Datasets:
Tasks:
Token Classification
Modalities:
Text
Formats:
text
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
climate
License:
Upload 3 files
Browse filesAdd train, test, and evaluation files of Climate Change NER dataset
- en.test.txt +6104 -0
- en.train.txt +0 -0
- en.val.txt +6711 -0
en.test.txt
ADDED
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|
1 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f87ba000ebbffd8dfc076b693bce3397
|
2 |
+
|
3 |
+
Particularly O
|
4 |
+
, O
|
5 |
+
air B-climate-nature
|
6 |
+
– I-climate-nature
|
7 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
8 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
9 |
+
of O
|
10 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
11 |
+
and O
|
12 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
13 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
14 |
+
are O
|
15 |
+
of O
|
16 |
+
interest O
|
17 |
+
as O
|
18 |
+
recent O
|
19 |
+
observations O
|
20 |
+
suggest O
|
21 |
+
that O
|
22 |
+
the O
|
23 |
+
vast O
|
24 |
+
stores O
|
25 |
+
of O
|
26 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
27 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
28 |
+
found O
|
29 |
+
in O
|
30 |
+
the O
|
31 |
+
Arctic O
|
32 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
33 |
+
are O
|
34 |
+
becoming O
|
35 |
+
more O
|
36 |
+
available O
|
37 |
+
to O
|
38 |
+
release O
|
39 |
+
to O
|
40 |
+
the O
|
41 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
42 |
+
in O
|
43 |
+
the O
|
44 |
+
form O
|
45 |
+
of O
|
46 |
+
these O
|
47 |
+
greenhouse O
|
48 |
+
gases O
|
49 |
+
. O
|
50 |
+
|
51 |
+
We O
|
52 |
+
present O
|
53 |
+
here O
|
54 |
+
a O
|
55 |
+
two O
|
56 |
+
- O
|
57 |
+
year O
|
58 |
+
micrometeorological O
|
59 |
+
data O
|
60 |
+
set O
|
61 |
+
of O
|
62 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
63 |
+
and O
|
64 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
65 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
66 |
+
fluxes O
|
67 |
+
, O
|
68 |
+
along O
|
69 |
+
with O
|
70 |
+
supporting O
|
71 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
72 |
+
pore I-climate-nature
|
73 |
+
gas I-climate-nature
|
74 |
+
profiles O
|
75 |
+
, O
|
76 |
+
that O
|
77 |
+
provide O
|
78 |
+
near O
|
79 |
+
- O
|
80 |
+
continuous O
|
81 |
+
data O
|
82 |
+
throughout O
|
83 |
+
the O
|
84 |
+
active O
|
85 |
+
summer O
|
86 |
+
and O
|
87 |
+
cold O
|
88 |
+
winter O
|
89 |
+
seasons O
|
90 |
+
. O
|
91 |
+
|
92 |
+
Net O
|
93 |
+
emission O
|
94 |
+
of O
|
95 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
96 |
+
and O
|
97 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
98 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
99 |
+
in O
|
100 |
+
one O
|
101 |
+
of O
|
102 |
+
the O
|
103 |
+
study O
|
104 |
+
years O
|
105 |
+
totalled O
|
106 |
+
3.7 O
|
107 |
+
and O
|
108 |
+
89 O
|
109 |
+
g O
|
110 |
+
C O
|
111 |
+
m O
|
112 |
+
−2 O
|
113 |
+
a O
|
114 |
+
−1 O
|
115 |
+
respectively O
|
116 |
+
, O
|
117 |
+
with O
|
118 |
+
cold O
|
119 |
+
- O
|
120 |
+
season O
|
121 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
122 |
+
emission O
|
123 |
+
representing O
|
124 |
+
54 O
|
125 |
+
% O
|
126 |
+
of O
|
127 |
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the O
|
128 |
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annual O
|
129 |
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total O
|
130 |
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. O
|
131 |
+
|
132 |
+
In O
|
133 |
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the O
|
134 |
+
other O
|
135 |
+
year O
|
136 |
+
, O
|
137 |
+
net O
|
138 |
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emission O
|
139 |
+
totals O
|
140 |
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of O
|
141 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
142 |
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and O
|
143 |
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carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
144 |
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dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
145 |
+
were O
|
146 |
+
4.9 O
|
147 |
+
and O
|
148 |
+
485 O
|
149 |
+
g O
|
150 |
+
C O
|
151 |
+
m O
|
152 |
+
−2 O
|
153 |
+
a O
|
154 |
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−1 O
|
155 |
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respectively O
|
156 |
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, O
|
157 |
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with O
|
158 |
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cold O
|
159 |
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- O
|
160 |
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season O
|
161 |
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methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
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162 |
+
emission O
|
163 |
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here O
|
164 |
+
representing O
|
165 |
+
82 O
|
166 |
+
% O
|
167 |
+
of O
|
168 |
+
the O
|
169 |
+
annual O
|
170 |
+
total O
|
171 |
+
– O
|
172 |
+
a O
|
173 |
+
larger O
|
174 |
+
proportion O
|
175 |
+
than O
|
176 |
+
has O
|
177 |
+
been O
|
178 |
+
previously O
|
179 |
+
reported O
|
180 |
+
in O
|
181 |
+
the O
|
182 |
+
Arctic O
|
