: No spread to distant organs or areas." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy Other local treatments Chemotherapy Targeted therapies In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and rarely surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include: fatigue nausea vomiting mouth ulcers hair loss These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The majority of cases of lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient. The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.\n\nLung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.\n\nIn general, most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of the whole lung or lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. \n\nChemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.\n\nTreatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. \n\n The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).\n\nRadiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy \n\nchest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss \n\n\n\nThe drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss, low blood cell counts, weakening the immune system causing vulnerability to infection. \n\nAdditional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration (\"chemobrain\"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. \n\nCauses of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle. \n\n\n\n The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. " }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "\nCancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk. Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. \nHowever, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "The good news Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms. The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": "Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. \nFamily history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. \nIllnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. \nHowever, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer)." }, { "query": "Lung Cancer in Women", "summ": " Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.\nSmall-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.\nIn advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.\nTypically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).\nOther commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.\nIn NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.\nIf stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.\nThe combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.\nAdjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive." } ]

[ "Many schools around the nation have reduced the commitment to provide students with regular and adequate physical activity, even though it is recommended that children accumulate a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. A 2000 survey found that only 8.0 percent of elementary schools, 6.4 percent of middle/junior high schools and 5.8 percent of senior high schools provided daily physical education (PE) for the entire school year for all of the students in each grade. Participation is especially low for high school students. Schools should ensure that all children and youth participate in a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school day. Furthermore, physical activity opportunities available through the school should be expanded, including intramural and interscholastic sports programs, and other physical activity clubs, programs and lessons that meet the needs and interests of all students.\n", "All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. At present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.\n", "In spite of protestations of innocence by the food manufacturers and advertisers, it established beyond reasonable doubt that advertising influences what children eat as well as the brands they prefer. \n", "One reason so many ­children are more overweight today could be that they lead less active lives than we did. We walked to school and spent more time playing in the fresh air. Houses were not as warm, so we used up more calories: food was fuel to keep us going. If grandparents are feeding grandchildren the same portions they ate as children, it's probably too much.\n", "The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers. Students must be offered a vegetable, a fruit, a low-fat or non-fat milk, a protein and a grain. They must pick at least three, one of which must be a vegetable or a fruit. A student also could satisfy the fruit or veggie requirement by choosing a juice without added sugar.\n", "With one in three American children considered overweight or obese — and the trend dangerously upward — the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\nIn the case of school laws, the new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\nMany students were dismayed, at least initially. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didn’t like the new regulations. \n\nSabrina Rodriguez, editor of the Hialeah High newspaper, said most students “still did not like the new standards.” They got used to it, she said, but most still throw out the vegetables.\n\n", "The association of grandparental obesity with childhood overweight, especially in families with normal parental weight, raises additional questions about the intrafamilial mechanisms of obesity. Importantly, although the PSID/CDS includes information about grandparents co-residing with their grandchildren at points in time, it does not include information about duration of co-residence or the grandparents’ roles in child care that we believe would be important for an analysis of obesogenic environments. In addition, we were not able to adjust for children's exposure to their grandparents’ dietary or physical activity habits, which may have directly influenced children's behaviors. In addition, it is possible that grandparents’ behaviors related to their own obesity may have influenced their grandchildren through the children's parents, even if those parents were themselves normal weight. It is also plausible that genetic predisposition to obesity may be variably expressed across generations. More research is warranted to explore these multigenerational effects, especially in clinical situations where children with normal-weight parents may be at increased risk for overweight in the setting of grandparental obesity. \n", "Familial effects probably have dual origins in genetic and behavioral mechanisms common to parents and their children. More than 500 genes have been putatively linked to obesity, and behavior related to dietary preferences and to patterns of physical and sedentary activity are established early in individuals’ lifetimes.\n", "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Type 1 diabetes most often appears in childhood or adolescence and causes high blood sugar when your body can't make enough insulin. Over 90% of all diabetes cases are what we call type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can't use its insulin properly. At first, your body overproduces insulin to keep blood sugar normal, but over time this causes your body to lose its ability to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels in the normal healthy range. The result is sugar rises in your blood to high levels. Over a long period of time, high blood sugar levels and diabetes can cause heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, leg and foot amputations, and pregnancy complications. Diabetes can be a deadly disease: over 200,000 people die each year of diabetes related complications.\n", "Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. People who are overweight are at much greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than normal weight individuals. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.\n", "For any child or teen with diabetes, learning to cope with the disease is a big job.\nDealing with a chronic illness such as diabetes may cause emotional and behavioral challenges.\nTalking to a social worker or psychologist may help a child or teen and his or her family learn to adjust to lifestyle changes needed to stay healthy.\n", "Take All Diabetes Medication As Prescribed.\nA child or teen should take all diabetes medication as prescribed.\nParents, caregivers, school nurses, and others can help a child or teen learn how to take medications properly.\nFor type 1 diabetes, a child or teen takes insulin shots at regular times each day.\nSome children and teens use an insulin pump, which delivers insulin.\nSome children or teens with type 2 diabetes need oral medication or insulin shots or both.\nIn any case, all medication should be balanced with food and activity every day.\n", "Check Blood Glucose Levels Regularly.\nA child or teen should check blood glucose levels regularly with a blood glucose meter, preferably a meter with a built-in memory.\nA health care professional can teach a child how to use a blood glucose meter properly and how often to use it.\nBlood glucose meter results show if blood glucose levels are in the target range, too high, or too low.\nA child should keep a journal or other records of blood glucose results to discuss with his or her health care provider.\nThis information helps the provider make any needed changes to the child's or teen's personal diabetes plan.\n", "Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease.\nSimple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning.\nEvery day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication.\nThey also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices.\nFor school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates.\nThese tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.\n", "Keeping blood glucose levels within the target range is the goal of diabetes control.\nHowever, extremes in blood glucose levels can occur for several reasons.\nThe parent or caregiver should talk with a health care provider about how to deal with these potential problems related to a child's or teen's diabetes.\nBlood glucose levels can sometimes drop too low - a condition called hypoglycemia (hi-po-gly-SEE-me-uh).\nTaking too much diabetes medicine, missing a meal or snack, or exercising too much may cause hypoglycemia.\nA child or teen can become nervous, shaky, and confused.\nWhen blood glucose levels fall very low, the person can lose consciousness or develop seizures.\nTalk to the child's or teen's health care provider about how to deal with this serious but manageable condition.\nBlood glucose levels can sometimes rise too high - a condition known as hyperglycemia (hi-per-gly-SEE-me-uh).\nForgetting to take medicines on time, eating too much, and getting too little exercise may cause hyperglycemia.\nBeing ill also can raise blood glucose levels.\nOver time, hyperglycemia can lead to serious health problems and cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, blood vessels, gums, and teeth.\n", "Diabetes is stressful for both the children and their families.\nParents should be alert for signs of depression or eating disorders and seek appropriate treatment.\nWhile all parents should talk to their children about avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, this is particularly important for children with diabetes.\nSmoking and diabetes each increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and people with diabetes who smoke have a greatly increased risk of heart disease and circulatory problems.\nBinge drinking can increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and symptoms of hypoglycemia can be mistaken for those of intoxication and not properly treated.\nLocal peer groups for children and teens with diabetes can provide positive role models and group activities.\n", "Managing diabetes in children and adolescents is most effective when the entire family makes a team effort.\nFamilies can share concerns with physicians, diabetes educators, dietitians, and other health care providers to get their help in the day-to-day management of diabetes.\nExtended family members, teachers, school nurses, counselors, coaches, day care providers, or other resources in the community can provide information, support, guidance, and help with coping skills.\nThese individuals also may help with resources for health education, financial services, social services, mental health counseling, transportation, and home visiting.\n", "To control diabetes and prevent complications, blood glucose levels must be as close to a \"normal\" range as safely possible.\nFamilies should work with a health care provider to help set a child's or teen's targets for blood glucose levels.\n(See for Resources information on target ranges.) The provider can help develop a personal diabetes plan for the child and discuss ways to manage hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) and hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).\n", "A personal diabetes plan ensures that a daily schedule is in place to keep a child's diabetes under control.\nA health care provider develops this plan in partnership with a child or teen and his or her family.\nThe plan shows the child or teen how to follow a healthy meal plan, get regular physical activity, check blood glucose levels, and take insulin or oral medication as prescribed.\n", "Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy.\nPeople with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin's effects.\nHigh levels of glucose build up in the blood, and spill into the urine and out of the body.\nAs a result, the body loses its main source of fuel.\n", "Taking care of diabetes is important.\nIf not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems.\nDiabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels.\nDiabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure.\nIt can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated.\nSome of these problems can occur in teens and young adults who develop diabetes during childhood.\nResearch in adults shows that these problems can be greatly reduced or delayed by keeping blood glucose levels near normal.\n", "Get Regular Physical Activity.\nA child or teen with diabetes needs regular physical activity.\nExercise helps to lower blood glucose levels, especially in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.\nExercise is also a good way to help children control their weight.\nIf possible, a child or teen should check blood glucose levels before beginning a game or sport.\nA child or teen should not exercise if blood glucose levels are too low.\n", "Follow a Healthy Meal Plan.\nA child or teen needs to follow a meal plan developed by a physician, diabetes educator, or a registered dietitian.\nA meal plan outlines proper nutrition for growth.\nA meal plan also helps keep blood glucose levels in the target range.\nChildren or adolescents and their families can learn how different types of food - especially carbohydrates such as breads, pasta, and rice - can affect blood glucose levels.\nPortion size, the right amount of calories for the child's age, and ideas for healthy food choices at meal and snack time also should be discussed.\nFamily support for following the meal plan and setting up regular meal times is a key to success, especially if the child or teen is taking insulin.\n", "Being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty, and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes are risk factors for the disease.\nCertain populations, as noted above, are at higher risk.\nIn addition, physical signs of insulin resistance, such as acanthosis nigricans (A-can-tho-sis NIG-reh-cans), may appear: the skin around the neck or in the armpits appears dark, thick, and velvety.\nHigh blood pressure also may be a sign of insulin resistance.\nFor children and teens at risk, health care providers can encourage, support, and educate the entire family to make lifestyle changes that may delay - or prevent - the onset of type 2 diabetes.\nSuch lifestyle changes include keeping at a healthy weight and staying active.\n", "Type 2 diabetes develops slowly in some children, but quickly in others.\nSymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes.\nA child or teen can feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often.\nOther symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores.\nSome children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed.\nFor that reason, it is important for parents and caregivers to talk to a health care provider about testing children or teens who are at high risk for the disease.\n", "The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body's response to insulin, called insulin resistance.\nFor reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well.\nThis means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose.\nThe pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off.\n\nType 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older.\nNow, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people.\nType 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans.\nTo control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.\n", "There are two main types of diabetes.\nType 1 and type 2 diabetes are described below.\nA third type-gestational diabetes-occurs only during pregnancy and often resolves after pregnancy.\nWomen who have had gestational diabetes are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life.\n", "Type 1 diabetes is a disease of the immune system, which is the body's system for fighting infection.\nIn people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them.\nThe pancreas can no longer produce insulin, so people with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin daily to live.\nType 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults.\nThe symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop over a short period of time.\nThey include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, and blurred vision.\nChildren may also feel very tired all the time.\nIf not diagnosed and treated with insulin, the child or teen with type 1 diabetes can lapse into a life-threatening diabetic coma, known as diabetic ketoacidosis (KEY-toe-asi-DOE-sis) or DKA.\nThough scientists have made much progress in predicting who is at risk for developing type 1 diabetes, they do not know exactly what triggers the immune system's attack on beta cells.\nThey believe that type 1 diabetes is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.\nResearchers are working to identify these factors and stop the auto-immune process that leads to type 1 diabetes.\n", "Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.\nIn the United States each year, more than 13,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.\nIncreasingly, health care providers are finding more and more children and teens with type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40.\nAlthough there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2.\nAfrican American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.\n", "As the prevalence of overweight children increases, children’s use of the media is also dramatically increasing. Studies linking the convergence of these two trends have demonstrated that high levels of TV use are significantly associated with child overweight. As reported in the International Journal of Obesity (September, 2006), we examined having a TV in the bedroom as a risk factor for child overweight. Even after controlling for the expected risk factors (frequency of TV watching, physical activity and socioeconomic status) children with a TV in the bedroom were still 1.3 times more likely to be overweight than children without a TV in the bedroom.\n", " Food and beverage advertising is frequently aired during children’s television programming and much of the foods being advertised are of poor quality. Now, an old tool in the advertiser’s arsenal - product placement – is getting new attention. Product placement is the paid presence of branded products in movies and is proving to be a potent source of advertising to children. At a time when children and adolescents are already not getting enough of the daily recommended nutrients, product placement provides yet another medium to promote energy-dense, nutrient poor foods.\n\nAs reported in the February 8th, 2010 online edition of Pediatrics, we studied the prevalence of product placement of foods, beverages and restaurant brands in 200 of the top grossing movies between 1995 to 2005.\n", "What can parents do?\n\n Limit “screen-time” (e.g. TV, movies, internet, video games) to less than 2 hours a day. This will also help limit advertising exposure. \n Know what your children are exposed to through media. Watch TV and movies with your children. The average 8 year old begins watching the majority of programming by themselves.\n Talk with your children about what they are viewing. Watching TV and movies with your children presents an educational opportunity. Help kids understand that the main goal of advertising and product placement is to make them buy things—often things they don't need.\n", "The majority of the brand placements were for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods or product lines. Sugar-sweetened beverages, largely soda, accounted for the largest proportion of all of the food product brand placements; 1 in 4 brand appearances was a sugar-sweetened beverage. A surprising number of product-placements for low quality food and beverages were found in movies targeted specifically to older children and teenagers. One third of G-rated movies, more than half (58.5%) of PG-rated movies, and almost three quarters (73.2%) of PG-13–rated movies had brand appearances.Six companies accounted for almost half of all brand placements - PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle USA, McDonald's, Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group and Burger King.\n", "Images of and research into obese people in the media are contradictory.\nObese people are absent or ostracized in fictional formats.\nObese and overweight characters tend to be unattractive, unpopular and unsuccessful.\nWhile much research in the past has studied the potential effects on females of unrealistically thin images, obesity is the far more substantial problem in Western society.\nThe reason behind this paradox is unclear and academics agree more research is required.\n\nThere are some limitations to the potential influence of the media.\nThe media can provide knowledge and access to this knowledge, but this might not change behaviour.\nThere is evidence that the media can increase awareness (of health-related issues) but there is less evi-dence that the media can stimulate behaviour change.\n", "Public education campaigns (interventions) that use the media can be effective. \nMost research, however, examines how such interventions can affect children (19). Research into adult interventions shows that those who participate in mass media health campaigns tend to be women from higher socioeconomic groups who are already engaging in better health practices.