document: Text-independent speaker verification using utterance level scoring and covariance modeling This paper describes a computationally simple method to perform text independent speaker verification using second order statistics . The suggested method , called utterance level scoring -LRB- ULS -RRB- , allows one to obtain a normalized score using a single pass through the frames of the tested utterance . The utterance sample covariance is first calculated and then compared to the speaker covariance using a distortion measure . Subsequently , a distortion measure between the utterance covariance and the sample covariance of data taken from different speakers is used to normalize the score . Experimental results from the 2000 NIST speaker recognition evaluation are presented for ULS , used with different distortion measures , and for a Gaussian mixture model -LRB- GMM -RRB- system . The results indicate that ULS as a viable alternative to GMM whenever the computational complexity and verification accuracy needs to be traded
doc_bio_tags: O O O O B I I O B I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O B I O O O O
extractive_keyphrases: utterance level scoring covariance modeling computationally simple method second order statistics normalized score sample covariance speaker covariance distortion measure nist speaker recognition evaluation distortion measures gaussian mixture model gmm computational complexity verification accuracy
abstractive_keyphrases: text-independent speaker verification