183 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
184 |
+
. O
|
185 |
+
|
186 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 2760046c24e54b018c304556bbdb7057
|
187 |
+
|
188 |
+
Within O
|
189 |
+
the O
|
190 |
+
literature O
|
191 |
+
, O
|
192 |
+
concerns O
|
193 |
+
have O
|
194 |
+
been O
|
195 |
+
raised O
|
196 |
+
that O
|
197 |
+
centralised O
|
198 |
+
urban B-climate-assets
|
199 |
+
water I-climate-assets
|
200 |
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systems I-climate-assets
|
201 |
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are O
|
202 |
+
maladapted O
|
203 |
+
to O
|
204 |
+
challenges O
|
205 |
+
associated O
|
206 |
+
with O
|
207 |
+
climate O
|
208 |
+
change O
|
209 |
+
, O
|
210 |
+
population B-climate-problem-origins
|
211 |
+
growth I-climate-problem-origins
|
212 |
+
and O
|
213 |
+
other O
|
214 |
+
socio O
|
215 |
+
- O
|
216 |
+
economic O
|
217 |
+
and O
|
218 |
+
environmental O
|
219 |
+
strains O
|
220 |
+
. O
|
221 |
+
|
222 |
+
This O
|
223 |
+
paper O
|
224 |
+
provides O
|
225 |
+
a O
|
226 |
+
critical O
|
227 |
+
assessment O
|
228 |
+
of O
|
229 |
+
the O
|
230 |
+
discourse O
|
231 |
+
that O
|
232 |
+
surrounds O
|
233 |
+
emerging O
|
234 |
+
approaches O
|
235 |
+
to O
|
236 |
+
urban B-climate-mitigations
|
237 |
+
water I-climate-mitigations
|
238 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
239 |
+
and O
|
240 |
+
infrastructure B-climate-assets
|
241 |
+
provision O
|
242 |
+
. O
|
243 |
+
|
244 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 41d1e197a02e34c72fa789e401bb03ef
|
245 |
+
|
246 |
+
AbstractThis O
|
247 |
+
paper O
|
248 |
+
compares O
|
249 |
+
three O
|
250 |
+
existing O
|
251 |
+
Palmer B-climate-properties
|
252 |
+
Drought I-climate-properties
|
253 |
+
Severity I-climate-properties
|
254 |
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Index I-climate-properties
|
255 |
+
( O
|
256 |
+
PDSI B-climate-properties
|
257 |
+
) O
|
258 |
+
formulations O
|
259 |
+
for O
|
260 |
+
simulating O
|
261 |
+
summer O
|
262 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
263 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
264 |
+
in O
|
265 |
+
western O
|
266 |
+
Canada O
|
267 |
+
and O
|
268 |
+
a O
|
269 |
+
preliminary O
|
270 |
+
analysis O
|
271 |
+
of O
|
272 |
+
climate O
|
273 |
+
change O
|
274 |
+
impacts O
|
275 |
+
on O
|
276 |
+
summer O
|
277 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
278 |
+
anomalies O
|
279 |
+
. O
|
280 |
+
|
281 |
+
In O
|
282 |
+
all O
|
283 |
+
formulations O
|
284 |
+
, O
|
285 |
+
potential B-climate-properties
|
286 |
+
evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
287 |
+
was O
|
288 |
+
parameterized O
|
289 |
+
by O
|
290 |
+
the O
|
291 |
+
Penman B-climate-models
|
292 |
+
– I-climate-models
|
293 |
+
Monteith I-climate-models
|
294 |
+
method I-climate-models
|
295 |
+
instead O
|
296 |
+
of O
|
297 |
+
the O
|
298 |
+
traditional O
|
299 |
+
Thornthwaite B-climate-models
|
300 |
+
method I-climate-models
|
301 |
+
. O
|
302 |
+
|
303 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 5265c1e7188eed477bb316eca09e5f3f
|
304 |
+
|
305 |
+
An O
|
306 |
+
important O
|
307 |
+
result O
|
308 |
+
is O
|
309 |
+
that O
|
310 |
+
the O
|
311 |
+
possibility O
|
312 |
+
of O
|
313 |
+
a O
|
314 |
+
climate B-climate-impacts
|
315 |
+
catastrophe I-climate-impacts
|
316 |
+
is O
|
317 |
+
a O
|
318 |
+
major O
|
319 |
+
argument O
|
320 |
+
for O
|
321 |
+
greenhouse B-climate-mitigations
|
322 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
323 |
+
abatement I-climate-mitigations
|
324 |
+
even O
|
325 |
+
in O
|
326 |
+
absence O
|
327 |
+
of O
|
328 |
+
continuous B-climate-impacts
|
329 |
+
damage I-climate-impacts
|
330 |
+
. O
|
331 |
+
|
332 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O cd2b3ae0c9c4c7ca08d5c899dda238f7
|
333 |
+
|
334 |
+
We O
|
335 |
+
focus O
|
336 |
+
on O
|
337 |
+
the O
|
338 |
+
impacts O
|
339 |
+
of O
|
340 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
341 |
+
on O
|
342 |
+
the O
|
343 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
344 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
345 |
+
cycle I-climate-nature
|
346 |
+
and O
|
347 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
348 |
+
feedback I-climate-nature
|
349 |
+
in O
|
350 |
+
arid B-climate-nature
|
351 |
+
and O
|
352 |
+
semi B-climate-nature
|
353 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
354 |
+
arid I-climate-nature
|
355 |
+
cities O
|
356 |
+
. O
|
357 |
+
|
358 |
+
Our O
|
359 |
+
objective O
|
360 |
+
is O
|
361 |
+
to O
|
362 |
+
build O
|
363 |
+
upon O
|
364 |
+
previous O
|
365 |
+
work O
|
366 |
+
, O
|
367 |
+
focusing O
|
368 |
+
on O
|
369 |
+
improving O
|
370 |
+
the O
|
371 |
+
representation O
|
372 |
+
of O
|
373 |
+
irrigated B-climate-mitigations
|
374 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
375 |
+
vegetation I-climate-nature
|
376 |
+
in O
|
377 |
+
the O
|
378 |
+
numerical O
|
379 |
+
weather O
|
380 |
+
prediction O
|
381 |
+
models O
|
382 |
+
which O
|
383 |
+
are O
|
384 |
+
now O
|
385 |
+
standard O
|
386 |
+
tools O
|
387 |
+
to O
|
388 |
+
study O
|
389 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
390 |
+
- O
|
391 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
392 |
+
interactions O
|
393 |
+
. O
|
394 |
+
|
395 |
+
Our O