\n", "Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption and two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity.\n", "Other studies have linked eating school lunch with obesity, but a major issue with such studies, Jackson says, is the influence of socioeconomic status. Poor children eligible for free or reduced school lunch may already be overweight, considering the link between obesity and lower socioeconomic status.\n", "Until recently, the majority of cases of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. Obesity has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among children and adolescents over the past 2 decades. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which, when coupled with relative insulin deficiency, leads to the development of overt T2DM. Children and adolescents with T2DM may experience the microvascular and macrovascular complications of this disease at younger ages than individuals who develop diabetes in adulthood, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden death; renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure; limb-threatening neuropathy and vasculopathy; and retinopathy leading to blindness. Health care professionals are advised to perform the appropriate screening in children at risk for T2DM, diagnose the condition as early as possible, and provide rigorous management of the disease. \n", "A remarkable 30-year study in the United Kingdom found that a higher mean of daily hours of TV viewed on weekends predicted a higher BMI at the age of 30. For each additional hour of TV watched on weekends at age 5, the risk of adult obesity increased by 7%.\nA group of researchers in Dunedin, New Zealand, followed 1000 subjects from birth to 26 years of age and found that average weeknight TV-viewing between the ages of 5 and 15 years was strongly predictive of adult BMI.\n\nIn a study of 8000 Scottish children, viewing more than 8 hours of TV per week at age 3 was associated with an increased risk of obesity at age 7.\n\nAlso, in 8000 Japanese children, more TV-viewing at age 3 resulted in a higher risk of being overweight at age 6.\n", "The presence of a TV set in a child's bedroom seems to exacerbate the impact of TV-viewing on children's weight status. A study of 2343 children aged 9 to 12 years revealed that having a bedroom TV set was a significant risk factor for obesity, independent of physical activity. A cross-sectional study of 2761 parents with young children in New York found that 40% of the 1- to 5-year-olds had a bedroom TV, and those who did were more likely to be overweight or obese. Teenagers with a bedroom TV spent more time watching TV, less time being physically active, ate fewer family meals, had greater consumption of sweetened beverages, and ate fewer vegetables than did teenagers without a bedroom TV.\n", "There are a number of ways that watching TV could be contributing to obesity: (1) increased sedentary activity and displacement of more physical pursuits; (2) unhealthy eating practices learned from both the programming and the advertisements for unhealthy foods; (3) increased snacking behaviour while viewing; and (4) interference with normal sleep patterns. However, most researchers now agree that the evidence linking excessive TV-viewing and obesity is persuasive.\n", "Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets,drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables.Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and/or sugar and low in nutritional content (“junk food”).\n\nMore than 80% of all advertisements in children's programming are for fast foods or snacks,and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Although exposure to food ads has decreased in the past few years for young children,it has increased for adolescents.\n\n", "In 2009, the fast-food industry alone spent $4.2 billion on advertising in all media. A study of 50 000 ads from 2003–2004 on 170 top-rated shows found that 98% of food ads seen by children aged 2 to 11 years and nearly 90% of food ads seen by teenagers are for products that are high in fat, sugar, and/or sodium and low in nutritional content (junk food).\n\nA newer study of 1638 hours of TV and nearly 9000 food ads found that young people see an average of 12 to 21 food ads per day, for a total of 4400 to 7600 ads per year, yet they see fewer than 165 ads that promote fitness or good nutrition. New technology is enabling advertisers to reach young children and teenagers with a variety of online interactive techniques. \n\nTeenagers' cell phones can be targeted by fast-food companies that can offer teenagers a discount on fast food as they walk by a particular restaurant.\n", "Available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food) and to attempt to influence their parents. \nFood is also unhealthily portrayed in most TV programming and movies.\nMedia clearly play an important role in the current epidemic of childhood and adolescent obesity. The sheer number of advertisements that children and adolescents see for junk food and fast food have an effect. So, too, does the shift away from good nutritional practices that increased media screen time seems to create. Any success in dealing with the current epidemic will require a major change in society's recognition of media exposure as a major risk factor for obesity and in young people's media habits and the advertisements to which they are exposed.\n", "How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time\n\nNational data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006).", "How the Relationship Varies by Gender, Race-Ethnicity, and Age\n\nUsing NHANES data from 1999-2004, one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). Using different analyses with NHANES 1999-2004 data in another study, researchers found no significant trends for income and obesity among children except for a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls (Ogden et al., 2007).\nObesity rates significantly increased with decreased income among White boys and girls in analyses of NHANES 2005-2008 data, but no significant trends with income emerged among Black or Mexican-American boys and girls (Freedman, 2011; Ogden et al., 2010b).\nObesity rates did not differ significantly by poverty status for 12- to 14-year old adolescents based on a large national survey from 1999-2004, but rates were over 50 percent higher among 15- to 17-year-old adolescents in poor families compared to non-poor families (Miech et al., 2006).\nNational data from 1999-2002 revealed that only one significant association emerged between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and obesity rates among 10- to 18-year olds when examining associations by gender and gender-ethnicity (Wang & Zhang, 2006). The one significant association: Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES.", "ow the Relationship Has Changed Over Time\n\nIn one of the first national studies to examine SES (based on educational level) and obesity disparities over time (1971 to 2000), the association between higher BMI and lower SES as well as greater obesity and lower SES weakened over three decades among most gender and ethnic groups, especially among women, even though overall obesity prevalence increased substantially (Zhang & Wang, 2004). In addition, across gender-racial categories, the high-SES group experienced the highest rates of increase in obesity over time.\nNational data indicate that obesity rates increased at all income levels between 1971 and 2002, but the poor did not necessarily experience the largest increases during this time period (Chang & Lauderdale, 2005).\nAccording to one recent nationally representative sample, obesity prevalence was higher in lower income and education groups, but the rate of increase in obesity over two decades was faster for higher income and education groups (Singh et al., 2011). For instance, between 1992 and 2008, obesity prevalence increased by 42.3 percent for the lower income group compared to 88.5 percent for the higher income group.\nNHANES data from 1971 to 2002 indicate that rates of obesity increased among both the poor and non-poor over a 30 year period, and those rates of obesity were 5.1 to 6.5 percentage points higher among the poor compared to the non-poor (Jollife, 2011). However, this relationship between obesity and poverty appears to no longer exist as more recent NHANES data (2003 to 2006) suggest no difference in obesity rates between the two groups. In addition, rates of obesity increased by 62 percent among the poor and by 155 percent among the non-poor from 1971 to 2006.", "The Relationship Based on General Trends\n\nObesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.\nRates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009).\nIn California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).", "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time.\n\nThe studies below highlight some of the more recent research on the complicated relationship between obesity and poverty. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese.\n\nNote that other sections of the FRAC website describe the relationship between food insecurity and obesity (see the section on the Relationship Between Hunger and Overweight or Obesity) as well as potential explanations for the relationship between low-income, food insecurity, and obesity (see the section on Why Low-Income and Food Insecure People are Vulnerable to Overweight and Obesity).", "The Relationship Based on General Trends\n\nBased on a large national study, body mass index (or BMI, an indicator of excess body fat) was higher every year between 1986 and 2002 among adults in the lowest income group and the lowest education group than among those in the highest income and education groups, respectively (Truong & Sturm, 2005).\nWages were inversely related to BMI and obesity in a nationally representative sample of more than 6,000 adults meaning, those with low wages had increased BMI as well as increased chance of being obese (Kim & Leigh, 2010).", "How the Relationship Varies by Gender and Race-Ethnicity\n\nIn a recent review of the scientific literature published between 1988 and 2004, 63 percent of reviewed studies of women in industrialized countries found that women with lower SES were more likely to have a larger body size (McLaren, 2007). Such a relationship was less consistent for men.\nA national study using 1999-2004 data also observed higher obesity rates at lower income levels among all women and White women, but higher obesity rates at higher income levels among Mexican-American men (Ogden et al., 2007). No significant trends emerged among all men, Black women, or other gender-racial sub-groups.\nAccording to 2005-2008 national data, obesity rates tended to increase with decreased income among women, but this trend was only significant for White women (not Black or Mexican-American women) (Freedman, 2011; Ogden et al., 2010a). Among men, obesity rates were fairly similar across income groups or tended to be higher at higher levels of income. In fact, among Black and Mexican-American men, those with higher income were significantly more likely to be obese than those with low-income.\nPooling national data from more than 30 years, White and Black women consistently experienced higher BMI at lower income levels, although this association was more modest at some time points than others (Chang & Lauderdale, 2005). In recent years, and in contrast to women and White men, Black and Mexican-American men experienced higher BMIs with higher incomes.", "A poor diet may have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy and kwashiorkor; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome; and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.\n", "There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water.\n\nThese nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients include carbohydrates (including fiber), fats, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy.\nMost foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g., the fat soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both absolutely required) will cause illness or even death in excessive amounts.\n", "Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. As methods to determine body fat directly are difficult, the diagnosis of obesity is often based on BMI. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern.[1] The term overweight rather than obese is often used in children as it is less stigmatizing.[2] In order to prevent or reverse obesity in children it is necessary to perform a population wide reassessment of the calorie intake as well as activity recommendation due to the sedimentary lifestyle of children nowadays.[3]", "Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010.[61] Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.[2]\n", "A study of 1800 children aged 2 to 12 in Colac, Australia tested a program of restricted diet (no carbonated drinks or sweets) and increased exercise.\nInterim results included a 68% increase in after school activity programs, 21% reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.[68]\n\nA survey carried out by the American Obesity Association into parental attitudes towards their children's weight showed the majority of parents think that recess should not be reduced or replaced.\nAlmost 30% said that they were concerned with their child's weight.\n35% of parents thought that their child's school was not teaching them enough about childhood obesity, and over 5% thought that childhood obesity was the greatest risk to their child's long term health.[69]\n\nA Northwestern University study indicates that inadequate sleep has a negative impact on a child's performance in school, their emotional and social welfare, and increases their risk of being overweight.\nThis study was the first nationally represented, longitudinal investigation of the correlation between sleep, Body Mass Index (BMI) and overweight status in children between the ages of 3 and 18.\nThe study found that an extra hour of sleep lowered the children's risk of being overweight from 36% to 30%, while it lessened older children's risk from 34% to 30%.[70]\n", "Calorie-dense, prepared snacks are available in many locations frequented by children.\nAs childhood obesity has become more prevalent, snack vending machines in school settings have been reduced by law in a small number of localities.\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.[36] Eating at fast food restaurants is very common among young people with 75% of 7th to 12th grade students consuming fast food in a given week.[37] The fast food industry is also at fault for the rise in childhood obesity.\nThis industry spends about $4.2 billion on advertisements aimed at young children.\nMcDonald's alone has thirteen websites that are viewed by 365,000 children and 294,000 teenagers each month.\nIn addition, fast food restaurants give out toys in children's meals, which helps to entice children to buy the fast food.\nForty percent of children ask their parents to take them to fast food restaurants on a daily basis.\nTo make matters worse, out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children's menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children.[38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity.[39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population.[40]\n\nWhole milk consumption verses 2% milk consumption in children of one to two years of age had no effect on weight, height, or body fat percentage.\nTherefore, whole milk continues to be recommended for this age group.\nHowever the trend of substituting sweetened drink for milk has been found to lead to excess weight gain.", "There are no medications currently approved for the treatment of obesity in children. Orlistat and sibutramine may however be helpful in managing moderate obesity in adolescence.[51] Sibutramine is approved for adolescents older than 16. It works by altering the brain's chemistry and decreasing appetite. Orlistat is approved for adolescents older than 12. It works by preventing the absorption of fat in the intestines.[62]\n", "The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those who have type 2 diabetes).\n", "Weight loss surgery in those who are obese is an effective measure to treat diabetes.\nMany are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased.\nThere however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.\nThe body mass index cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.\nIt is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.\n", "There are several classes of anti-diabetic medications available.\nMetformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment as there is some evidence that it decreases mortality; however, this conclusion is questioned.\nA second oral agent of another class may be used if metformin is not sufficient.[52] Other classes of medications include: sulfonylureas, nonsulfonylurea secretagogues, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.\nRosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, has not be found to improve long term outcomes even though it improves blood sugar levels.[54] Additionally it is associated with increased rates of heart disease and death.\nMetformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems.\nInjections of insulin may either be added to oral medication or used alone.\n", "Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e. insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e. heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e. cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.\n", "Various developmental factors may affect rates of obesity. Breast-feeding for example may protect against obesity in later life with the duration of breast-feeding inversely associated with the risk of being overweight later on.[51] A child's body growth pattern may influence the tendency to gain weight. Researchers measured the standard deviation (SD [weight and length]) scores in a cohort study of 848 babies. They found that infants who had an SD score above 0.67 had catch up growth (they were less likely to be overweight) compared to infants who had less than a 0.67 SD score (they were more likely to gain weight).[52]\n\nA child's weight may be influenced when he/she is only an infant. A nationally representative sample of US preschoolers found that infants whose early weight status was normal tended to retain a normal weight status and not to develop an unfavorable status (at-risk, obese). In contrast, children who were obese at an early age were more likely to have an at-risk or obese weight category at a later age.[53] Researchers also did a cohort study on 19,397 babies, from their birth until age seven and discovered that fat babies at four months were 1.38 times more likely to be overweight at seven years old compared to normal weight babies. Fat babies at the age of one were 1.17 times more likely to be overweight at age seven compared to normal weight babies.[54]\n", "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in metres, exceeds 30 kg/m2.\n\nObesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.\n", "The first problems to occur in obese children are usually emotional or psychological.[6] Childhood obesity however can also lead to life-threatening conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders.[7][8] Some of the other disorders would include liver disease, early puberty or menarche, eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, skin infections, and asthma and other respiratory problems.[9] Asthma severity is not affected by obesity however.[10] Overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults.[8] Obesity during adolescence has been found to increase mortality rates during adulthood.[11]\n\nObese children often suffer from teasing by their peers.[12][13] Some are harassed or discriminated against by their own family.[13] Stereotypes abound and may lead to low self-esteem and depression.[14]\n\nA 2008 study has found that children who are obese have carotid arteries which have prematurely aged by as much as thirty years as well as abnormal levels of cholesterol.[15]\n\nChildren who are obese are likely to be obese as adults. Thus, they are more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.[19] According to an article in the New York Times all of these health effects are contributing to a shorter lifespan of five years for these obese children. It is the first time in two centuries that the current generation of children in America may have a shorter life span than their parents.", "Most people do not initially need insulin.\nWhen it is used, a long-acting formulation is typically added at night, with oral medications being continued.\nDoses are then increased to effect (blood sugar levels being well controlled).\nWhen nightly insulin is insufficient twice daily insulin may achieve better control.\nThe long acting insulins glargine and detemir are equally safe and effective, and do not appear much better than neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, but as they are significantly more expensive, they are not cost effective.\nIn those who are pregnant insulin is generally the treatment of choice.\n", "Management of type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range.[8] Self-monitoring of blood glucose for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was recommended by the British National Health Service in 2008, however the benefit of self monitoring in those not using multi-dose insulin is questionable.\nManaging other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and microalbuminuria, improves a person's life expectancy.[8] Intensive blood pressure management (less than 130/80 mmHg) as opposed to standard blood pressure management (less than 140–160/85–100 mmHg) results in a slight decrease in stroke risk but no effect on overall risk of death.\n", "The rate of overweight and obesity in Brazilian children increased from 4% in the 1980s to 14% in the 1990s.[63] In 2007 the prevalence of children overweight and childhood obesity was 11.1% and 2.7% in girls, 8.2% and 1.5% in boys, respectively.[64]\n", "Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise.\nIntensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half.\nThe benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.\nEvidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone, however, is limited, with some evidence for a diet high in green leafy vegetables and some for limiting the intake of sugary drinks.\nIn those with impaired glucose tolerance, diet and exercise either alone or in combination with metformin or acarbose may decrease the risk of developing diabetes.\nLifestyle interventions are more effective than metformin.