document: Succession in standardization : grafting XML onto SGML Succession in standardization is often a problem . The advantages of improvements must be weighed against those of compatibility . If compatibility considerations dominate , a grafting process takes place . According to our taxonomy of succession , there are three types of outcomes . A Type I succession , where grafting is successful , entails compatibility between successors , technical paradigm compliance and continuity in the standards trajectory . In this paper , we examine issues of succession and focus on the Extensible Markup Language -LRB- XML -RRB- . It was to be grafted on the Standard Generalized Markup Language -LRB- SGML -RRB- , a stable standard since 1988 . However , XML was a profile , a subset and an extension of SGML -LRB- 1988 -RRB- . Adaptation of SGML was needed -LRB- SGML 1999 -RRB- to forge full -LRB- downward -RRB- compatibility with XML -LRB- 1998 -RRB- . We describe the grafting efforts and analyze their outcomes . Our conclusion is that although SGML was a technical exemplar for XML developers , full compatibility was not achieved . The widespread use of HyperText Mark-up Language -LRB- HTML -RRB- exemplified the desirability of simplicity in XML , standardization . This and HTML 's user market largely explain the discontinuity in SGML-XML succession
doc_bio_tags: O O B O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
extractive_keyphrases: xml sgml standardization grafting process type i succession extensible markup language standard generalized markup language