|
396 |
+
results O
|
397 |
+
demonstrate O
|
398 |
+
a O
|
399 |
+
significant O
|
400 |
+
sensitivity O
|
401 |
+
of O
|
402 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
403 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
404 |
+
UCM I-climate-models
|
405 |
+
simulated O
|
406 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
407 |
+
turbulent I-climate-nature
|
408 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
409 |
+
to O
|
410 |
+
the O
|
411 |
+
incorporation O
|
412 |
+
of O
|
413 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
414 |
+
. O
|
415 |
+
|
416 |
+
The O
|
417 |
+
evaluation O
|
418 |
+
of O
|
419 |
+
the O
|
420 |
+
model O
|
421 |
+
performance O
|
422 |
+
via O
|
423 |
+
comparison O
|
424 |
+
against O
|
425 |
+
CIMIS B-climate-datasets
|
426 |
+
based O
|
427 |
+
reference O
|
428 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
429 |
+
indicates O
|
430 |
+
that O
|
431 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
432 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
433 |
+
UCM I-climate-models
|
434 |
+
, O
|
435 |
+
after O
|
436 |
+
adding O
|
437 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
438 |
+
, O
|
439 |
+
performs O
|
440 |
+
reasonably O
|
441 |
+
during O
|
442 |
+
the O
|
443 |
+
course O
|
444 |
+
of O
|
445 |
+
the O
|
446 |
+
month O
|
447 |
+
, O
|
448 |
+
tracking O
|
449 |
+
day O
|
450 |
+
to O
|
451 |
+
day O
|
452 |
+
variability O
|
453 |
+
of O
|
454 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
455 |
+
with O
|
456 |
+
notable O
|
457 |
+
fidelity O
|
458 |
+
. O
|
459 |
+
|
460 |
+
soil B-climate-hazards
|
461 |
+
moisture I-climate-hazards
|
462 |
+
depletion I-climate-hazards
|
463 |
+
leads O
|
464 |
+
to O
|
465 |
+
reduced O
|
466 |
+
latent O
|
467 |
+
heating O
|
468 |
+
and O
|
469 |
+
cooling O
|
470 |
+
effects O
|
471 |
+
of O
|
472 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
473 |
+
vegetation I-climate-nature
|
474 |
+
. O
|
475 |
+
|
476 |
+
Analysis O
|
477 |
+
of O
|
478 |
+
these O
|
479 |
+
results O
|
480 |
+
indicates O
|
481 |
+
the O
|
482 |
+
importance O
|
483 |
+
of O
|
484 |
+
accurate O
|
485 |
+
representation O
|
486 |
+
of O
|
487 |
+
urban B-climate-mitigations
|
488 |
+
irrigation I-climate-mitigations
|
489 |
+
in O
|
490 |
+
water O
|
491 |
+
scarce O
|
492 |
+
regions O
|
493 |
+
such O
|
494 |
+
as O
|
495 |
+
Los O
|
496 |
+
Angeles O
|
497 |
+
metropolitan O
|
498 |
+
area O
|
499 |
+
. O
|
500 |
+
|
501 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 39353585aa410c09ecb710940462cbef
|
502 |
+
|
503 |
+
Nutrient B-climate-assets
|
504 |
+
management O
|
505 |
+
planning O
|
506 |
+
is O
|
507 |
+
necessary O
|
508 |
+
for O
|
509 |
+
many O
|
510 |
+
livestock B-climate-assets
|
511 |
+
producers O
|
512 |
+
. O
|
513 |
+
|
514 |
+
Manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
515 |
+
nutrients B-climate-assets
|
516 |
+
( O
|
517 |
+
e.g. O
|
518 |
+
, O
|
519 |
+
N O
|
520 |
+
, O
|
521 |
+
P O
|
522 |
+
, O
|
523 |
+
and O
|
524 |
+
K O
|
525 |
+
) O
|
526 |
+
equal O
|
527 |
+
the O
|
528 |
+
amounts O
|
529 |
+
in O
|
530 |
+
feed B-climate-assets
|
531 |
+
consumed O
|
532 |
+
minus O
|
533 |
+
the O
|
534 |
+
amounts O
|
535 |
+
in O
|
536 |
+
products O
|
537 |
+
produced O
|
538 |
+
( O
|
539 |
+
e.g. O
|
540 |
+
, O
|
541 |
+
milk B-climate-assets
|
542 |
+
, O
|
543 |
+
eggs B-climate-assets
|
544 |
+
, O
|
545 |
+
meat B-climate-assets
|
546 |
+
, O
|
547 |
+
or O
|
548 |
+
offspring B-climate-assets
|
549 |
+
) O
|
550 |
+
whereas O
|
551 |
+
, O
|
552 |
+
the O
|
553 |
+
amount O
|
554 |
+
of O
|
555 |
+
manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
556 |
+
dry O
|
557 |
+
matter O
|
558 |
+
is O
|
559 |
+
an O
|
560 |
+
inverse O
|
561 |
+
function O
|
562 |
+
of O
|
563 |
+
the O
|
564 |
+
ration O
|
565 |
+
digestibility O
|
566 |
+
. O
|
567 |
+
|
568 |
+
The O
|
569 |
+
percentage O
|
570 |
+
compositions O
|
571 |
+
of O
|
572 |
+
nutrients B-climate-assets
|
573 |
+
in O
|
574 |
+
manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
575 |
+
recovered O
|
576 |
+
( O
|
577 |
+
accounting O
|
578 |
+
for O
|
579 |
+
nutrient B-climate-assets
|
580 |
+
losses O
|
581 |
+
as O
|
582 |
+
well O
|
583 |
+
as O
|
584 |
+
uncollected O
|
585 |
+
portions O
|
586 |
+
) O
|
587 |
+
are O
|
588 |
+
much O
|
589 |
+
more O
|
590 |
+
difficult O
|
591 |
+
to O
|
592 |
+
predict O
|
593 |
+
than O
|
594 |
+
total O
|
595 |
+
amounts O
|
596 |
+
that O
|
597 |
+
should O
|
598 |
+
be O
|
599 |
+
collected O
|
600 |
+
because O
|
601 |
+
anaerobic B-climate-mitigations
|
602 |
+
digestion I-climate-mitigations
|
603 |
+
of O
|
604 |
+
carbon O
|
605 |
+
- O
|
606 |
+
containing O
|
607 |
+
compounds O
|
608 |
+
that O
|
609 |
+
was O
|
610 |
+
initiated O
|
611 |
+
in O
|
612 |
+
the O
|
613 |
+
large O
|
614 |
+
intestines B-climate-problem-origins
|
615 |
+
of I-climate-problem-origins
|
616 |
+
animals I-climate-problem-origins
|
617 |
+
continues O
|
618 |
+
after O
|
619 |
+
excretion O
|
620 |
+
or O
|
621 |
+
the O
|
622 |
+
fermentation O
|
623 |
+
shifts O
|
624 |
+
to O
|
625 |
+
aerobic O
|
626 |
+
. O
|
627 |
+
|
628 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O cc560f5c553e1b60e054abe1578227ff
|
629 |
+
|
630 |
+
Non O
|
631 |
+
- O
|
632 |
+
identifiable O
|
633 |
+
RHH O
|
634 |
+