\n", "Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices. Two examples are calorie count laws and banning soft drinks from sale at vending machines in schools.\n", "The effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine.\nA three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counsellings failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group.\nThis was partly due to the fact that even though the children believed they were eating less their actual calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention.\nAt the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups.\nThis occurred even though dietary fat intake decreased from 34% to 27%.[33] A second study of 5,106 children showed similar results.\nEven though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI.[34] Why these studies did not bring about the desired effect of curbing childhood obesity has been attributed to the interventions not being sufficient enough.\nChanges were made primarily in the school environment while it is felt that they must occur in the home, the community, and the school simultaneously to have a significant effect.[30]\n\nCalorie-rich drinks and foods are readily available to children.\nConsumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity.\nIn a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day.\n", "Intensive blood sugar lowering (HbA1c<6%) as opposed to standard blood sugar lowering (HbA1c of 7–7.9%) does not appear to change mortality.\nThe goal of treatment is typically an HbA1c of less than 7% or a fasting glucose of less than 6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL) however these goals may be changed after professional clinical consultation, taking into account particular risks of hypoglycemia and life expectancy.\nIt is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.\nTreating gum disease in those with diabetes may result in a small improvement in blood sugar levels.\n", "Many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.\nTechnology has a large factor on the children's activeness.\nResearchers provided a technology questionnaire to 4,561 children, ages 14, 16, and 18.\nThey discovered children were 21.5% more likely to be overweight when watching 4+ hours of TV per day, 4.5% more likely to be overweight when using a computer one or more hours per day, and unaffected by potential weight gain from playing video games.[44] A randomized trial showed that reducing TV viewing and computer use can decrease age-adjusted BMI; reduced calorie intake was thought to be the greatest contributor to the BMI decrease.[45]\n\nTechnological activities are not the only household influences of childhood obesity.\nLow-income households can affect a child's tendency to gain weight.\nOver a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 11–12.\nThey measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children.[46]\n\nChildhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages.\nIn a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary.\nOne factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.[47]\n", "Physical inactivity of children has also shown to be a serious cause, and children who fail to engage in regular physical activity are at greater risk of obesity.\nResearchers studied the physical activity of 133 children over a three-week period using an accelerometer to measure each child's level of physical activity.\nThey discovered the obese children were 35% less active on school days and 65% less active on weekends compared to non-obese children.\n\nPhysical inactivity as a child could result in physical inactivity as an adult.\nIn a fitness survey of 6,000 adults, researchers discovered that 25% of those who were considered active at ages 14 to 19 were also active adults, compared to 2% of those who were inactive at ages 14 to 19, who were now said to be active adults.[43] Staying physically inactive leaves unused energy in the body, most of which is stored as fat.\nResearchers studied 16 men over a 14 day period and fed them 50% more of their energy required every day through fats and carbohydrates.\nThey discovered that carbohydrate overfeeding produced 75–85% excess energy being stored as body fat and fat overfeeding produced 90–95% storage of excess energy as body fat.", "A proper diet and exercise are the foundations of diabetic care, with a greater amount of exercise yielding better results.\nAerobic exercise leads to a decrease in HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity.\nResistance training is also useful and the combination of both types of exercise may be most effective.\nA diabetic diet that promotes weight loss is important.\nWhile the best diet type to achieve this is controversial a low glycemic index diet has been found to improve blood sugar control.\nCulturally appropriate education may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels, for up to six months at least.\nIf changes in lifestyle in those with mild diabetes has not resulted in improved blood sugars within six weeks, medications should then be considered.\n", "Children's food choices are also influenced by family meals. Researchers provided a household eating questionnaire to 18,177 children, ranging in ages 11–21, and discovered that four out of five parents let their children make their own food decisions. They also discovered that compared to adolescents who ate three or fewer meals per week, those who ate four to five family meals per week were 19% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 22% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 19% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods. Adolescents who ate six to seven family meals per week, compared to those who ate three or fewer family meals per week, were 38% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 31% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 27% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods.[48] The results of a survey in the UK published in 2010 imply that children raised by their grandparents are more likely to be obese as adults than those raised by their parents.[49] An American study released in 2011 found the more mothers work the more children are more likely to be overweight or obese.[50]\n", "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. \nThe diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. \n", "Since the onset of the 21st Century, Australia has found that childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. Information garnered has concluded that the increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n", "Exclusive breast-feeding is recommended in all newborn infants for its nutritional and other beneficial effects.[51] Parents could change the diet and lifestyle of their offspring by offering appropriate food portions, increasing physical activity, and keeping sedentary behaviors at a minimum. This may also decrease the obesity levels in children.[61]\n", "The rate of overweight and obesity among Canadian children has increased dramatically in recent years. In boys, the rate increased from 11% in 1980s to 30% in 1990s.[63]", "Body mass index (BMI) is acceptable for determining obesity for children two years of age and older.[4] The normal range for BMI in children vary with age and sex. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. It has published tables for determining this in children.[5]", "Type 2 diabetes is initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification.\nIf blood glucose levels are not adequately lowered by these measures, medications such as metformin or insulin may be needed.\nIn those on insulin, there is typically the requirement to routinely check blood sugar levels.\n\nRates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly over the last 50 years in parallel with obesity: As of 2010 there are approximately 285 million people with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985.\nLong-term complications from high blood sugar can include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy where eyesight is affected, kidney failure which may require dialysis, and poor circulation in the limbs leading to amputations.\nThe acute complication of ketoacidosis, a feature of type 1 diabetes, is uncommon.\nHowever, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma may occur.\n", "The rate of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has nearly tripled between the early 1980s and 2000. It has however not changed significantly between 2000 and 2006 with the most recent statistics showing a level just over 17 percent.[65] In 2008, the rate of overweight and obese children in the United States was 32%, and had stopped climbing.[66] In 2011, a national cohort study of infants and toddlers found that nearly one-third of US children were overweight or obese at 9 months and 2 years old.[67] Infant weight status was strongly associated with preschool weight status.[53]\n", "Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.[2] This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.[3] The classic symptoms are excess thirst, frequent urination, and constant hunger.\nType 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes.\nObesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.\n", "Cushing's syndrome (a condition in which the body contains excess amounts of cortisol) may also influence childhood obesity. Researchers analyzed two isoforms (proteins that have the same purpose as other proteins, but are programmed by different genes) in the cells of 16 adults undergoing abdominal surgery. They discovered that one type of isoform created oxo-reductase activity (the alteration of cortisone to cortisol) and this activity increased 127.5 pmol mg sup when the other type of isoform was treated with cortisol and insulin. The activity of the cortisol and insulin can possibly activate Cushing's syndrome.[55]\n\nHypothyroidism is a hormonal cause of obesity, but it does not significantly affect obese people who have it more than obese people who do not have it. In a comparison of 108 obese patients with hypothyroidism to 131 obese patients without hypothyroidism, researchers discovered that those with hypothyroidism had only 0.077 points more on the caloric intake scale than did those without hypothyroidism.[56]\n", "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.\nWhile some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not.\nA lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes.\nThis is believed to act through its effect on metabolism.\nThe nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation.\n", "Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.\n", "Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.\n", "Researchers surveyed 1,520 children, ages 9–10, with a four-year follow up and discovered a positive correlation between obesity and low self-esteem in the four-year follow up. They also discovered that decreased self-esteem led to 19% of obese children feeling sad, 48% of them feeling bored, and 21% of them feeling nervous. In comparison, 8% of normal weight children felt sad, 42% of them felt bored, and 12% of them felt nervous.[57] Stress can influence a child's eating habits. Researchers tested the stress inventory of 28 college females and discovered that those who were binge eating had a mean of 29.65 points on the perceived stress scale, compared to the control group who had a mean of 15.19 points.[58] This evidence may demonstrate a link between eating and stress.\n\nFeelings of depression can cause a child to overeat. Researchers provided an in-home interview to 9,374 adolescents, in grades seven through 12 and discovered that there was not a direct correlation with children eating in response to depression. Of all the obese adolescents, 8.2% had said to be depressed, compared to 8.9% of the non-obese adolescents who said they were depressed.[59] Antidepressants, however, seem to have very little influence on childhood obesity. Researchers provided a depression questionnaire to 487 overweight/obese subjects and found that 7% of those with low depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.3, 27% of those with moderate depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.7, and 31% of those with major depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.2.[60]\n", "Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic.\nIf one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%.\nAs of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes.[17] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease.\nThe TCF7L2allele, for example, increases the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times and is the greatest risk of the common genetic variants.\nMost of the genes linked to diabetes are involved in beta cell functions.\n\nThere are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes or \"other specific types of diabetes\").\nThese include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, among others.[4] Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.\n", "Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.\nThis is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of hospitalizations.\nIn the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure.\nIt has also been associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia through disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.Other complications include: acanthosis nigricans, sexual dysfunction, and frequent infections.\n", "BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age.[13] A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight.\nRecent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.[14]", "A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual's body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The weight excess or deficiency may, in part, be accounted for by body fat (adipose tissue) although other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI significantly (see discussion below and overweight). The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese.[12] These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories", "Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\nSome studies have focused upon inheritance patterns without focusing upon specific genes. One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight.\n", "A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including: obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than thirty), lack of physical activity, poor diet, stress, and urbanization.\nExcess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.\nThose who are not obese often have a high waist–hip ratio.\n\nDietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.\nConsumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk.\nThe type of fats in the diet are also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk.\nEating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk.\nA lack of exercise is believed to cause 7% of cases.\n", "he body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.\nDevised between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\",[2] it is defined as the individual's body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2.\nBMI can also be determined using a table[3] or from a chart which displays BMI as a function of mass and height using contour lines, or colors for different BMI categories. Such charts can easily allow two different sets of units of measurement to be used, which is often useful.[4]\nThe BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual's body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.\nDespite a wide range of other, differently calculated, ratios having been proposed,[5] none have yet been as widely adopted.", "Obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese as adults.\nFor example, one study found that approximately 80% of children who were overweight at aged 10–15 years were obese adults at age 25 years.\nAnother study found that 25% of obese adults were overweight as children.\nThe latter study also found that if overweight begins before 8 years of age, obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.[71]\n\nA study has also found that tackling childhood obesity will not necessarily lead to eating disorders later in life.[72]\n\nA review of secular trends in the number of overweight or obese children have come to the conclusion that prevalence had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas.\nPrevalence doubled or tripled between the early 1970s and late 1990s in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, the UK, and the USA.\nBy 2010, more than 40% of children in the North American and eastern Mediterranean WHO regions, 38% in Europe, 27% in the western Pacific, and 22% in southeast Asia were predicted to be overweight or obese.\nHowever, that 2006 review pre-dates recent data, which, although still too soon to be certain, suggest that the increase in childhood obesity in the USA, the UK, and Sweden might be abating.", "BMI Prime, a simple modification of the BMI system, is the ratio of actual BMI to upper limit BMI (currently defined at BMI 25). As defined, BMI Prime is also the ratio of body weight to upper body weight limit, calculated at BMI 25. Since it is the ratio of two separate BMI values, BMI Prime is a dimensionless number, without associated units. Individuals with BMI Prime less than 0.74 are underweight; those between 0.74 and 1.00 have optimal weight; and those at 1.00 or greater are overweight. BMI Prime is useful clinically because individuals can tell, at a glance, by what percentage they deviate from their upper weight limits. For instance, a person with BMI 34 has a BMI Prime of 34/25 = 1.36, and is 36% over his or her upper mass limit. In South East Asian and South Chinese populations (see international variation section below) BMI Prime should be calculated using an upper limit BMI of 23 in the denominator instead of 25. Nonetheless, BMI Prime allows easy comparison between populations whose upper limit BMI values differ.[11]", "While the formula previously called the Quetelet Index for BMI dates to the 19th century, the new term \"body mass index\" for the ratio and its popularity date to a paper published in the July edition of 1972 in the Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys, which found the BMI to be the best proxy for body fat percentage among ratios of weight and height;[6][7] the interest in measuring body fat being due to obesity becoming a discernible issue in prosperous Western societies. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis.\n'BMI' provides a simple numeric measure of a person's thickness or thinness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.[8] For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese.\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels. In comparison, the Ponderal index is based on this natural scaling of mass with the third power of the height. However, many taller people are not just \"scaled up\" short people, but tend to have narrower frames in proportion to their height. Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height (an exponent of 2, as the BMI does) or cubing the body height (an exponent of 3, as the Ponderal index does), it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7[9] (as originally noted by Quetelet). (For a theoretical basis for such values see MacKay.[10])", "There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes.\nSome of the medications include: glucocorticoids, thiazides, beta blockers, atypical antipsychotics, and statins.\nThose who have previously had gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.\nOther health problems that are associated include: acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and certain cancers such as glucagonomas.\nTestosterone deficiency is also associated with type 2 diabetes.\n", "Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination.[21][22][23][24][25] “Obesogenic environment” is the medical term set aside for this mixture of elements.[26] The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics.[27] Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type.\n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. As such obesity is a major feature of a number of rare genetic conditions that often present in childhood: Prader-Willi syndrome with an incidence between 1 in 12,000 and 1 in 15,000 live births is characterized by hyperphagia and food preoccupations which leads to rapid weight gain in those affected; Bardet-Biedl syndrome MOMO syndrome; Leptin receptor mutations; Congenital leptin deficiency; Melanocortin receptor mutations\n\nIn children with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before ten years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor a single locus mutation.[29] One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight.[1][30] The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies from 6% to 85% depending on the population examined.", "It's possible that other factors are at work, Biro said, including various environmental chemicals that can disrupt hormone activity, such as certain pesticides and plasticizers.\nLack of exercise and childhood diets that are low in fiber and high in meat and dairy also have been suspected of contributing to earlier puberty.\nBut none of those suspicions has yet been proven.\nVuguin said research like this is important for doctors because they need to keep evaluating what \"normal\" development is.\nThere is a difference between relatively earlier puberty and what doctors call \"precocious puberty\" -- which can have consequences such as stunted growth because the bones stop maturing earlier than normal.\nTraditionally, Vuguin said, precocious puberty has been defined as signs of puberty -- including breast development -- before the age of 8 in girls.\nDoctors may use hormonal medications to treat it.\n\"But if you have, for example, an obese African-American girl who is developing breasts at the age of 7, that might be 'normal' now,\" Vuguin said.\n\"I think there is starting to be a shift in how we're looking at this: Should we treat it, or let it be? It's complicated.\"", "The findings are based on 1,200 girls from three U.S. cities who were followed between 2004 and 2011.\nBlack girls started developing breasts around age 8, while Hispanic, white and Asian girls typically started at age 9.\nWhen Biro's team compared their findings with the 1997 study, they found that white girls were clearly maturing faster in recent years.\nTwenty-one percent had started developing breasts before age 9, versus 11 percent in the earlier study, for example.\nBlack girls seemed to be developing earlier too: 22 percent started before age 8, versus 15 percent in 1997.\nBut that difference was not significant in statistical terms, Biro said.\n\"What seems to be happening is that white girls are 'catching up' with black girls,\" he said.