emergency O
|
635 |
+
department O
|
636 |
+
data O
|
637 |
+
and O
|
638 |
+
climate O
|
639 |
+
data O
|
640 |
+
from O
|
641 |
+
the O
|
642 |
+
Australian B-climate-organizations
|
643 |
+
Bureau I-climate-organizations
|
644 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
645 |
+
Meteorology I-climate-organizations
|
646 |
+
were O
|
647 |
+
obtained O
|
648 |
+
for O
|
649 |
+
the O
|
650 |
+
period O
|
651 |
+
2003 O
|
652 |
+
- O
|
653 |
+
2010 O
|
654 |
+
. O
|
655 |
+
|
656 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c4296764da322a0b2b3dbbbbb4cf0c5f
|
657 |
+
|
658 |
+
The O
|
659 |
+
analysis O
|
660 |
+
is O
|
661 |
+
carried O
|
662 |
+
out O
|
663 |
+
using O
|
664 |
+
the O
|
665 |
+
E3ME B-climate-models
|
666 |
+
macro O
|
667 |
+
- O
|
668 |
+
econometric O
|
669 |
+
model O
|
670 |
+
, O
|
671 |
+
which O
|
672 |
+
provides O
|
673 |
+
information O
|
674 |
+
on O
|
675 |
+
sectoral O
|
676 |
+
impacts O
|
677 |
+
, O
|
678 |
+
together O
|
679 |
+
with O
|
680 |
+
the O
|
681 |
+
Warwick B-climate-models
|
682 |
+
Labour I-climate-models
|
683 |
+
Market I-climate-models
|
684 |
+
Extension I-climate-models
|
685 |
+
model O
|
686 |
+
for O
|
687 |
+
occupational O
|
688 |
+
analysis O
|
689 |
+
. O
|
690 |
+
|
691 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c6dcfd09a4d1dd9d6f1026b75a0b8ecf
|
692 |
+
|
693 |
+
multi O
|
694 |
+
- O
|
695 |
+
centennial O
|
696 |
+
variability O
|
697 |
+
of O
|
698 |
+
open O
|
699 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
700 |
+
deep B-climate-nature
|
701 |
+
convection I-climate-nature
|
702 |
+
in O
|
703 |
+
the O
|
704 |
+
Atlantic O
|
705 |
+
sector O
|
706 |
+
of O
|
707 |
+
the O
|
708 |
+
Southern O
|
709 |
+
Ocean O
|
710 |
+
impacts O
|
711 |
+
the O
|
712 |
+
strength O
|
713 |
+
of O
|
714 |
+
the O
|
715 |
+
Atlantic B-climate-nature
|
716 |
+
Meridional I-climate-nature
|
717 |
+
Overturning I-climate-nature
|
718 |
+
Circulation I-climate-nature
|
719 |
+
( O
|
720 |
+
AMOC B-climate-nature
|
721 |
+
) O
|
722 |
+
in O
|
723 |
+
the O
|
724 |
+
Kiel B-climate-models
|
725 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
726 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
727 |
+
. O
|
728 |
+
|
729 |
+
The O
|
730 |
+
northward O
|
731 |
+
extent O
|
732 |
+
of O
|
733 |
+
Antarctic B-climate-nature
|
734 |
+
Bottom I-climate-nature
|
735 |
+
Water I-climate-nature
|
736 |
+
( O
|
737 |
+
AABW B-climate-nature
|
738 |
+
) O
|
739 |
+
strongly O
|
740 |
+
depends O
|
741 |
+
on O
|
742 |
+
the O
|
743 |
+
state O
|
744 |
+
of O
|
745 |
+
Weddell O
|
746 |
+
Sea O
|
747 |
+
deep B-climate-nature
|
748 |
+
convection I-climate-nature
|
749 |
+
. O
|
750 |
+
|
751 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 5f205022e0de68ef4ac90326c705a0ff
|
752 |
+
|
753 |
+
Simulations O
|
754 |
+
were O
|
755 |
+
conducted O
|
756 |
+
using O
|
757 |
+
the O
|
758 |
+
Weather B-climate-models
|
759 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
760 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
761 |
+
Forecasting I-climate-models
|
762 |
+
model O
|
763 |
+
using O
|
764 |
+
the O
|
765 |
+
pseudo O
|
766 |
+
global O
|
767 |
+
warming O
|
768 |
+
method O
|
769 |
+
. O
|
770 |
+
|
771 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d1b647e644b72e73320e0c53e1613c17
|
772 |
+
|
773 |
+
spatial O
|
774 |
+
resolutions O
|
775 |
+
( O
|
776 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
777 |
+
GCM O
|
778 |
+
and O
|
779 |
+
EURO B-climate-models
|
780 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
781 |
+
CORDEX I-climate-models
|
782 |
+
regional O
|
783 |
+
climate O
|
784 |
+
models O
|
785 |
+
|
786 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 9b83a413f9801d5a3beea9245e0ff2b7
|
787 |
+
|
788 |
+
The O
|
789 |
+
Multivariate O
|
790 |
+
Probit O
|
791 |
+
model O
|
792 |
+
was O
|
793 |
+
preferred O
|
794 |
+
as O
|
795 |
+
it O
|
796 |
+
takes O
|
797 |
+
into O
|
798 |
+
account O
|
799 |
+
the O
|
800 |
+
inter O
|
801 |
+
- O
|
802 |
+
relationships O
|
803 |
+
of O
|
804 |
+
the O
|
805 |
+
technologies O
|
806 |
+
as O
|
807 |
+
well O
|
808 |
+
as O
|
809 |
+
heterogeneity O
|
810 |
+
of O
|
811 |
+
the O
|
812 |
+
smallholder O
|
813 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
814 |
+
for O
|
815 |
+
more O
|
816 |
+
robust O
|
817 |
+
estimates O
|
818 |
+
. O
|
819 |
+
|
820 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 796915b6f1ded244f22d40e48746dc8f
|
821 |
+
|
822 |
+
Fires B-climate-hazards
|
823 |
+
are O
|
824 |
+
an O
|
825 |
+
important O
|
826 |
+
component O
|
827 |
+
in O
|
828 |
+
Earth O
|
829 |
+
system O
|
830 |
+
models O
|
831 |
+
( O
|
832 |
+
ESMs O
|
833 |
+
) O
|
834 |
+
, O
|
835 |
+
they O
|
836 |
+
impact O
|
837 |
+
vegetation B-climate-properties
|
838 |
+
carbon I-climate-properties
|
839 |
+
storage I-climate-properties
|
840 |
+
, O
|
841 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
842 |
+
distribution O
|
843 |
+
, O
|
844 |
+
atmospheric O
|
845 |
+
composition O
|
846 |
+
and O
|
847 |
+
cloud B-climate-nature
|
848 |
+
formation O
|
849 |
+
. O
|
850 |
+
|
851 |
+
The O
|
852 |
+
representation O
|
853 |
+
of O
|
854 |
+
fires B-climate-hazards
|
855 |
+
in O
|
856 |
+
ESMs O
|
857 |
+
contributing O
|
858 |
+
to O
|
859 |
+
CMIP B-climate-models
|
860 |
+
phase I-climate-models
|
861 |
+
5 I-climate-models
|
862 |
+
was O
|
863 |
+
still O
|
864 |
+
very O
|
865 |
+
simplified O
|
866 |
+
. O
|
867 |
+
|
868 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 2520bf6bd55457f37edfc2e0234aff97
|
869 |
+
|
870 |
+
A O
|
871 |
+
major O
|
872 |
+
part O
|
873 |
+
of O
|
874 |
+
the O
|
875 |
+
analysis O
|
876 |
+
is O
|
877 |
+
based O
|
878 |
+
on O
|
879 |
+
aircraft O
|
880 |
+
measurements O
|
881 |
+
from O
|
882 |
+
the O
|
883 |
+
campaign B-climate-observations
|
884 |
+
STABLE I-climate-observations
|
885 |
+
, O
|
886 |
+
which O
|
887 |
+
was O
|
888 |
+
carried O
|
889 |
+
out O
|
890 |
+
over O
|
891 |
+
the O
|
892 |
+
pack B-climate-nature
|
893 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
894 |
+
in O
|
895 |
+
the O
|
896 |
+
northern O
|
897 |
+
Fram O
|
898 |
+
Strait O
|
899 |
+
in O
|
900 |
+
March O
|
901 |
+
2013 O
|
902 |
+
. O
|
903 |
+
|
904 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 62607400b7b50dec7253657cbd8419cf
|
905 |
+
|
906 |
+
DryFlux B-climate-models
|
907 |
+
explicitly O
|
908 |
+
accounts O
|
909 |
+
for O
|
910 |
+
intra O
|
911 |
+
- O
|
912 |
+
annual O
|
913 |
+
variation O
|
914 |
+
in O
|
915 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
916 |
+
availability I-climate-assets
|
917 |
+
, O
|
918 |
+
and O
|
919 |
+
accurately O
|
920 |
+
predicts O
|
921 |
+
interannual O
|
922 |
+
and O
|
923 |
+
seasonal O
|
924 |
+
variability O
|
925 |
+
in O
|
926 |
+
carbon O
|
927 |
+
uptake O
|
928 |
+
. O
|
929 |
+
|
930 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 40371c0f311f8cafba444400245525b7
|
931 |
+
|
932 |
+
Global O
|
933 |
+
emission O
|
934 |
+
estimates O
|
935 |
+
based O
|
936 |
+
on O
|
937 |
+
new O
|
938 |
+
atmospheric O
|
939 |
+
observations O
|
940 |
+
are O
|
941 |
+
presented O
|
942 |
+
for O
|
943 |
+
the O
|
944 |
+
acylic B-climate-properties
|
945 |
+
high B-climate-properties
|
946 |
+
molecular I-climate-properties
|
947 |
+
weight I-climate-properties
|
948 |
+
perfluorocarbons B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
949 |
+
( O
|
950 |
+
PFCs B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
951 |
+
): O
|
952 |
+
decafluorobutane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
953 |
+
( O
|
954 |
+
C4F10 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
955 |
+
) O
|
956 |
+
, O
|
957 |
+
dodecafluoropentane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
958 |
+
( O
|
959 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
960 |
+
5F12 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
961 |
+
) O
|
962 |
+
, O
|
963 |
+
tetradecafluorohexane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
964 |
+
( O
|
965 |
+
C6F14 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
966 |
+
) O
|
967 |
+
, O
|
968 |
+
hexadecafluoroheptane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
969 |
+
( O
|
970 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
971 |
+
7F16 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
972 |
+
) O
|
973 |
+
and O
|
974 |
+
octadecafluorooctane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
975 |
+
( O
|
976 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
977 |
+
8F18 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
978 |
+
) O
|
979 |
+
. O
|
980 |
+
|
981 |
+
We O
|
982 |
+
used O
|
983 |
+
random O
|
984 |
+
forests O
|
985 |
+
( O
|
986 |
+
RF O
|
987 |
+
) O
|
988 |
+
and O
|
989 |
+
logistic O
|
990 |
+
regression O
|
991 |
+
( O
|
992 |
+
GLM O
|
993 |
+
) O
|
994 |
+
to O
|
995 |
+
model O
|
996 |
+
current O
|
997 |
+
and O
|
998 |
+
potential O
|
999 |
+
future O
|
1000 |
+
distributions O
|
1001 |
+
for O
|
1002 |
+
2050 O
|
1003 |
+
. O
|
1004 |
+
|
1005 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 618857223ba9983c21debc305967b9af
|
1006 |
+
|
1007 |
+
Recent O
|
1008 |
+
climate B-climate-mitigations
|
1009 |
+
regulations I-climate-mitigations
|
1010 |
+
include O
|
1011 |
+
increased O
|
1012 |
+
utilization O
|
1013 |
+
of O
|
1014 |
+
natural B-climate-mitigations
|
1015 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
1016 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
1017 |
+
fired I-climate-mitigations
|
1018 |
+
combined I-climate-mitigations
|
1019 |
+
cycle I-climate-mitigations
|
1020 |
+
( O
|
1021 |
+
NGCC B-climate-mitigations
|
1022 |
+
) O
|
1023 |
+
generators O
|
1024 |
+
as O
|
1025 |
+
a O
|
1026 |
+
means O
|
1027 |
+
for O
|
1028 |
+
offsetting O
|
1029 |
+
coal B-climate-problem-origins
|
1030 |
+
generation O
|
1031 |
+
to O
|
1032 |
+
reduce O
|
1033 |
+
carbon O
|
1034 |
+
emissions O
|
1035 |
+
. O
|
1036 |
+
|
1037 |
+
Both O
|
1038 |
+
low O
|
1039 |
+
natural O
|
1040 |
+
gas O
|
1041 |
+
prices O
|
1042 |
+
and O
|
1043 |
+
the O
|
1044 |
+
Clean B-climate-mitigations
|
1045 |
+
Air I-climate-mitigations
|
1046 |
+
Interstate I-climate-mitigations
|
1047 |
+
Rule I-climate-mitigations
|
1048 |
+
( O
|
1049 |
+
CAIR B-climate-mitigations
|
1050 |
+
) O
|
1051 |
+
drive O
|
1052 |
+
increases O
|
1053 |
+
in O
|
1054 |
+
utilization O
|
1055 |
+
. O
|
1056 |
+
|
1057 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 81b3b8707268d2acfbce324fc937d437
|
1058 |
+
|
1059 |
+
Reynolds O
|
1060 |
+
- O
|
1061 |
+
Averaged O
|
1062 |
+
Navier O
|
1063 |
+
- O
|
1064 |
+
Stokes O
|
1065 |
+
and O
|
1066 |
+
energy O
|
1067 |
+
equations O
|