\nFrom the data, it appeared that increasing body weight accounted for much of the difference between the two studies, Biro said.\nBut excess pounds did not tell the whole story, he said.", "Move over, russet potatoes. Theres a new tuber in town. All across America, sweet potatoes are creeping onto menus. Sweet potato fries are nudging traditional fries off restaurant plates.\n\nBoth white and sweet potatoes provide important nutrients such as vitamins C and B6, potassium, and fiber. But sweet potatoes have more of these nutrients. They also bring to the table key nutrients such as calcium and whopping amounts of vitamin A.\n\nOther orange vegetables are nutrient-rich and packed with phytochemicals as well. Carrots are famously high in vitamin A, while butternut and acorn squash are tops in vitamins A and C.", "With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer.\n\nThats just the beginning. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.\n\nIf you are sensitive to small amounts of caffeine, look for the decaf options.", "Obese children are at risk for a number of conditions, including: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Early heart disease, Diabetes, Bone problems, Skin conditions such as heat rash, fungal infections, and acne", "Plus, early puberty has been tied to long-term health risks.\nFor women, an earlier start to menstruation has been linked to a heightened risk of breast cancer.\nIt's not clear why, but some researchers suspect that greater lifetime exposure to estrogen might be one reason.\nBiro said earlier puberty also has been tied to increased risks of high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes in adulthood.\nIt's hard, though, to know whether earlier puberty is to blame since obese kids tend to start puberty earlier, and obese children often become obese adults, he said.\nDr.Patricia Vuguin, a pediatric endocrinologist at the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y., said it's not known if it's the earlier development or the obesity itself that causes the increased risk of those conditions.\nBut it is clear that childhood obesity has consequences, said Vuguin, who was not involved in the study. \"For parents, the message is to pay more attention to a healthy diet and exercise even in a child's early years,\" she said.\n", "The findings, reported online Nov.4 and in the December print issue of the journal Pediatrics, add to evidence that American children are hitting puberty earlier than in decades past.\nThe rising tide of childhood obesity has been suspected as a major cause, but the new study gives more hard data to support the idea.\nBiro said, however, that excess pounds do not seem to be the full explanation.\nAnd it's possible that other factors -- such as diet or chemicals in the environment -- play a role.\nWhy should people worry that puberty is coming sooner now than in years past? There is a concern when young kids look older than they are, and are possibly treated that way, Biro said.\nStudies have found that girls who mature early are more likely to be influenced by older friends, start having sex sooner and have more problems with low self-esteem and depression.\n\"Just because you're developing more quickly physically doesn't mean you're maturing emotionally or socially,\" Biro said.", "Many people believe that they need to take pricey dietary supplements to get all the vitamins and minerals they need. But nutrients work best in your body when you get them the natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere with how your body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral.\n\nFor example, high-dose iron supplements can cause your body to not absorb as much zinc as you may need. And not getting enough zinc can cause problems with some key functions of the immune system. On the other hand, too much zinc can interfere with copper absorption.\n\nAnother problem is that supplements can interact or interfere with medications such as antibiotics and diuretics.\n\n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck. Most of our top 10 are healthy foods that also have hidden benefits. Eat them every day to boost your intake of vitamins, minerals, and other key nutrients that benefit the body and the immune system.", "Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium.", "Youve heard it a million times: The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\nEnter super foods. These are the Michael Jordans of the food world. Theyre packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet.", "Recent animal studies suggest that blueberries may help protect cells from damage and lower inflammation. Blueberries contain many of the vitamins and minerals known to strengthen the immune system, along with key phytochemicals that may help protect against cancer and heart disease.", "There are many ways to involve the entire family in healthy habits, but increasing the family's physical activity is especially important.\nSome ways to accomplish this include:\n\n Lead by example.\nIf your children see that you are physically active and having fun, they are more likely to be active and stay active for the rest of their lives.\n Plan family activities that provide everyone with exercise, like walking, biking, or swimming.\n Be sensitive to your child's needs.\nOverweight children may feel uncomfortable about participating in certain activities.\nIt is important to help your child find physical activities that they enjoy and that aren't embarrassing or too difficult.\n Make an effort to reduce the amount of time you and your family spend in sedentary activities, such as watching TV or playing video games.\n\nWhatever approach parents choose to take regarding an overweight child, the purpose is not to make physical activity and following a healthy diet a chore, but to make the most of the opportunities you and your family have to be active and healthy.", "The best person to determine whether or not your child is overweight is your child's doctor. In determining whether or not your child is overweight, the doctor will measure your child's weight and height and compute his ''BMI,'' or body mass index, to compare this value to standard values. The doctor will also consider your child's age and growth patterns. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. ", "Berries, especially raspberries and strawberries, contain ellagic acid, another phytochemical that may help protect against cancer-causing agents in the diet and the environment.", "Popeye had a point: Its tough to compete with the nutritional muscle of broccoli and spinach. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group.\n\nThese super veggies are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium.\n\nNeed another reason to go green? These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants.", "If you have an overweight child, it is very important that you allow him or her to know that you will be supportive.\nChildren's feelings about themselves often are based on their parents' feelings about them, and if you accept your children at any weight, they will be more likely to feel good about themselves.\nIt is also important to talk to your children about their weight, allowing them to share their concerns with you.\n\nIt is not recommended that parents set children apart because of their weight.\nInstead, parents should focus on gradually changing their family's physical activity and eating habits.\nBy involving the entire family, everyone is taught healthful habits and the overweight child does not feel singled out.\n", "Nuts are one of the most balanced foods on the planet. They offer a good dose of healthy fats along with a smaller amount of protein and carbohydrate. Each type of nut offers a unique profile of minerals, phytochemicals, and types of fat. Walnuts are the highest in plant omega-3s, for example, while Brazil nuts are best for selenium.\n\nMost nuts also contain phytochemicals such as resveratrol and plant sterols, which help lower cholesterol.", "The first step toward shrinking your waistline and getting your BMI in line is to start eating a healthier diet and getting regular exercise. Preventing any further weight gain and slowly reducing weight into a healthier range is an excellent goal. \n\nAnd while you might want to lose more, dropping as little as 5%-10% of your body weight can bring dramatic improvements in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar. \n\nNonas recommends four steps to a healthy lifestyle:\n\nBeing physically active.\nMaking healthy food choices.\nAvoiding overeating.\nScheduling an annual physical examination.\n''These are the vital parts to maintaining a long and healthy life,'' she says.", "To properly measure your waist, no math is needed. Just use a soft tape measure around your bare midsection at your belly button. Find your upper hip bone, and measure around the abdomen above the bone. The tape should be snug, but not dig into your skin.\n\nNonas argues that waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI ''because we do not have good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height.'' She also thinks that properly measuring the waistline is a little more difficult than measuring height and weight.\n\nOne thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. When it comes to evaluating weight and its impact on health, your percentage of body fat, waist circumference, BMI, and physical activity patterns are all important.\n\nThe National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends that health care providers assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions. Combining all of the information provides the best assessment.", "U.S.\ngirls are developing breasts at a younger age compared to years past, and obesity appears to explain a large share of the shift, a new study suggests.\nResearchers found that between 2004 and 2011, American girls typically started developing breasts around the age of 9.\nAnd those who were overweight or obese started sooner -- usually when they were about 8 years old.\nThe numbers are concerning, the researchers said -- especially since the typical age at breast development is younger now than it was in a similar study from 1997.\nThe main reason: Girls are heavier now than they were in the '90s.\n\n\"This is another manifestation of America's high body-mass index,\" said lead researcher Dr.\nFrank Biro, of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.\nBody-mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on a ratio of height to weight.\n", "Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD. \n\nThat's one reason some experts think waist circumference can be a better overall health measurement than BMI.\n\nAnother is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. Some people gain weight in their abdominal regions (the so-called ''apple'' body shape.) Others are ''pear-shaped,'' with excess weight around the hips and buttocks. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\n''Fat around your waist is more biologically active and can do more damage to your body than weight around your hips,\" says Roizen, co-author of You: On a Diet. \"The data show that waist circumference is more reliable and more closely correlated with diseases associated with obesity.''\n\nAccording to the National Institutes of Health, a bigger waist circumference (greater than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women) is linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and heart disease when BMI is 25 to 34.9.", "The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate.", "What's your number -- under 25 or over 35? Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that's on everyone's lips, but it's important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number.\n\nEssentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. \n\nOn the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that's below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern.\n\nMany health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. Or is there a place for both methods?", "Making this one dietary change may significantly improve your health: Switch to whole grains. For example, eat whole grain bread instead of white bread, wild or brown rice instead of white rice, corn tortillas instead of flour tortillas.\n\nSome research has shown that people who eat at least one serving of whole grains a day have a lower risk of heart disease and stroke. Whole grains deliver zinc and selenium, in addition to phytochemicals thought to help protect against heart disease and cancer.", "Fish provides powerful omega-3 fatty acids. Evidence suggests that omega-3s, particularly those coming from fish, may help prevent inflammatory diseases, such as coronary heart disease. Although all fish have some omega-3s, the stars include sardines, salmon, oysters, mackerel, tuna steak, wild rainbow trout, shark steak, albacore tuna, and herring.\n\nFish also offers an essential nutrient thats hard to find in food: vitamin D.\n\nSkip sticks and deep fried fish, and go fresh when possible, two or three times a week.", "BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. \n\n''I think BMI is a very good and easy screening tool,'' says obesity expert, Cathy Nonas, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. \n\nBut while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.\n\nFurther, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. ", "In June 1998, in an effort to make sure doctors, researchers, dietitians, and government agencies were all on the same page, the National Institutes of Health announced its BMI guidelines. They replaced the old life insurance tables as a method to gauge healthy weight.\n\n\nTo calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96. An easier way is to use WebMD's BMI calculator.\n\n(This BMI calculator is for use in the evaluation of adults, not for children.)\n\nAccording to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. ", "Children become overweight and obese for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem. A physical exam and some blood tests can rule out the possibility of a medical condition as the cause for obesity.\nAlthough weight problems run in families, not all children with a family history of obesity will be overweight. Children whose parents or brothers or sisters are overweight may be at an increased risk of becoming overweight themselves, but this can be linked to shared family behaviors such as eating and activity habits.\nA child's total diet and activity level play an important role in determining a child's weight. Today, many children spend a lot time being inactive. For example, the average child spends approximately four hours each day watching television. As computers and video games become increasingly popular, the number of hours of inactivity may increase.", "Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height. Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\nBut apparently not enough doctors check: A government panel renewed a call Monday for every adult to be screened for obesity during checkups, suggesting more physicians should be routinely calculating their patients' BMIs.\n\nAnd when someone crosses the line into obesity, the doctor needs to do more than mention a diet. It's time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help, say the guidelines issued by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.", "Don't assume your weight's OK if the doctor doesn't bring it up.\n\nPatients \"should be asking what their BMI is, and tracking that over time,\" says task force member Dr. David Grossman, medical director for preventive care at the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle.\n\nBy the numbers: A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In between is considered overweight. To calculate yours: . http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/\n\nThe advice sounds like a no-brainer, considering the national anxiety about our growing waistlines. Two-thirds of adults are either overweight or obese. Some 17 percent of children and teens are obese, on the road to diabetes, heart disease and other ailments before they're even grown.", "The task force has recommended adult obesity screening previously, and similar guidelines urge tracking whether youngsters are putting on too many pounds.\n\nYet BMI remains a mystery for many people. A 2010 survey of members of the American Academy of Family Physicians found up to 40 percent of those primary care doctors were computing their patients' BMIs. Surveys show only about a third of obese patients recall their doctor counseling them about weight loss, even though people whose doctors discuss the problem are more likely to do something about it.\n\nDoctors can struggle with the pounds, too, and Johns Hopkins University researchers recently reported that overweight physicians were less likely than skinnier ones to advise their patients about weight loss.", "What about the overweight? The task force said more study is needed on how best to help them.\n\nBut in Reno, Nev., Dr. Andy Pasternak calculates BMI for every patient at his family medicine practice and particularly targets the overweight in their 40s and younger for fitness counseling. He says if they wait until they're heavier or older to get active, arthritis exacerbated by the pounds will be another barrier.\n\nPatients seldom know what their BMI should be, but \"at least twice a day people say, `What should be my optimal weight?'\" Pasternak says.\n\nHe thinks saying to lose 60 pounds is too discouraging: \"What I try to get them to focus on is: How much are you working out? How many servings of vegetables do you get a day?\"", "But many insurance companies don't pay for all the suggested interventions, and comprehensive programs aren't available everywhere, says Dr. Scott Kahan of George Washington University and the STOP Obesity Alliance. He runs a clinic that provides a medical, psychological and nutritional evaluation before tailoring a plan. In other programs, primary care doctors may offer some counseling and send patients to nutritionists or other specialists for extra help.\n\nAnother problem: \"Doctors tend to shoo away people who have obesity. They say, `Don't come back to me and tell me your back hurts or you have acid reflux or high cholesterol until you will do something about it,'\" laments Kahan, who is teaching medical school students to motivate patients.", "Why the reluctance? One reason: Few doctors are trained to treat obesity, they're discouraged by yo-yo dieting but they don't know what to advise, says Dr. Glen Stream, president of the physicians' group. His Spokane, Wash., practice uses electronic medical records that automatically calculate BMI when a patient's height and weight is entered.\n\n\"Our American culture is always looking for an easy fix, a pill for every problem,\" Stream says. \"The updated recommendation is important because it makes clear exactly what doctors should do to help.\"\n\nIn Monday's Annals of Internal Medicine, the task force concluded high-intensity behavioral interventions are the best non-surgical advice for the obese, citing insufficient evidence about lasting effects from weight-loss medications.", "The task force's Grossman says a good program:\n\n_Includes 12 to 26 face-to-face meetings over a year, most in the first few months.\n\n_Makes patients set realistic weight-loss goals. Losing just 5 percent of your initial weight 10 pounds for a 200-pound person can significantly improve health.\n\n_Analyzes what blocks each patient from reaching those goals. Do they eat high-calorie comfort foods to deal with depression? Spend too much time at a desk job?\n\n_Tailors ways to help people integrate physical activity into their daily routine.\n\n_Requires self-monitoring, such as a food diary or a pedometer to track activity.\n\nLast year, Medicare started paying primary care doctors for obesity screening and weight-loss counseling for seniors for a year, including weekly meetings for the first month.", "An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4 18years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption.(2) A reduction in salt intake by 1 g/d was found to be associated with a difference of 100g/day in total fluid and 27 g/d in sugar-sweetened soft drinks. This demonstrates that salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. ", "Almost everyone in the UK (and the rest of the Western world) eats too much salt. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6g a day although many people are eating more than this.\n\nPeople with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g. This can be achieved by simple changes, such as consuming less processed foods and checking product labels before purchase.\n\nTo further reduce your risk of obesity you should make sure you eat at least 5 portions of fruit/vegetables per day, increase the amount of exercise you do (at least 30 minutes, 5 times a week) and reduce the amount of saturated fat, fat, sugar and calories that you eat.", "It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d. A study which analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity.", "Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt makes you thirsty and increases the amount of fluid you drink. 31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks2 which have been shown to be related to childhood obesity.", "Obesity is an increasing problem in the UK. A third of all British adults will be obese by 2012 if current trends continue, equating to 13 million people. Obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index over 30. Male obesity in the UK has increased from 13.2% in 1993 to 23.1% in 2005 while obesity amongst women has increased from 16.4% to 24.8% over the same period.1 Obesity amongst children is also a problem, increasing from 10.9% in 1995 to 18.0% in 2005 amongst boys aged 2-15. Amongst girls of the same age group obesity has increased from 12.0% to 18.1%.", "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. However, those most at risk include ex-smokers, people of black African descent, inactive individuals and children (or adults) who also have a high intake of sugared-soft drinks.", "Obesity is huge health burden and is associated with many health conditions. These include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. In 2002, the direct cost of treating obesity was between 45.8 and 49.0 million pounds and the indirect cost (treating consequences) was around 1 billion pounds", "If a child does not want to do something or does not seem ready, it is best not to push too hard. Just because the child next door can ride his two-wheeler at age 5 does not mean your child should be able to do it too. Children develop skills at different ages. Try not to draw too many comparisons between your child and other children. As long as she is developmentally on target, let her master skills at her own pace. Some children shy away from sports because they are afraid of failure or easily frustrated. Again, you must look to your child for cues and you should provide encouragement, but never force an activity on an unwilling child. Wait 6 months and try again when the child feels more comfortable!