1068 |
+
have O
|
1069 |
+
been O
|
1070 |
+
considered O
|
1071 |
+
, O
|
1072 |
+
where O
|
1073 |
+
ANSYS B-climate-models
|
1074 |
+
FLUENT I-climate-models
|
1075 |
+
code O
|
1076 |
+
has O
|
1077 |
+
been O
|
1078 |
+
employed O
|
1079 |
+
to O
|
1080 |
+
solve O
|
1081 |
+
the O
|
1082 |
+
resulting O
|
1083 |
+
mathematical O
|
1084 |
+
model O
|
1085 |
+
. O
|
1086 |
+
|
1087 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O bfe31a2677c6bd4527ca9fa248ba3bff
|
1088 |
+
|
1089 |
+
It O
|
1090 |
+
uses O
|
1091 |
+
the O
|
1092 |
+
GLobal B-climate-models
|
1093 |
+
BIOsphere I-climate-models
|
1094 |
+
Management I-climate-models
|
1095 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
1096 |
+
, O
|
1097 |
+
a O
|
1098 |
+
partial O
|
1099 |
+
equilibrium O
|
1100 |
+
model O
|
1101 |
+
of O
|
1102 |
+
the O
|
1103 |
+
global O
|
1104 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
1105 |
+
and O
|
1106 |
+
forestry B-climate-assets
|
1107 |
+
sectors O
|
1108 |
+
. O
|
1109 |
+
|
1110 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O dbba14715dd4bce458b65b2142c584af
|
1111 |
+
|
1112 |
+
model O
|
1113 |
+
algorithms O
|
1114 |
+
for O
|
1115 |
+
explanation O
|
1116 |
+
of O
|
1117 |
+
the O
|
1118 |
+
relationship O
|
1119 |
+
between O
|
1120 |
+
the O
|
1121 |
+
emergence O
|
1122 |
+
of O
|
1123 |
+
biological B-climate-organisms
|
1124 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
1125 |
+
and O
|
1126 |
+
habitat B-climate-organisms
|
1127 |
+
environments O
|
1128 |
+
were O
|
1129 |
+
reviewed O
|
1130 |
+
to O
|
1131 |
+
construct O
|
1132 |
+
the O
|
1133 |
+
environmental O
|
1134 |
+
data O
|
1135 |
+
suitable O
|
1136 |
+
for O
|
1137 |
+
the O
|
1138 |
+
six O
|
1139 |
+
models(GLM O
|
1140 |
+
, O
|
1141 |
+
GAM O
|
1142 |
+
, O
|
1143 |
+
RF O
|
1144 |
+
, O
|
1145 |
+
MaxEnt O
|
1146 |
+
, O
|
1147 |
+
ANN O
|
1148 |
+
, O
|
1149 |
+
and O
|
1150 |
+
SVM O
|
1151 |
+
) O
|
1152 |
+
. O
|
1153 |
+
|
1154 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 10b50e3df8fe5848881f09b55f3333a7
|
1155 |
+
|
1156 |
+
This O
|
1157 |
+
study O
|
1158 |
+
developed O
|
1159 |
+
a O
|
1160 |
+
dynamic B-climate-models
|
1161 |
+
copula I-climate-models
|
1162 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
1163 |
+
based I-climate-models
|
1164 |
+
simulation I-climate-models
|
1165 |
+
model I-climate-models
|
1166 |
+
( O
|
1167 |
+
DCSM B-climate-models
|
1168 |
+
) O
|
1169 |
+
for O
|
1170 |
+
single O
|
1171 |
+
- O
|
1172 |
+
site O
|
1173 |
+
seasonal O
|
1174 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
1175 |
+
generation O
|
1176 |
+
, O
|
1177 |
+
observed O
|
1178 |
+
at O
|
1179 |
+
Beijing B-climate-observations
|
1180 |
+
Station I-climate-observations
|
1181 |
+
in O
|
1182 |
+
Haihe O
|
1183 |
+
River O
|
1184 |
+
basin O
|
1185 |
+
, O
|
1186 |
+
China O
|
1187 |
+
. O
|
1188 |
+
|
1189 |
+
The O
|
1190 |
+
model O
|
1191 |
+
entailed O
|
1192 |
+
four O
|
1193 |
+
phases O
|
1194 |
+
: O
|
1195 |
+
( O
|
1196 |
+
1 O
|
1197 |
+
) O
|
1198 |
+
nonstationary O
|
1199 |
+
modelling O
|
1200 |
+
of O
|
1201 |
+
the O
|
1202 |
+
margins O
|
1203 |
+
by O
|
1204 |
+
the O
|
1205 |
+
Generalized B-climate-models
|
1206 |
+
Additive I-climate-models
|
1207 |
+
Models I-climate-models
|
1208 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
1209 |
+
Location I-climate-models
|
1210 |
+
, I-climate-models
|
1211 |
+
Scale I-climate-models
|
1212 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
1213 |
+
Shape I-climate-models
|
1214 |
+
( O
|
1215 |
+
GAMLSS B-climate-models
|
1216 |
+
) O
|
1217 |
+
; O
|
1218 |
+
( O
|
1219 |
+
2 O
|
1220 |
+
) O
|
1221 |
+
dynamical O
|
1222 |
+
copula O
|
1223 |
+
method O
|
1224 |
+
to O
|
1225 |
+
describe O
|
1226 |
+
the O
|
1227 |
+
nonstationary O
|
1228 |
+
temporal O
|
1229 |
+
dependence O
|
1230 |
+
structure O
|
1231 |
+
of O
|
1232 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
1233 |
+
observed O
|
1234 |
+
at O
|
1235 |
+
adjacent O
|
1236 |
+
two O
|
1237 |
+
seasons O
|
1238 |
+
; O
|
1239 |
+
( O
|
1240 |
+
3 O
|
1241 |
+
) O
|
1242 |
+
a O
|
1243 |
+
dynamic O
|
1244 |
+
copula O
|
1245 |
+
- O
|
1246 |
+
based O
|
1247 |
+
conditional O
|
1248 |
+
quantile O
|
1249 |
+
function O
|
1250 |
+
to O
|
1251 |
+
generate O
|
1252 |
+
simulated O
|
1253 |
+
series O
|
1254 |
+
; O
|
1255 |
+
( O
|
1256 |
+
4 O
|
1257 |
+
) O
|
1258 |
+
performance O
|
1259 |
+
assessment O
|
1260 |
+
of O
|
1261 |
+
the O
|
1262 |
+
simulated O
|
1263 |
+
series O
|
1264 |
+
by O
|
1265 |
+
the O
|
1266 |
+
proposed O
|
1267 |
+
DCSM B-climate-models
|
1268 |
+
model O
|
1269 |
+
with O
|
1270 |
+
the O
|
1271 |
+
preservation O
|
1272 |
+
of O
|
1273 |
+
basic O
|
1274 |
+
statistics O
|
1275 |
+
of O
|
1276 |
+
each O
|
1277 |
+
sequence O
|
1278 |
+
and O
|
1279 |
+
simulation O
|
1280 |
+
accuracy O
|
1281 |
+
at O
|
1282 |
+
each O
|
1283 |
+
data O
|
1284 |
+
point O
|
1285 |
+
. O
|
1286 |
+
|
1287 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d0a4f7389c82fd46522218fcc5175d37
|
1288 |
+
|
1289 |
+
Reference B-climate-properties
|
1290 |
+
evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
1291 |
+
( O
|
1292 |
+
ETref B-climate-properties
|
1293 |
+
) O
|
1294 |
+
is O
|
1295 |
+
an O
|
1296 |
+
important O
|
1297 |
+
study O
|
1298 |
+
object O
|
1299 |
+
for O
|