\n\nSome Suggested Activities for Ages 6 and Under\nGymnastics (tumbling)\nFour square\nHopscotch\nPlaying Frisbee\nBadminton\nJump/Skipping rope\nSwimming\nKarate\nTag\nKickball\nDancing", "Children should be at least age 7 or 8 before they engage in organized team sports, most experts say. It depends on the child, but many team sports are contact sports, and most children under age 7 are not ready for rough contact. For them, the risk of physical injury is not the only concern. There is also the issue of winning and losing. Emotionally, losing at sports can be very hard, even for adults. At this age, it is more important that children have the chance to play than worry about who won and who lost.\n\nMost experts agree that between the ages of 8 and 12 is the time to introduce competitive sports. Competitive sports include soccer, field hockey, tennis, swimming, gymnastics, basketball, and netball, among others. Parents should be well informed about their child's chosen sport(s), including the proper protective gear to be worn and injury prevention techniques. Coaches can provide most of this information, but it is still a good idea for parents to know, so they can help kids perform well without getting hurt. Using free weights or weight training equipment is not recommended unless a child is following an age-appropriate program and is supervised by a qualified professional. Distance running should be postponed until adolescence. Even then, track programs for lower secondary students (From One to Three) usually limit running distances to 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile at a time. Age appropriateness for these activities varies depending upon the duration and intensity of the activity.\n\nSome Suggested Activities for Ages 7 and Up\nBiking\nKickball\nBasketball / Netball\nField hockey\nSoccer\nWrestling\nTennis/Table-tennis\nLacrosse\nInline skating\nDancing\nMarching", "To improve health and burn fat, people should exercise 30 minutes or more at least three times a week. Most children usually have no problem accomplishing this since their activity levels tend to be higher than adults. But if your children, or perhaps your whole family, is overweight, they may need more exercise. This means aerobic exercise - faster heart rate, increased breathing, muscles working. Aerobic exercise is steady, moderate exercise, not all-out effort. Do not let your child or adolescent (or yourself) overdo it. A good rule is the talk/sing rule: if they are breathing too heavily to sing, but can still talk, the intensity is just about right.", "Consult a health-care professional before beginning any exercise program. To prevent injury, teach your child to exercise safely. Stretching, both before and after exercising, increases flexibility and helps prevent injuries from muscle strain. Proper equipment also safeguards against injury - make sure your child (and you) always wears the appropriate equipment for the activity. Some examples include: goggles or other protective eye wear, helmets for bike safety, mouth guards, elbow and knee pads, groin protectors for boys, and sports bras for older girls.\n\nExercise should stop immediately if you or your child experiences any of the following symptoms:\npain\nfeeling dizzy or faint\nnausea\nsevere fatigue", "Try to concentrate on your child's successes, rather than his/her failures. Your child may not be able to swim well, but she may be a terrific at ballet and basketball. Praise what she does well and provide plenty of opportunities for her to succeed. Introduce new activities, especially if she shows interest. Try to attend your child's games and sports meets as much as possible to encourage him/her and provide support. Whenever possible, parents should participate in fitness activities with their children. When a family rides bicycles or hikes together, parents act as role models and everyone has fun and gets some exercise. What could be better?", "There is no question that exercise is good for growing children, and the earlier they start, the better. But is it advisable for 6-year-olds to play soccer? Should you encourage an uncoordinated child to take up gymnastics? It is important to remember that it is OK if children are not interested in certain sports as long as they pursue activities that help them stay physically fit. The key is finding activities they like to do, that are fun, and that get them moving! And do not overlook the other benefits your child will be receiving from exercise - including learning to share, making friends, and developing self-esteem.", "Aerobic exercise burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. After about 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, the body needs to use its stored fat reserves as fuel. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities:\nbicycling\nswimming\nsoccer\nskating / rollerblading\njogging & running\nkarate\nbasketball\nhockey\nrowing\ntennis / squash / racquetball\nwalking (fast)\nAnaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest. Bodies develop stronger muscles as the result of anaerobic exercise. Although anaerobic exercise does not burn fat, its muscle-building results complement aerobic exercise (and bigger muscles burn bigger calories). Examples of anaerobic exercise include push ups, stomach crunches, pull ups, and lifting weights.", "The kind of exercise that reduces fat is called aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercises include walking, running, swimming, bicycling, and rollerblading. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body's metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!", "Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. Combining proper exercise with a healthy diet is the key to a healthy lifestyle. By understanding what exercises burn fat and teaching your child how to exercise safely, you can instill fun and healthy habits that will last a lifetime. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family.", "At birth, the doctor will likely notice one or more symptoms of MAS, including:\n\n meconium or dark green streaks or stains in the amniotic fluid\n discoloration of the baby's skin — either blue (cyanosis) or green (from being stained by the meconium)\n problems with breathing — including rapid breathing (tachypnea), labored (difficulty) breathing, or suspension of breathing (apnea)\n low heart rate in the baby before birth\n low Apgar score (the Apgar test is given to newborns just after birth to quickly evaluate color, heartbeat, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing)\n limpness in the baby\n postmaturity (signs that a baby is overdue such as long nails)\n", "Although 6% to 25% of babies delivered have meconium-stained amniotic fluid, not all infants who pass meconium during labor and delivery develop MAS. Of the babies who either pass meconium during birth or are delivered having meconium-stained fluid, 2% to 36% either inhale the meconium in utero (while still in the uterus) or with the first breath. Of the infants born with meconium-stained amniotic fluid, 11% of them experience some degree of MAS.\n", "MAS is often related to fetal stress. Fetal stress can be caused by problems in the womb, such as infections, or by difficulties during the labor process. A distressed baby may experience hypoxia (decreased oxygen), which may make the baby's intestinal activity increase and may cause relaxation of the anal sphincter (the muscular valve that controls the passage of feces out of the anus). This relaxation then moves meconium into the amniotic fluid that envelops the baby.\n\nBut meconium passage during labor and delivery isn't always associated with fetal distress. Occasionally, babies who aren't distressed during the birth process pass meconium before birth. In either case, a baby that gasps or inhales meconium can develop MAS.\n", "Every expectant parent hopes for an uncomplicated birth and a healthy baby. But some babies do face delivery room complications. One that may affect a newborn's health is meconium aspiration, also referred to as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Although it can be serious, most cases of MAS are not.\nMAS can happen before, during, or after labor and delivery when a newborn inhales (or aspirates) a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the amniotic sac). Meconium is the baby's first feces, or poop, which is sticky, thick, and dark green and is typically passed in the womb during early pregnancy and again in the first few days after birth.\n", "Babies with MAS may be sent to a special care nursery or a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to be closely monitored for the next few days. Treatments may include:\n\n oxygen therapy by oxygen hood or ventilation\n antibiotics\n use of surfactant\n nitric oxide\n obtaining blood routinely to determine if the baby is receiving enough oxygen\n", "It's important for a pregnant woman to tell her doctor immediately if meconium is present in the amniotic fluid when her water breaks, or if the fluid has dark green stains or streaks. Doctors also use a fetal monitor during labor to observe the baby's heart rate for any signs of fetal distress.\n\nIn some cases doctors may recommend amnioinfusion, the dilution of the amniotic fluid with saline, to wash meconium out of the amniotic sac before the baby has a chance to inhale it at birth.\n", "Current recommendations say that if an infant has inhaled meconium but looks active, appears well, and has a strong heartbeat (>100 bpm), the delivery team can watch the baby for MAS symptoms, which typically appear within the first 24 hours. So the baby is observed for such signs as increased respiratory rate, grunting, or cyanosis.\n", "Although MAS is a frightening complication for parents to face during the birth of their child, the majority of cases are not severe. Most infants are monitored for fetal distress during labor, and doctors pay careful attention to any signs that would indicate meconium aspiration. If it does occur, treatment will begin immediately.\n\nFor most infants who have inhaled meconium, early treatment can prevent further complications and help to reassure anxious new parents.\n", "Most babies with MAS improve within a few days or weeks, depending on the severity of the aspiration. Although a baby's rapid breathing may continue for days after birth, there's usually no severe permanent lung damage. There are studies, however, indicating that those born with MAS are at a higher risk of having reactive airway disease (lungs that are more sensitive and can possibly lead to an asthmatic condition).\n", "For an infant that has inhaled meconium and shows signs of poor activity level, has a lower heart rate (<100 bpm), is limp, and has poor muscle tone, the goal is to clear the airway as much as possible to decrease the amount of meconium that's aspirated. This is done by putting in an endotracheal tube (a plastic tube that's placed into the baby's windpipe through the mouth or nose) and applying suction as the tube is slowly removed. This allows the infant to receive suctioning of both the upper and lower airways. The doctor will continue trying to clear the airway until there's no meconium in the suctioned fluids.\n", "Severely affected babies are at risk for developing chronic lung disease and may also have developmental abnormalities and hearing loss. Babies diagnosed with MAS will be screened at the hospital for hearing problems or neurological damage.\n\nAlthough very rare, severe cases of MAS may be fatal. Studies have indicated that deaths from MAS have decreased significantly through interventions such as suctioning and reducing the number of post-term births.\n", "If a baby is thought to have inhaled meconium, treatment will begin during delivery. If the baby has any depression in breathing, the doctor taking care of the baby will insert a laryngoscope into the baby’s trachea to remove any meconium that might be present. The doctor will also probably listen to the baby's chest with a stethoscope for sounds in the lungs that are common in infants with MAS.\n\nThe doctor may also order tests — a blood test (called a blood gas analysis) that helps determine if the baby is getting enough oxygen and a chest X-ray that can show patches or streaks on the lungs that are found in babies with MAS.\n", "The inhaled meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways. Although air can flow past the meconium trapped in the baby's airways as the baby breathes in, the meconium becomes trapped in the airways when the baby breathes out. And so, the inhaled meconium irritates the baby's airways and makes it difficult to breathe.\n\nMAS can affect the baby's breathing in a number of ways, including chemical irritation to the lung tissue, airway obstruction by a meconium plug, infection, and the inactivation of surfactant by the meconium (surfactant is a natural substance that helps the lungs expand properly).\n", "The severity of MAS depends on the amount of meconium the baby inhales as well as underlying conditions, such as infections within the uterus or postmaturity (when a baby is overdue, or more than 40 weeks' gestational age). Generally, the more meconium a baby inhales, the more serious the condition.\n\nNormally, fluid is moved in and out of only the trachea (the upper portion of the airway) when there's breathing activity in the fetus. Meconium can be inhaled into the lungs when the baby gasps while still in the womb or during the initial gasping breaths after delivery. This gasping typically happens when there has been a problem (i.e., an infection or compression of the umbilical cord) that causes the baby to have difficulty getting enough oxygen in the womb.\n", "Additional risk factors for MAS include:\n\n a difficult delivery\n advanced gestational age (or postmaturity)\n a mother who smokes cigarettes heavily or who has diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), or chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease\n umbilical cord complications\n poor intrauterine growth (poor growth of the baby while in the uterus)\n\nPrematurity is not a risk factor. In fact, MAS is rare in babies born before 34 weeks.\n", "Lack of breastfeeding support.\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity.However, in the United States, while 75% of mothers start out breastfeeding, only 13% of babies are exclusively breastfed at the end of 6 months.\nThe success rate among mothers who want to breastfeed can be improved through active support from their families, friends, communities, clinicians, health care leaders, employers, and policymakers.\nChildren 8—18 years of age spend an average of 7.5 hours a day using entertainment media, including TV, computers, video games, cell phones, and movies.\nOf those 7.5 hours, about 4.5 hours is dedicated to viewing TV.19 Eighty-three percent of children from 6 months to less than 6 years of age view TV or videos about 1 hour and 57 minutes a day.20 TV viewing is a contributing factor to childhood obesity because it may take away from the time children spend in physical activities; lead to increased energy intake through snacking and eating meals in front of the TV; and, influence children to make unhealthy food choices through exposure to food advertisements.", " Childhood obesity has both immediate and long-term effects on health and well-being.\n\n Immediate health effects: Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease.\nImmediate health effects: Obese adolescents are more likely to have prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for development of diabetes.\nImmediate health effects: Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems such as stigmatization and poor self-esteem.\n\nLong-term health effects: Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.6 One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.\nLong-term health effects: Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.", "No safe and appealing place, in many communities, to play or be active.\nMany communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active.\nFor some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available.\nFor many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist.\nHalf of the children in the United States do not have a park, community center, and sidewalk in their neighborhood.\nOnly 27 states have policies directing community-scale design.\ncollage of junk foodLimited access to healthy affordable foods.\nSome people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods.\nSupermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity.\nChoosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.\nGreater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.\n", "High-energy-dense foods are ones that have a lot of calories in each bite.\nA recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\nSugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States.\nHigh consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity.\nOn a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks.\nIncreasing portion sizes.\nPortion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines.\nResearch shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.\n", "There are a variety of environmental factors that determine whether or not the healthy choice is the easy choice for children and their parents. American society has become characterized by environments that promote increased consumption of less healthy food and physical inactivity. It can be difficult for children to make healthy food choices and get enough physical activity when they are exposed to environments in their home, child care center, school, or community that are influenced by–\n\nphoto of children at a lunch tableSugary drinks and less healthy foods on school campuses. About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. Yet, more than half of U.S. middle and high schools still offer sugary drinks and less healthy foods for purchase.2 Students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school throughout the day from vending machines and school canteens and at fundraising events, school parties, and sporting events.\n\nAdvertising of less healthy foods. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students' ability to make healthy food choices. In addition, foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.\n\nVariation in licensure regulations among child care centers. More than 12 million children regularly spend time in child care arrangements outside the home. However, not all states use licensing regulations to ensure that child care facilities encourage more healthful eating and physical activity.\n\nMost adolescents fall short of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommendation of at least 60 minutes of aerobic physical activity each day, as only 18% of students in grades 9—12 met this recommendation in 2007. Daily, quality physical education in school can help students meet the Guidelines. However, in 2009 only 33% attended daily physical education classes.", "Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6\nThe dietary and physical activity behaviours of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries.\nSchools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. Schools also provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors.\n", "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity. It is calculated using a child's weight and height. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but it is a reasonable indicator of body fatness for most children and teens.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls.\n\nCDC Growth Charts are used to determine the corresponding BMI-for-age and sex percentile. For children and adolescents (aged 2—19 years):\n\nOverweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\nObesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.", "Portions have grown dramatically.\nPeople eat more when served bigger portions. \nPortion Size Affects How Much People Consume Today, food-service establishments are offering us a lot more for our money than they used to. And we’re taking them up on it. For example, 20 years ago an average serving of fries was\n2.4 ounces. Today it’s 6.9 ounces. An average cheeseburger had 333 calories. Today it’s 590. To put these calorie increases into perspective, between 1971 and 2000 the average American adult consumed 250 to 300 more calories every day. That adds up to an additional 26 to 31 pounds in just one year. Kids are also getting more calories than they need. Adolescents today eat on average 8 percent more than 30 years ago.\n", "Adults and children are not getting enough physical activity.\n\nFitness and physical activity habits established in childhood are key indicators for health in adulthood. \n\nDespite its many benefits, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they should. The American Heart Association recommends that children and adolescents (up to age 18) get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. \n\nAbout one-third of students in grades 9–12 don’t get recommended levels of physical activity. Furthermore, research suggests that extracurricular physical activity levels consistently decrease from elementary to high school, especially in girls. Research also indicates that most adolescents do not participate in moderate physical activity five or more times per week, and these patterns persist into adulthood.\n\nRecent estimates suggest that more than 50 percent of U.S. adults do not get enough physical activity to provide health benefits and 24 percent are not active at all in their leisure time. Physical activity decreases with age, and is less common among women than men and among those with lower incomes and less education.\n", "In recent decades, Americans have increased their consumption of “added sugars,” which are found in carbonated soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks and many processed foods.\nAdded sugars\nare a common source of “empty calories” because they have little or no nutritional value but contribute additional calories to a food or beverage.\nSugar-sweetened beverages are a major contributor of added sugars to American diets.\nIt is estimated that soft drink consumption alone currently accounts for one-third of added sugar intake in the United States.\n\nConsumption of sweetened beverages has been linked to childhood obesity.\n", " Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 4–6 months after birth. Try to maintain breast-feeding for 12 months. Transition to other sources of nutrients should begin at about 4–6 months of age to ensure sufficient micronutrients in the diet.\n Delay introducing 100 percent juice until at least 6 months of age and limit to no more than 4–6 oz/day. Juice should only be fed from a cup.\n Don't overfeed infants and young children — they can usually self-regulate the amount of calories they need each day. Children shouldn't be forced to finish meals if they aren't hungry as they often vary caloric intake from meal to meal.\n Introduce healthy foods and keep offering them if they're initially refused. Don't introduce foods without overall nutritional value simply to provide calories.\n", "Breakfast really may be the most important meal of the day. Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nMost Americans consume more than double the amount of their daily recommended level of sodium (salt).\n", "Serve a variety of fruits and vegetables daily, while limiting juice intake.\nEach meal should contain at least 1 fruit or vegetable.\nChildren’s recommended fruit intake ranges from 1 cup/day, between ages 1 and 3, to 2 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy.\nRecommended vegetable intake ranges from ¾ cup a day at age one to 3 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy.\n Introduce and regularly serve fish as an entrée.\nAvoid commercially fried fish.\n Serve fat-free and low-fat dairy foods.\nFrom ages 1–8, children need 2 cups of milk or its equivalent each day.\nChildren ages 9–18 need 3 cups.\n Don’t overfeed.\nEstimated calories needed by children range from 900/day for a 1-year-old to 1,800 for a 14–18-year-old girl and 2,200 for a 14–18-year-old boy.\n", "Most Americans do not eat enough fruits and vegetables. According to a 2007 national study, three out of four American adults are not getting at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day.\n(The daily recommendation is eight to nine servings, based on a 2000 calorie diet!).\n\nChildren are not getting enough fruits and vegetables either. Fewer than one in 10 high school students get the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables daily.\n\nFrench fries are the most common source of vegetable consumed by children and make up one-fourth of children’s vegetable intake.\nJuice, which may lack important fiber found in whole fruits, accounts for 40 percent of children’s daily fruit intake.\n", "People eat out more than ever before.\n\nWhen people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home.\n\nAway-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home.\nThe more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults.\n\nEating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk.\n\nThis is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids. In the late 1970s American children ate 17 percent of their meals outside the home and fast food accounted for 2 percent of total energy intake. By the mid-to-late 1990s, 30 percent of meals were eaten outside the home and fast food contributed to 10 percent of overall energy intake. \nBy making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems.\n", "Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\nIn a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods (foods sold outside of the School Meals program including in vending machines, a la carte items, school store/canteen items, etc.) offered in high schools were fried and high in fat.\nThese calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.\n\nSchools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.\n\nAdditionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students’ diets.\n", "Americans are not getting enough milk and dairy products, which are nutrient-rich and an essential part of a healthy diet.\nConsuming adequate amounts of dairy contributes to bone health, helps prevent osteoporosis and may lower the risk of high blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors by helping to control body weight and fat.\n\nIn addition to not consuming enough dairy products overall, children may not be selecting low-fat (1%) or fat-free dairy products, resulting in higher calorie and fat intake.\nIn a 2008 survey that asked middle school students what kind of milk they usually drank, the most common answers were whole milk (40%), chocolate milk (34%), and 2% milk (25.8%).\n", "A recent report revealed that physical education time has declined across many school districts since 2002.\n\nIn some areas, school-based physical activity programs have been completely eliminated.\n\nOnly 3.8 percent of elementary schools, 7.9 percent of middle schools and 2.1 percent of high schools provide daily physical education or its equivalent for the entire school year. Twenty-two percent of schools do not require students to take any physical education at all.\n\nPhysical education is an integral part of developing the “whole” child in social settings and the learning environment.\n", "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don’t meet their nutritional needs.\nA majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables.\nFrench fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children.\nAmericans aren’t just overeating. The foods they’re choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for “empty calorie” foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. \n", "Advertising does affect consumer behavior — in adults and children.\nA dramatic majority of ads targeted at children are for unhealthy products.\nAlmost no advertising dollars are spent marketing healthy products to children.\nAdvertising on television and other forms of electronic media has a massive influence on our lifestyle decisions, particularly young people. It impacts the food preferences, purchase requests and diets of many children and is associated with the increased rates of obesity in this age group.\n\nYoung people see more than 40,000 advertisements per year on television alone, and half (50 percent) of all ad time on children’s television shows is for food.\n\nChildren ages 8–12 see over 50 hours of food advertising a year. Research shows that exposure to food advertisements produces significant increases in calorie intake in all children and the increase is largest in obese children.\nThe overarching conclusions are that, along with many other intersecting factors, food and beverage marketing does influence the diet of children and youth. Current food and beverage marketing practices for children do not promote healthy dietary habits. \n", " Energy (calories) should be adequate to support growth and development and to reach or maintain desirable body weight.\n Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars.\n Keep total fat intake between 30 to 35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years of age and between 25 to 35 percent of calories for children and adolescents 4 to 18 years of age, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts and vegetable oils.Child eating salad\n Choose a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients.\n Eat only enough calories to maintain a healthy weight for your height and build.\nBe physically active for at least 60 minutes a day.\n Serve whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\nLook for “whole grain” as the first ingredient on the food label and make at least half your grain servings whole grain.\nRecommended grain intake ranges from 2 oz./day for a one-year-old to 7 oz./day for a 14–18-year-old boy.", "All children, even less-coordinated ones, need to be physically active. Activity may be particularly helpful for the physical and psychological well-being of children with a weight problem.\n\n Physical activity should be increased by reducing sedentary time (e.g., watching television, playing computer video games or talking on the phone).\n Physical activity should be fun for children and adolescents.\n Parents should try to be role models for active lifestyles and provide children with opportunities for increased physical activity.\n\n All children age 2 and older should participate in at least 60 minutes of enjoyable, moderate-intensity physical activities every day that are developmentally appropriate and varied.\n If your child or children don't have a full 60-minute activity break each day, try to provide at least two 30-minute periods or four 15-minute periods in which they can engage in vigorous activities appropriate to their age, gender and stage of physical and emotional development.\nAll adults ages 18–65 should avoid inactivity and get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity,which may be done with 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity on five days of the week. There are additional guidelines for people age 65 and older, women who are pregnant and those ages 50–64 with chronic conditions or physical functional limitations (e.g., arthritis) that affect movement ability or physical fitness.\n", "Most children get more than the recommended limit of two hours of screen time per day.\n\nLimiting daily screen time to two hours or less has positive health effects.\nAmericans are spending more free time than ever watching television, surfing online or playing video games.\nIn addition to being sedentary while sitting on the sofa, people tend to eat while watching TV. Each one-hour increase in television viewing is associated with an additional 167 calories, often through foods commonly advertised on television.\n\nThe American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children limit “screen time” (TV, video games and computer) to no more than two hours per day. The reality is that American kids are going well over this limit — and it is taking a toll on their health.\nSticking with the recommended two-hour daily TV limit can have a positive effect on children’s health. One study of overweight children ages 4 to 7 found that limiting TV and computer time to less than two hours a day helped reduce caloric intake, sedentary behavior and body mass index over a two-year period.\n", "Child care settings are also important environments for forming good health habits around children’s health habits.\nPoor diet and physical inactivity at an early age increases the chance for developing serious health problems.\nPreschool children are consuming too many high calorie, sweetened beverages and foods with low in nutrients.\n\nA recent study of children in the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Feeding Program found that on average, children spent more than twice as much time watching television and using computers than being physically active.\nDespite economic pressure and a focus on test scores, it is possible and productive for schools to foster healthy lifestyle skills for students and staff.\nIn fact, schools that do so often see improved test scores, fewer behavioral problems, increased financial benefits and happier and healthier students and staff.\nStudies have shown that normal-weight children have higher scholastic achievement, less absenteeism and higher physical fitness levels than their obese counterparts.\n", "A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism.\n\nThe researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood.\n\nThe findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation.\n\nScientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily.\n\nContinue reading the main story\n\nStart Quote\n\nIt slows the ability to burn calories and that's important as it's a new explanation for obesity\n\nProf Sadaf Farooqi\nUniversity of Cambridge\nBut they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients.\n\nSome had mutated versions of KSR2.\n\nIt had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism.\n\n\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC.\n\nShe added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that's important as it's a new explanation for obesity.\"", "KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories.\n\nProf Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body.\n\nShe said less than 1% of people had mutated versions of the gene and some would be a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene.\n\nHowever, if drugs could be developed to target problems with KSR2, then it might be beneficial to anyone who is too fat.\n\n\"Other genetic disorders, such as in blood pressure, have shown that even where there's a normal gene, targeting the pathway can still help,\" Prof Farooqi said.\n\nThe amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.\n\nObesity can run in families. The other obesity genes that have been discovered tend to affect appetite.\n\nPeople have two copies of the FTO gene - one from each parent - and each copy comes in a high- and a low-risk form. Those with two-high risk copies of the FTO gene are thought to be 70% more likely to become obese than those with low-risk genes.\n\nIt makes fatty foods more tempting and alters levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin.\n\nDr Katarina Kos, from the University of Exeter Medical School, said: \"It is an exciting and interesting breakthrough, this is a new pathway predisposing people to obesity.\n\n\"But it does exist in obese and lean people so you still need the obesogenic environment.\"", " Parents already worry about television's influence on their kids' behavior. Now, if a new study is right, they may have to start worrying about its influence on their kids' weight and health too.\n\nA new report out today from The Kaiser Family Foundation of Menlo Park, Calif., summarizes a year of research from the United States and Europe about the role the media play in childhood obesity. And the study concludes obesity is linked to the amount of time children spend watching television and videos, using the Internet and playing computer and video games.\n\nChildren spend an average of 5 ½ hours a day using these media, more time than is spent on any other activity except sleeping, the study notes.\n\nOne study cited, which looked at adolescents aged 12 to 17, found the prevalence of obesity increased by 2 percent for every hour of television viewed. \n", " Not surprisingly, Kaiser said reducing the time children spend watching television and other media was found to be an effective way to address childhood obesity because it encourages children to play outdoors and engage in other, more physical activities.\n\nAmong Kaiser's recommendations for moderating the media's role in childhood obesity:\n\nPlace limits on advertising aimed at preschoolers.\n\nEliminate cross-promotions between cartoon characters and unhealthy food products.\n\nProvide \"equal time\" for messages on nutrition and fitness aimed at children.\n", " Children are also strongly influenced by advertisements promoting food and drinks, Kaiser maintains.\nAccording to one study cited, 72 percent of all children's ads are for candy, cereal and fast food.\nEven the classroom advertising seen on the school service Channel One features candy, soft drinks, fast foods and snacks in seven out of 10 ads.\n\nAds strongly influence the buying habits of children and their parents, Kaiser says.\nThree out of four requests for grocery items made by children were for products advertised on television, found one study cited in the report.\n\nTV and movie characters' role in children's food choices also come under Kaiser's scrutiny.\nFigures like SpongeBob SquarePants, Scooby-Doo and the Incredible Hulk have all been enlisted in children's food marketing campaigns.\n\n", "Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a condition that occurs when a newborn infant aspirates (or breathes in) a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the mother). Meconium is a newborn infant's first bowel movement, which is sticky, thick and dark green and is typically passed the first few days after birth. For reasons that are not always well understood, the baby will sometimes pass this first bowel movement while the infant is still in the womb. During the birth process the yet-to-be-born baby may breathe in or aspirate this meconium. This aspiration can happen hours before, during or immediately after delivery.\n\nThe aspirated meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways, making it difficult for the infant to breathe and causing irritation or a lung infection. Further, meconium prevents the normal function of an important lung chemical called surfactant, which helps the lungs expand properly. The result of these meconium aspiration effects is a baby with mild, moderate to severe difficulty breathing. \n", "How severe the problem becomes depends primarily on the amount of meconium the baby aspirates, how long before delivery the meconium was aspirated and how soon the problem is discovered and treated.\nThe likelihood of an infant passing meconium before birth increases as the infant nears his or her due date and markedly increases after the due date. Although meconium in the amniotic fluid is not rare, occurring in 8–15% of babies delivered at or near term, the vast majority of infants who pass meconium during labor and delivery do not get MAS.\nNote: MAS is very rare in babies born before 34 weeks. \n", "Many believe that MAS is related to some stress during the labor and delivery process.\n\nSome examples of conditions that may lead the infant to become stressed before birth include:\n\n A mother who is a heavy cigarette smoker or who has diabetes, high blood pressure or other medical condition.\n Poor growth of the baby while in the womb.\n A prolonged or difficult delivery.\n An infant who is significantly past his due date.\n Complications with the umbilical cord or placenta. \n Infection.\n", "The report by the University of Helsinki, which was published in the journal Evolutionary Psychology, warns that children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight. All those sugary treats and ice creams are increasing the rate of childhood obesity, which carries a greater risk of premature death, as well as an increased chance of diabetes and heart disease.\nGrandparents today are older than ever, which means \"their nutritional understanding is from a different era so their simple understanding of what makes children fat is not as developed as that of later generations\".\n\nDr Sigman added: \"People who are older have less energy and are less mobile, so they simply can't be as active with their grandchildren as previous grandparents.\"\n", "Few studies have examined the trends in intrafamilial overweight over 3 generations. In the current study, although parent-declared obesity in one or more grandparent was associated with overweight in children in the univariate analysis, as reported also by Polley et al, this association did not remain significant in the multivariate analysis. Interestingly, however, having at least one diabetic grandparent remained significantly associated with overweight even after accounting for other risk factors. It is plausible that diabetes in grandparents acts here as a proxy for obesity and represents a measure less subject to reporting error. To our knowledge, this finding is novel and underlines the importance of genetics and shared lifestyle practices across generations in affecting body weight in children.\n", "Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years.\nNow, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older.\nMost children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\nType 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.\n", "The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels.\nInitially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children.\n", "A combination of genetic and environmental factors put people at increased risk for type 1 diabetes.\nResearchers are working to identify these factors so that targeted treatments can be designed to stop the autoimmune process that destroys the pancreatic beta-cells.\n", "The increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth is a \"first consequence\" of the obesity epidemic among young people, and is a significant and growing public health problem.\nResults from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using measured heights and weights, indicated that an estimated 16 to 17 percent of chlidren and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years had a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the age-and -sex-specific BMI -- Abount double the number two decades ago.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI and growth curves calculate body fatness in children.\n", "Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors and TEsting Criteria.\nOverweight (BMI >85th percentile for age and gender; weight for height>85th percentile; or weight>120 perCent of ideal for height\n PLUS\nAny two of the following risk factors\n family history of type 2 diabetes in first- or second-degree relative\n race/ethnicity - American Indian, Afriacan American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian American, or PAcific Islander\n signs of insulin resistance or conditions associated with insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or small-for-gestational-age birth weight)\n maternal history of diabetes of GDM during the child's gestation.\n\nAge to begin testing - 10 years old or at onset of puberty if puberty occurs ealier Frequency of testing - every 3 years\n\nTests to use - fasting plasma glucose, A1C, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test\n\nClinical judgement should be used to perform testing in children and adolescents who do not meet the above criteria.\n", "Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.\nThe proteins produced by HLA genes help determine whether the immune system recognizes a cell as part of the body or as foreign material.\nSome combinations of HLA gene variants predict that a person will be at higher risk for type 1 diabetes, while other combinations are protective or have no effect on risk.\n\nWhile HLA genes are the major risk genes for type 1 diabetes, many additional risk genes or gene regions have been found.\nNot only can these genes help identify people at risk for type 1 diabetes, but they also provide important clues to help scientists better understand how the disease develops and identify potential targets for therapy and prevention.\n\nGenetic testing can show what types of HLA genes a person carries and can reveal other genes linked to diabetes.\nHowever, most genetic testing is done in a research setting and is not yet available to individuals.\nScientists are studying how the results of genetic testing can be used to improve type 1 diabetes prevention or treatment.\n", "Physical signs of insulin resistance include acanthosis nigricans, where the skin around the neck or in the armpits appears dark and thick, and feels velvety.\nGirls can have polycystic ovary syndrome with infrequent or absent periods, and excess hair and acne.\nMicroalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors such as abnormal cholesterol and high blood pressure may be present at the time of diagnosis.\n\n\nChildren with type 2 diabetes also are at risk for the long-term complications of diabetes and the co-morbidities associated with insulin resistance (lipid abnormalities and hypertension).