1300 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
1301 |
+
cycle I-climate-nature
|
1302 |
+
processes O
|
1303 |
+
in O
|
1304 |
+
the O
|
1305 |
+
context O
|
1306 |
+
of O
|
1307 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
1308 |
+
- O
|
1309 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
1310 |
+
risks O
|
1311 |
+
of O
|
1312 |
+
the O
|
1313 |
+
Huai O
|
1314 |
+
River O
|
1315 |
+
Basin O
|
1316 |
+
( O
|
1317 |
+
HRB O
|
1318 |
+
) O
|
1319 |
+
. O
|
1320 |
+
|
1321 |
+
In O
|
1322 |
+
this O
|
1323 |
+
study O
|
1324 |
+
, O
|
1325 |
+
the O
|
1326 |
+
FAO-56 B-climate-models
|
1327 |
+
Penman I-climate-models
|
1328 |
+
– I-climate-models
|
1329 |
+
Monteith I-climate-models
|
1330 |
+
( O
|
1331 |
+
PM B-climate-models
|
1332 |
+
) O
|
1333 |
+
model O
|
1334 |
+
was O
|
1335 |
+
employed O
|
1336 |
+
to O
|
1337 |
+
calculate O
|
1338 |
+
seasonal O
|
1339 |
+
and O
|
1340 |
+
annual O
|
1341 |
+
ETref B-climate-properties
|
1342 |
+
based O
|
1343 |
+
on O
|
1344 |
+
137 O
|
1345 |
+
meteorological O
|
1346 |
+
station O
|
1347 |
+
data O
|
1348 |
+
points O
|
1349 |
+
in O
|
1350 |
+
HRB O
|
1351 |
+
from O
|
1352 |
+
1961 O
|
1353 |
+
to O
|
1354 |
+
2014 O
|
1355 |
+
. O
|
1356 |
+
|
1357 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 720219ed4db5f7322fc759eb93a312df
|
1358 |
+
|
1359 |
+
The O
|
1360 |
+
effective B-climate-properties
|
1361 |
+
density I-climate-properties
|
1362 |
+
( O
|
1363 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
1364 |
+
) O
|
1365 |
+
of O
|
1366 |
+
refractory O
|
1367 |
+
black B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1368 |
+
carbon I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1369 |
+
( O
|
1370 |
+
rBC B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1371 |
+
) O
|
1372 |
+
is O
|
1373 |
+
a O
|
1374 |
+
key O
|
1375 |
+
parameter O
|
1376 |
+
relevant O
|
1377 |
+
to O
|
1378 |
+
their O
|
1379 |
+
mixing O
|
1380 |
+
state O
|
1381 |
+
that O
|
1382 |
+
imposes O
|
1383 |
+
great O
|
1384 |
+
uncertainty O
|
1385 |
+
when O
|
1386 |
+
evaluating O
|
1387 |
+
the O
|
1388 |
+
direct O
|
1389 |
+
radiation B-climate-properties
|
1390 |
+
forcing I-climate-properties
|
1391 |
+
effect I-climate-properties
|
1392 |
+
. O
|
1393 |
+
|
1394 |
+
In O
|
1395 |
+
this O
|
1396 |
+
study O
|
1397 |
+
, O
|
1398 |
+
a O
|
1399 |
+
novel O
|
1400 |
+
tandem O
|
1401 |
+
DMA B-climate-observations
|
1402 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
1403 |
+
CPMA I-climate-observations
|
1404 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
1405 |
+
SP2 I-climate-observations
|
1406 |
+
system O
|
1407 |
+
was O
|
1408 |
+
used O
|
1409 |
+
to O
|
1410 |
+
investigate O
|
1411 |
+
the O
|
1412 |
+
relationship O
|
1413 |
+
between O
|
1414 |
+
the O
|
1415 |
+
effective B-climate-properties
|
1416 |
+
density I-climate-properties
|
1417 |
+
( O
|
1418 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
1419 |
+
) O
|
1420 |
+
and O
|
1421 |
+
the O
|
1422 |
+
mixing O
|
1423 |
+
state O
|
1424 |
+
of O
|
1425 |
+
rBC B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1426 |
+
particles O
|
1427 |
+
during O
|
1428 |
+
the O
|
1429 |
+
winter O
|
1430 |
+
of O
|
1431 |
+
2018 O
|
1432 |
+
in O
|
1433 |
+
the O
|
1434 |
+
Beijing O
|
1435 |
+
mega O
|
1436 |
+
- O
|
1437 |
+
city O
|
1438 |
+
. O
|
1439 |
+
|
1440 |
+
During O
|
1441 |
+
the O
|
1442 |
+
experiment O
|
1443 |
+
, O
|
1444 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
1445 |
+
with O
|
1446 |
+
a O
|
1447 |
+
known O
|
1448 |
+
mobility B-climate-properties
|
1449 |
+
diameter I-climate-properties
|
1450 |
+
( O
|
1451 |
+
Dmob B-climate-properties
|
1452 |
+
) O
|
1453 |
+
and O
|
1454 |
+
known O
|
1455 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
1456 |
+
values O
|
1457 |
+
( O
|
1458 |
+
0.8 O
|
1459 |
+
, O
|
1460 |
+
1.0 O
|
1461 |
+
, O
|
1462 |
+
1.2 O
|
1463 |
+
, O
|
1464 |
+
1.4 O
|
1465 |
+
, O
|
1466 |
+
1.6 O
|
1467 |
+
, O
|
1468 |
+
and O
|
1469 |
+
1.8 O
|
1470 |
+
g O
|
1471 |
+
/ O
|
1472 |
+
cm3 O
|
1473 |
+
) O
|
1474 |
+
were O
|
1475 |
+
selected O
|
1476 |
+
and O
|
1477 |
+
measured O
|
1478 |
+
by O
|
1479 |
+
the O
|
1480 |
+
SP2 B-climate-observations
|
1481 |
+
to O
|
1482 |
+
obtain O
|
1483 |
+
their O
|
1484 |
+
corresponding O
|
1485 |
+
mixing O
|
1486 |
+
states O
|
1487 |
+
. O
|
1488 |
+
|
1489 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 4516817256e64da95dd92cf0fe0be66f
|
1490 |
+
|
1491 |
+
play O
|
1492 |
+
important O
|
1493 |
+
roles O
|
1494 |
+
in O
|
1495 |
+
ecosystem O
|
1496 |
+
due O
|
1497 |
+
to O
|
1498 |
+
their O
|
1499 |
+
extensive O
|
1500 |
+
geographical O
|
1501 |
+
coverage O
|
1502 |
+
on O
|
1503 |
+
the O
|
1504 |
+
Qinghai O
|
1505 |
+
- O
|
1506 |
+
Tibetan O
|
1507 |
+
Plateau O
|
1508 |
+
( O
|
1509 |
+
QTP O
|
1510 |
+
) O
|
1511 |
+
. O
|
1512 |
+
|
1513 |
+
The O
|
1514 |
+
key O
|
1515 |
+
environmental O
|
1516 |
+
factors O
|
1517 |
+
which O
|
1518 |
+
determined O
|
1519 |
+
Bryophytes B-climate-organisms
|
1520 |
+
’s O
|
1521 |
+
habitats B-climate-organisms
|
1522 |
+
and O
|
1523 |
+
range O
|
1524 |
+
shifts O
|
1525 |
+
were O
|
1526 |
+
also O
|
1527 |
+
examined O
|
1528 |
+
. O
|
1529 |
+
|
1530 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e286f3e2a40021cf3d440580a95573af
|
1531 |
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|