\n", "Study objectives were to describe overweight in Native-American and African-American three-generation families and to examine relationships among the individual variables of body mass index (BMI), television hours, and activity levels. Forty-four Native-American and 40 African-American families were recruited from 10 sites through community contacts at health, senior, community, and tribal centers. Ninety percent of parents and grandparents had BMIs above 25.0. Forty-two percent of African-American and 61% of Native-American children had a BMI above the 85th percentile. More than 35% of total energy was from fat. Significant correlations were observed between parent and child BMI and television hours, grandparent and child BMI, and grandparent and parent activity with child television hours. Sedentary caretakers facilitate more television viewing and less activity in children. Dietetics professionals should plan family-friendly daily physical activities, like walking, and diets lower in fat, sugar, and total energy, with higher intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products for children and caretakers.\n", "Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all.\nIn others, symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes.\nA youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often.\nOther symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores.\nSome youth may present with vaginal yeast infection or burning on urination due to yeast infection.\nSome may have extreme elevation of the blood glucose level associated with severe dehydration and coma.\nBecause symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.\n", "Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells.\nThe body is unable to use this glucose for energy.\nThis leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes.\n\nThe exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown.\nMost likely it is an autoimmune disorder.\nThis is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.\nWith type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.\nType 1 diabetes can be passed down through families.\n\nYou have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if you are older, obese, have a family history of diabetes, or do not exercise.\n", "In type 1 diabetes, white blood cells called T cells attack and destroy beta cells.\nThe process begins well before diabetes symptoms appear and continues after diagnosis.\nOften, type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have already been destroyed.\nAt this point, a person needs daily insulin treatment to survive.\nFinding ways to modify or stop this autoimmune process and preserve beta cell function is a major focus of current scientific research.\n\nRecent research suggests insulin itself may be a key trigger of the immune attack on beta cells.\nThe immune systems of people who are susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes respond to insulin as if it were a foreign substance, or antigen.\nTo combat antigens, the body makes proteins called antibodies.\nAntibodies to insulin and other proteins produced by beta cells are found in people with type 1 diabetes.\nResearchers test for these antibodies to help identify people at increased risk of developing the disease.\nTesting the types and levels of antibodies in the blood can help determine whether a person has type 1 diabetes, LADA, or another type of diabetes.\n", "Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the exact nature of their role has not been determined.\nSome theories suggest that environmental factors trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetes.\nOther theories suggest that environmental factors play an ongoing role in diabetes, even after diagnosis.\n", "Some studies have suggested that dietary factors may raise or lower the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.\nFor example, breastfed infants and infants receiving vitamin D supplements may have a reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes, while early exposure to cow’s milk and cereal proteins may increase risk.\nMore research is needed to clarify how infant nutrition affects the risk for type 1 diabetes.\n", "A virus cannot cause diabetes on its own, but people are sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during or after a viral infection, suggesting a link between the two.\nAlso, the onset of type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently during the winter when viral infections are more common.\nViruses possibly associated with type 1 diabetes include coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, and mumps.\nScientists have described several ways these viruses may damage or destroy beta cells or possibly trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible people.\nFor example, anti-islet antibodies have been found in patients with congenital rubella syndrome, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with significant beta cell damage and acute pancreatitis––inflammation of the pancreas.\nScientists are trying to identify a virus that can cause type 1 diabetes so that a vaccine might be developed to prevent the disease.\n", "Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.\nIn type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.\nNormally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances.\nBut in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.\nIn type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction may take place over several years, but symptoms of the disease usually develop over a short period of time.\nType 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear at any age.\nIn the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.\nLatent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) may be a slowly developing kind of type 1 diabetes.\nDiagnosis usually occurs after age 30.\nIn LADA, as in type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system destroys the beta cells.\nAt the time of diagnosis, people with LADA may still produce their own insulin, but eventually most will need insulin shots or an insulin pump to control blood glucose levels.\n", "Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes.\nGenes are passed down from biological parent to child.\nGenes carry instructions for making proteins that are needed for the body’s cells to function.\nMany genes, as well as interactions among genes, are thought to influence susceptibility to and protection from type 1 diabetes.\nThe key genes may vary in different population groups.\nVariations in genes that affect more than 1 percent of a population group are called gene variants.", "Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age.\nIt is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.\n\nInsulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special cells, called beta cells.\nThe pancreas is behind the stomach.\nInsulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells.\nThere, it is stored and later used for energy.\nIn type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin.", "Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children.\nAccording to the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet, about 215,000 young people in the US under age 20 had diabetes in 2010.\nThis represents 0.26 percent of all people in this age group.\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.\n(5) Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity.\nIn youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders.\nAmong non-Hispanic white youth aged 10 to 19 years, the rate of new cases was higher for type 1 than for type 2diabetes.\nFor Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian youth aged 10–19 years, the opposite was true—the rate of new cases was greater for type 2 than for type 1 diabetes.\nAmong non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth aged 10 to 19 years, the rates of new cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes were similar.\n\n", "Studies have shown that variants of the TCF7L2 gene increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.\nFor people who inherit two copies of the variants, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is about 80 percent higher than for those who do not carry the gene variant.1 However, even in those with the variant, diet and physical activity leading to weight loss help delay diabetes, according to the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a major clinical trial involving people at high risk.\n\nGenes can also increase the risk of diabetes by increasing a person’s tendency to become overweight or obese.\nOne theory, known as the “thrifty gene” hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use.\nThis survival trait was advantageous for populations whose food supplies were scarce or unpredictable and could help keep people alive during famine.\nIn modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.\n", "Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.\nPeople who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present.\n\nAn imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity can lead to obesity, which causes insulin resistance and is common in people with type 2 diabetes.\nCentral obesity, in which a person has excess abdominal fat, is a major risk factor not only for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes but also for heart and blood vessel disease, also called cardiovascular disease (CVD).\nThis excess “belly fat” produces hormones and other substances that can cause harmful, chronic effects in the body such as damage to blood vessels.\n\nThe DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight.\nThe DPP proved that people with prediabetes—at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes—could sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories.\nIn 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants—the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS)—showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.\n", "In some people with diabetes, an abnormal increase in glucose production by the liver also contributes to high blood glucose levels.\nNormally, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are low.\nGlucagon stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream.\nBut when blood glucose and insulin levels are high after a meal, glucagon levels drop, and the liver stores excess glucose for later, when it is needed.\nFor reasons not completely understood, in many people with diabetes, glucagon levels stay higher than needed.\nHigh glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unneeded glucose, which contributes to high blood glucose levels.\nMetformin, the most commonly used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, reduces glucose production by the liver.\n", "Insulin resistance is a common condition in people who are overweight or obese, have excess abdominal fat, and are not physically active.\nMuscle, fat, and liver cells stop responding properly to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing extra insulin.\nAs long as beta cells are able to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels stay in the normal range.\nBut when insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction, glucose levels rise, leading to prediabetes or diabetes.\n", "Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.\n\nHealthy eating is not hard. The key is to\n\n Eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products\n Eat lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products\n Drink lots of water\n Limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet\n\nSaturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines, and shortenings.\n", "Cells communicate through a complex network of molecular signalling pathways.\nFor example, on cell surfaces, insulin receptor molecules capture, or bind, insulin molecules circulating in the bloodstream.\nThis interaction between insulin and its receptor prompts the biochemical signals that enable the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and use it for energy.\n\nProblems in cell signalling systems can set off a chain reaction that leads to diabetes or other diseases.\nMany studies have focused on how insulin signals cells to communicate and regulate action.\nResearchers have identified proteins and pathways that transmit the insulin signal and have mapped interactions between insulin and body tissues, including the way insulin helps the liver control blood glucose levels.\nResearchers have also found that key signals also come from fat cells, which produce substances that cause inflammation and insulin resistance.\n\nThis work holds the key to combating insulin resistance and diabetes.\nAs scientists learn more about cell signaling systems involved in glucose regulation, they will have more opportunities to develop effective treatments.\n", "Scientists think beta cell dysfunction is a key contributor to type 2 diabetes.\nBeta cell impairment can cause inadequate or abnormal patterns of insulin release.\nAlso, beta cells may be damaged by high blood glucose itself, a condition called glucose toxicity.\n\nScientists have not determined the causes of beta cell dysfunction in most cases.\nSingle gene defects lead to specific forms of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).\nThe genes involved regulate insulin production in the beta cells.\nAlthough these forms of diabetes are rare, they provide clues as to how beta cell function may be affected by key regulatory factors.\nOther gene variants are involved in determining the number and function of beta cells.\nBut these variants account for only a small percentage of type 2 diabetes cases.\nMalnutrition early in life is also being investigated as a cause of beta cell dysfunction.\nThe metabolic environment of the developing fetus may also create a predisposition for diabetes later in life.\n", "Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body’s muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.\nType 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nType 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese.\nThe disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents.\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.\n", "Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, refers to a group of conditions common in people with insulin resistance, including\n\n higher than normal blood glucose levels\n increased waist size due to excess abdominal fat\n high blood pressure\n abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood\n\nPeople with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD.\nMany studies have found that lifestyle changes, such as being physically active and losing excess weight, are the best ways to reverse metabolic syndrome, improve the body’s response to insulin, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD.\n\n", "A healthy person’s body keeps blood glucose levels in a normal range through several complex mechanisms.\nInsulin and glucagon, two hormones made in the pancreas, help regulate blood glucose levels:\n Insulin, made by beta cells, lowers elevated blood glucose levels.\n Glucagon, made by alpha cells, raises low blood glucose levels.\nWhen blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood.\n Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood glucose levels.\n Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose.\nThe stored form of glucose is called glycogen.\n Insulin also lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the liver.\nWhen blood glucose levels drop overnight or due to a skipped meal or heavy exercise, the pancreas releases glucagon into the blood.\n Glucagon signals the liver and muscle tissue to break down glycogen into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and raises blood glucose levels.\n If the body needs more glucose, glucagon stimulates the liver to make glucose from amino acids.\n", "Genes play a significant part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.\nHaving certain genes or combinations of genes may increase or decrease a person’s risk for developing the disease.\nThe role of genes is suggested by the high rate of type 2 diabetes in families and identical twins and wide variations in diabetes prevalence by ethnicity.\nType 2 diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, and some Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islander Americans than it does in non-Hispanic whites.\n\nRecent studies have combined genetic data from large numbers of people, accelerating the pace of gene discovery.\nThough scientists have now identified many gene variants that increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, the majority have yet to be discovered.\nThe known genes appear to affect insulin production rather than insulin resistance.\nResearchers are working to identify additional gene variants and to learn how they interact with one another and with environmental factors to cause diabetes.\n", " Foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.\n", "If many of the groceries you buy are convenience foods, such as cookies, chips and other high-calorie items, this can contribute to your child's weight gain. If you can control your child's access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.\n", "Sleep apnea, a condition in which your child may snore or have abnormal breathing when he or she sleeps, can be a complication of childhood obesity. Pay attention to breathing problems your child may have while sleeping.\n", "Set a good example. Make sure you eat healthy foods and exercise regularly to maintain your weight. Then, invite your child to join you.\nBe responsible about your own weight. Obesity often occurs in several family members. If you need to lose weight, doing so will motivate your child to do likewise. Don't expect your child to do something you are unwilling to do for yourself.\n", " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression.\n\nOne of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. \n", "Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child's body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising.\n", "Weight loss is typically recommended for children older than age 7 or for younger children who have related health concerns. Weight loss should be slow and steady — anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition.\n\nThe methods for maintaining your child's current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Success depends largely on your commitment to helping your child make these changes. Think of eating habits and exercise habits as two sides of the same coin: When you consider one, you also need to consider the other. \n", "Be patient. Many overweight children grow into their extra pounds as they get taller. Realize, too, that an intense focus on your child's eating habits and weight can easily backfire, leading a child to overeat even more, or possibly making him or her more prone to developing an eating disorder.\n", "Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive — the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example. Emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. If you foster your child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry — not out of boredom — a healthy weight should take care of itself.\n", " Parents play a crucial role in helping children who are obese feel loved and in control of their weight. Take advantage of every opportunity to build your child's self-esteem. Don't be afraid to bring up the topic of health and fitness, but do be sensitive that a child may view your concern as an insult. Talk to your kids directly, openly and without being critical or judgmental.\n\n Be sensitive to your child's needs and feelings. Becoming active is an important lifestyle change for your child to make, but your child is more likely to stick to those changes if you let him or her choose what physical activities he or she is comfortable with.\n Find reasons to praise your child's efforts. Celebrate small, incremental changes, but don't reward with food. Choose other ways to mark your child's accomplishments, such as going to the bowling alley or a local park.\n Talk to your child about his or her feelings. Help your child find ways to deal with his or her emotions that don't involve eating.\n Help your child focus on positive goals. For example, point out that he or she can now bike for more than 20 minutes without getting tired or can run the required number of laps in gym class.\n", "If your child comes from a family of overweight people, he or she may be more likely to put on excess weight, especially in an environment where high-calorie food is always available and physical activity isn't encouraged.\n", "Find activities your child likes to do.\nFor instance, if your child is artistically inclined, go on a nature hike to collect leaves and rocks that your child can use to make a collage.\nIf your child likes to climb, head for the nearest neighborhood jungle gym or climbing wall.\nIf your child likes to read, then walk or bike to the neighborhood library for a book.\n If you want an active child, be active yourself.\nFind fun activities that the whole family can do together.\nNever make exercise seem a punishment or a chore.\n Vary the activities.\nLet each child take a turn choosing the activity of the day or week.\nBatting practice, bowling and swimming all count.\nWhat matters is that you're doing something active.\n", "Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put your child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. This cluster of conditions includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and excess abdominal fat.\n", "One prescription weight-loss drug is available in the United States for adolescents: orlistat (Xenical). Orlistat, which is approved for adolescents older than 12, prevents the absorption of fat in the intestines.\n\nThe Food and Drug Administration has approved a reduced-strength over-the-counter (nonprescription) version of orlistat (Alli). Though readily available in pharmacies and drugstores, Alli is not approved for children or teenagers under age 18.\n\nPrescription medication isn't often recommended for adolescents. The risks of taking a prescription medication long term is unknown, and the medication’s effect on weight loss and weight maintenance for adolescents is still questioned. And weight-loss drugs don't replace the need to adopt a healthy diet and exercise regimen.\n\nIf your child has high cholesterol, it's possible your doctor may recommend giving your child a statin medication. Statins help lower cholesterol, but their use in children remains controversial, since it's uncertain what long-term side effects they might have. Because of disagreement in the medical community about treating high cholesterol in children, talk to your child's doctor about what's best for your child. \n", " Not all children carrying extra pounds are overweight or obese. Some children have larger than average body frames. And children normally carry different amounts of body fat at the various stages of development. So you might not know just by looking at your child if his or her weight is a health concern.\n\nYour child's doctor can help you figure out if your child's weight could pose health problems, using growth charts and if necessary, other tests.\n\n", "Parents are the ones who buy the food, cook the food and decide where the food is eaten. Even small changes can make a big difference in your child's health.\n\n When buying groceries, choose fruits and vegetables. Convenience foods, such as cookies, crackers and prepared meals, are often high in sugar and fat. Always have healthy snacks available. And never use food as a reward or punishment.\n Limit sweetened beverages, including those containing fruit juice. These drinks provide little nutritional value in exchange for their high calories. They also can make your child feel too full to eat healthier foods.\n Sit down together for family meals. Make it an event — a time to share news and tell stories. Discourage eating in front of a screen, such as a television, computer or video game. This leads to fast eating and lowered awareness of how much you're eating.\n Limit the number of times you eat out, especially at fast-food restaurants. Many of the menu options are high in fat and calories.\n", "Your child can develop high blood pressure or high cholesterol if he or she eats a poor diet. These factors can contribute to the buildup of plaques in the arteries. These plaques can cause arteries to narrow and harden, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke later in life.\n", "The extra weight on your child's body can cause problems with the development and health of your child's lungs, leading to asthma or other breathing problems.\n", "Children who don't exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.\n", "Your child's doctor may order blood tests if he or she finds that your child is obese. These tests include: a cholesterol test, a blood sugar test (fasting blood glucose), other blood tests to check for hormone imbalances that could affect your child's weight\n\nSome of these tests require that your child not eat or drink anything for up to eight hours before the test. Your child's doctor should tell you whether your child should fast before a blood test. \n", " As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child's body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart. The BMI helps indicate if your child is overweight for his or her age and height.\n\nUsing the growth chart, your doctor determines your child's percentile, meaning how your child compares with other children of the same sex and age. So, for example, you might be told that your child is in the 80th percentile. This means that compared with other children of the same sex and age, 80 percent have a lower BMI.\n\nCutoff points on these growth charts, established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), help identify overweight and obese children:\n\n BMI-for-age between 85th and 94th percentiles — overweight\n BMI-for-age 95th percentile or above — obesity\n", "Treatment for childhood obesity is based on your child's age and if he or she has other medical conditions. Treatment usually includes changes in your child's diet and level of physical activity. In certain circumstances, treatment may include medications or weight-loss surgery.\n", " Because BMI doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children, your doctor also factors your child's growth and development into consideration. This helps determine whether your child's weight is a health concern.\n\nIn addition to BMI and charting weight on the growth charts, the doctor also evaluates: your family's history of obesity and weight-related health problems, such as diabetes; your child's eating habits; your child's activity level; other health conditions your child may have.\n", "Some children overeat to cope with problems or to deal with emotions, such as stress, or to fight boredom. Their parents may have similar tendencies.\n", "A critical part of weight loss, especially for children, is physical activity.\nIt not only burns calories but also builds strong bones and muscles and helps children sleep well at night and stay alert during the day.\nSuch habits established in childhood help adolescents maintain healthy weight despite the hormonal changes, rapid growth and social influences that often lead to overeating.\nAnd active children are more likely to become fit adults.\n\nTo increase your child's activity level:\n\n Limit recreational computer and TV time to no more than 2 hours a day.\nA surefire way to increase your child's activity levels is to limit the number of hours he or she is allowed to watch television each day.\nOther sedentary activities — playing video and computer games or talking on the phone — also should be limited.\nDon't let your child eat while viewing an electronic screen; it keeps your child from being aware of how much he or she is eating.\n Emphasize activity, not exercise.\nYour child's activity doesn't have to be a structured exercise program — the object is just to get him or her moving.\nFree-play activities, such as playing hide-and-seek, tag or jump-rope, can be great for burning calories and improving fitness.\n ", "Being obese can create hormone imbalances for your child. These imbalances can cause puberty to start earlier than expected.\n", "Children often tease or bully their overweight peers, who suffer a loss of self-esteem and an increased risk of depression as a result.\n", "Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. Loading up on soft drinks containing sugar, candy and desserts also can cause weight gain. Foods and beverages like these are high in sugar, fat and calories.\n", "For children under age 7 who have no other health concerns, the goal of treatment may be weight maintenance rather than weight loss. This strategy allows the child to add inches in height but not pounds, causing BMI-for-age to drop over time into a healthier range. However, for an obese child, maintaining weight while waiting to grow taller may be as difficult as losing weight is for older people. \n", "Overweight children tend to have more anxiety and poorer social skills than normal-weight children have. At one extreme, these problems may lead overweight children to act out and disrupt their classrooms. At the other, they may cause overweight children to socially withdraw. Stress and anxiety also interfere with learning. School-related anxiety can create a vicious cycle in which ever-growing worry fuels ever-declining academic performance.\n", "Low self-esteem can create overwhelming feelings of hopelessness in some overweight children. When children lose hope that their lives will improve, they may become depressed. A depressed child may lose interest in normal activities, sleep more than usual or cry a lot. Some depressed children hide their sadness and appear emotionally flat instead. Either way, depression is as serious in children as in adults. If you think your child is depressed, talk with him or her and share your concerns with his or her doctor.\n", "Take your child to the doctor for well-child checkups at least once a year. During this visit, the doctor measures your child's height and weight and calculates his or her BMI. Increases in your child's BMI or in his or her percentile rank over one year, especially if your child is older than 4, is a possible sign that your child is at risk of becoming overweight.\n", "Weight-loss surgery can be a safe and effective option for some severely obese adolescents who have been unable to lose weight using conventional weight-loss methods. However, as with any type of surgery, there are potential risks and long-term complications. Also, the long-term effects of weight-loss surgery on a child's future growth and development are largely unknown.\n\nWeight-loss surgery in adolescents is uncommon. But your doctor may recommend this surgery if your child's weight poses a greater health threat than do the potential risks of surgery. It is important that a child being considered for weight-loss surgery meet with a team of pediatric specialists, including a pediatric endocrinologist.\n\nEven so, surgery isn't the easy answer for weight loss. It doesn't guarantee that your child loses all of his or her excess weight or that your child keeps it off long term. It also doesn't replace the need for following a healthy diet and regular physical activity program. \n", "Avoid food-related power struggles with your child. You might unintentionally lay the groundwork for such battles by providing or withholding certain foods — sweets, for instance — as rewards or punishments. As a general rule, don't use food as a reward or punishment.\n", " Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.\n\nFar less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. \n", "As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. While most women expect to experience hot flashes, many are surprised by weight changes. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. While this isnt fat-related weight gain, many women will notice a change in the way their clothes fit and experience the feeling of being heavier.\n\nHowever, even the weight unrelated to water retention is not necessarily unhealthy per se, as it helps prepare the body against osteoporosis and other illnesses. Try to focus on health and maintaining an active lifestyle and water retention and bloating will generally resolve itself within a few months.", "High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the walls of your blood vessels, and if it remains high over time is called hypertension. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.", "Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention.\nThis condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.", "The diagnosis of water retention is determined by a physical examination, the symptoms presented as well as medical history. Various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause.\n\nIf water retention is a symptom of a serious underlying disorder, the disorder must be treated first.", "There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.", "It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.", "Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream.\n\nWater retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema).", "Treatment involves rectifying the underlying causes of body water retention. A low dose of diuretic (water pill) may be prescribed to reduce swelling. In more severe cases of water retention, where the blood vessels are blocked or damaged, surgery may be required.\n\nNatural Remedies for Water Retention\nNatural and holistic treatments provide gentle water retention remedies. Those seeking a natural remedy for water retention may use herbs such as Uva ursi, Horse chestnut and Buchu for their excellent diuretic properties. Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) and Olea europea help to balance blood pressure, assist liver and gall bladder functioning and improve circulation.\n\nWater retention remedies that use herbal and homeopathic remedies are safe and effective and not as harsh as prescription diuretics.", "Let us remember that associations (on which so many of our assumptions about healthy diets depend) simply do not prove causality, even when backed by seemingly plausible biological hypotheses derived largely from rodent toxicology. We should also remember that fancy statistical predictions on the vast number of lives lost or saved by altering the population intake of this or the other nutrient, are generally based on sometimes rather heroic assumptions that may well explain whey they are rarely (if ever) borne out by actual interventions.\n\nThus, whether we are talking about salt, fat, carbs, sugar, fibre, gluten, calcium, Vit D, dairy or red-meat, a degree of humility in advocating for policies and other measures to reduce or increase this or the other is generally in order.\n\nSeldom in the field of nutrition are things as cut and dried as some will have us believe if only food were as simple as tobacco.", "What is perhaps even more infuriating to those who have always considered the issue of sodium recommendations a slam-dunk case is the statement by the IOM that, there is in fact no basis on which to draw recommendations for the general public in recognition of the fact that significant proportions of the population may require higher sodium intakes and may even be likely to suffer harm from overly enthusiatic sodium restriction.\n\nWhile I have no illusions that this report will in any way put the century old debate to rest (indeed the report calls for further research), I think that there is a much bigger message in this report that should let us tread cautiously when it comes to dietary recommendations in general.", "This is not to deny that despite considerable methodological problems (not least in the actual measurement of salt intake), there is evidence to support the idea that higher salt intake may affect blood pressure and possibly cardiovascular risk. However, the data is certainly far less conclusive than food bloggers and health activists would lead us to be believe.\n\nNot surprisingly, the same activists and organisations are now up in arms stopping just short of criticizing the scientific credibility of the IOM expert committee no doubt, the same folks would have been applauding the conclusions of this illustrious panel, had the findings been more in line with their own activist agendas.", "Unbeknownst to many readers, the first 10 years of my research career was built largely on studying the effects of salt (or rather sodium chloride) on blood pressure.\n\nIn over 40 peer-reviewed publications, we described in excruciating detail the physiological effects of increasing and decreasing sodium intake, in many cases using single-blind randomised trial designs in hundreds of volunteers.\n\nWe not only examined the effects of salt on blood pressure but also on a wide range of physiological, metabolic and psychological parameters. We studied the effects on acid-base balance, we conducted genetic studies, we even performed in vitro studies on cells cultured from salt-sensitive and salt-resitant individuals.", "That was almost 20 years ago the field does not appear to be much clearer today.\n\nThus, although surprising to some, I must admit that I was by no means surprised by the report on sodium released last week by the Institute of Medicine, with the rather revealing conclusion that,\n\nthe evidence from studies on direct health outcomes was insufficient and inconsistent regarding an association between sodium intake below 2,300 mg per day and benefit or risk of CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality) or all-cause mortality in the general U.S. population. (or any other population for that matter)", "In many respects, these studies left me as confused about the role of sodium on these parameters as I was before. Not that we did not report findings that helped us better understand the complex physiology of sodium homeostasis it is just that we failed to convincingly demonstrate any major health implications of these findings. In some cases we even reported adverse consequences of sodium restriction resulting both in significant elevations in plasma lipids and insulin resistance (perhaps not surprising given that reducing sodium intake markedly stimulates both the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems the very systems we seek to block to reduce cardiovascular risk). " ]

[ { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "childhood obesity low income", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "obesity metabolism", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "retaining fluid", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "obesity and diabetes", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "salt obesity", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "obesity and nutrition", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "body mass index", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "causes of childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "childhood obesity", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "emergence of type 2 diabetes", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "obesity screening", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century, childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.\n\n\n\nOne of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009)." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. \n\nChildhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \\\"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\\\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \\\"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\\'s important as it\\'s a new explanation for obesity.\\\"" }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!" }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \\\"hidden\\\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \\\"different\\\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens. Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. \n\nAlmost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population. If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\\'s effects." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is \n\nincreasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.\n\nLack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.\n\nType 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. \n\nBased on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination. It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. Salt makes people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. \n\n\n\nSome research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade. Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight. Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\\'s on everyone\\'s lips, but it\\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.\n\n Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.\n\n The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI. As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.\n\n To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts. One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods. Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. However, many of the \\\"competitive foods\\\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.\n\nPoor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. \n\nChildren and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.\n\nSome abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children who don\\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.\n\nAmong middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.\n\nChildren at school are exposed to marketing and advertising of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. \n\nAll food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.\n\nImproving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. \n\nWith one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.\n\nThe new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.\n\nHowever, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food. Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. 25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. \n\nEnvironmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.\n\nBreastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. \n\nSchools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with that supports healthy behaviors. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. \n\nOne place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in the school environment, the home and the community." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.\n\nA national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.\n\nChildren and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.\n\nHowever, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.\n\nChildren should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.\n\nFat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. \n\nSchools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets; schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines. Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.\n\n \n\nScientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. \n\n \n\nType 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.\n\n\n\nSymptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.\n\nsymptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: \"'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30\" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Devised in the mid 1800s by Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing \"social physics\", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2. BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. \n\nBMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.\n\nFor a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.\n\nNick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet)." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass. Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories\n\nWhile BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool: It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.\n\nAnother shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.\n\nAs a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.\n\nA child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years): Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.\n\nBMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.\n\nObesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest! A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.\n\nUsing children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination. \n\nOne should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": " Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population. " }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.\n\nThe percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.\n\nOne study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. \n\nA 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.\n\nFewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\\'s metabolism." }, { "query": "obesity and lifestyle change", "summ": "Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.\n\nEating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. \n\nA high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. \n\nNutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.\n\nThese veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.\n\nEating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.\n\n" } ]