1532 |
+
Agreeing O
|
1533 |
+
with O
|
1534 |
+
geo O
|
1535 |
+
- O
|
1536 |
+
sciences O
|
1537 |
+
I O
|
1538 |
+
do O
|
1539 |
+
not O
|
1540 |
+
understand O
|
1541 |
+
natural O
|
1542 |
+
disasters O
|
1543 |
+
( O
|
1544 |
+
such O
|
1545 |
+
as O
|
1546 |
+
hurricanes B-climate-hazards
|
1547 |
+
, O
|
1548 |
+
earthquakes B-climate-hazards
|
1549 |
+
or O
|
1550 |
+
storm B-climate-hazards
|
1551 |
+
surges I-climate-hazards
|
1552 |
+
) O
|
1553 |
+
as O
|
1554 |
+
single O
|
1555 |
+
events O
|
1556 |
+
, O
|
1557 |
+
like O
|
1558 |
+
journalism O
|
1559 |
+
mainly O
|
1560 |
+
covers O
|
1561 |
+
them O
|
1562 |
+
. O
|
1563 |
+
|
1564 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 4f06b511e3b4a73b5ac2ba66171df7c7
|
1565 |
+
|
1566 |
+
Abstract O
|
1567 |
+
Study O
|
1568 |
+
region O
|
1569 |
+
The O
|
1570 |
+
Chancay O
|
1571 |
+
- O
|
1572 |
+
Huaral O
|
1573 |
+
( O
|
1574 |
+
CH O
|
1575 |
+
) O
|
1576 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
1577 |
+
river I-climate-nature
|
1578 |
+
basin I-climate-nature
|
1579 |
+
in O
|
1580 |
+
the O
|
1581 |
+
Lima O
|
1582 |
+
Region O
|
1583 |
+
, O
|
1584 |
+
Peru O
|
1585 |
+
, O
|
1586 |
+
between O
|
1587 |
+
the O
|
1588 |
+
Pacific O
|
1589 |
+
Ocean O
|
1590 |
+
and O
|
1591 |
+
the O
|
1592 |
+
Andean O
|
1593 |
+
Cordillera O
|
1594 |
+
. O
|
1595 |
+
|
1596 |
+
Therefore O
|
1597 |
+
, O
|
1598 |
+
bias O
|
1599 |
+
- O
|
1600 |
+
corrected O
|
1601 |
+
time O
|
1602 |
+
series O
|
1603 |
+
of O
|
1604 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
1605 |
+
and O
|
1606 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1607 |
+
from O
|
1608 |
+
31 O
|
1609 |
+
General O
|
1610 |
+
Circulation O
|
1611 |
+
Models O
|
1612 |
+
( O
|
1613 |
+
GCMs O
|
1614 |
+
) O
|
1615 |
+
with O
|
1616 |
+
the O
|
1617 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
1618 |
+
scenarios O
|
1619 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1620 |
+
and O
|
1621 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1622 |
+
( O
|
1623 |
+
Representative O
|
1624 |
+
Concentration O
|
1625 |
+
Pathways O
|
1626 |
+
) O
|
1627 |
+
were O
|
1628 |
+
used O
|
1629 |
+
as O
|
1630 |
+
inputs O
|
1631 |
+
for O
|
1632 |
+
the O
|
1633 |
+
Water B-climate-models
|
1634 |
+
Evaluation I-climate-models
|
1635 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
1636 |
+
Planning I-climate-models
|
1637 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
1638 |
+
model O
|
1639 |
+
( O
|
1640 |
+
WEAP B-climate-models
|
1641 |
+
) O
|
1642 |
+
. O
|
1643 |
+
|
1644 |
+
Bias O
|
1645 |
+
correction O
|
1646 |
+
and O
|
1647 |
+
downscaling O
|
1648 |
+
of O
|
1649 |
+
the O
|
1650 |
+
GCMs O
|
1651 |
+
were O
|
1652 |
+
implemented O
|
1653 |
+
using O
|
1654 |
+
a O
|
1655 |
+
quantile O
|
1656 |
+
mapping O
|
1657 |
+
method O
|
1658 |
+
. O
|
1659 |
+
|
1660 |
+
New O
|
1661 |
+
hydrological O
|
1662 |
+
insights O
|
1663 |
+
for O
|
1664 |
+
the O
|
1665 |
+
region O
|
1666 |
+
On O
|
1667 |
+
average O
|
1668 |
+
, O
|
1669 |
+
GCMs O
|
1670 |
+
indicate O
|
1671 |
+
increased O
|
1672 |
+
annual B-climate-properties
|
1673 |
+
mean I-climate-properties
|
1674 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
1675 |
+
by O
|
1676 |
+
3.1 O
|
1677 |
+
° O
|
1678 |
+
C O
|
1679 |
+
( O
|
1680 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1681 |
+
) O
|
1682 |
+
and O
|
1683 |
+
by O
|
1684 |
+
4.3 O
|
1685 |
+
° O
|
1686 |
+
C O
|
1687 |
+
( O
|
1688 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1689 |
+
) O
|
1690 |
+
and O
|
1691 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
1692 |
+
sum I-climate-properties
|
1693 |
+
by O
|
1694 |
+
20 O
|
1695 |
+
% O
|
1696 |
+
( O
|
1697 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1698 |
+
) O
|
1699 |
+
and O
|
1700 |
+
by O
|
1701 |
+
28 O
|
1702 |
+
% O
|
1703 |
+
( O
|
1704 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
1705 |
+
) O
|
1706 |
+
. O
|
1707 |
+
|
1708 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 28767921addeb63241b498b7080d1807
|
1709 |
+
|
1710 |
+
The O
|
1711 |
+
kinetic O
|
1712 |
+
formalism O
|
1713 |
+
developed O
|
1714 |
+
includes O
|
1715 |
+
the O
|
1716 |
+
coupling O
|
1717 |
+
of O
|
1718 |
+
the O
|
1719 |
+
rate O
|
1720 |
+
equations O
|
1721 |
+
of O
|
1722 |
+
each O
|
1723 |
+
of O
|
1724 |
+
the O
|
1725 |
+
different O
|
1726 |
+
species O
|
1727 |
+
considered O
|
1728 |
+
( O
|
1729 |
+
electrons O
|
1730 |
+
, O
|
1731 |
+
ions O
|
1732 |
+
, O
|
1733 |
+
atoms O
|
1734 |
+
and O
|
1735 |
+
molecules O
|
1736 |
+
) O
|
1737 |
+
with O
|
1738 |
+
the O
|
1739 |
+
Boltzmann O
|
1740 |
+
transport O
|
1741 |
+
equation O
|
1742 |
+
so O
|
1743 |
+
that O
|
1744 |
+
, O
|
1745 |
+
in O
|
1746 |
+
this O
|
1747 |
+
way O
|
1748 |
+
, O
|
1749 |
+
all O
|
1750 |
+
the O
|
1751 |
+
kinetics O
|
1752 |
+
is O
|
1753 |
+
self O
|
1754 |
+
- O
|
1755 |
+
consistent O
|
1756 |
+
, O
|
1757 |
+
although O
|
1758 |
+
, O
|
1759 |
+
in O
|
1760 |
+
the O
|
1761 |
+
present O
|
1762 |
+
approach O
|
1763 |
+
, O
|
1764 |
+
the O
|
1765 |
+
electrodynamics O
|
1766 |
+
( O
|
1767 |
+
no O
|
1768 |
+
Poisson O
|
1769 |
+
equation O
|
1770 |
+
is O
|
1771 |
+
considered O
|
1772 |
+
) O
|
1773 |
+
is O
|
1774 |
+
not O
|
1775 |
+
coupled O
|
1776 |
+
. O
|
1777 |
+
|
1778 |
+
The O
|
1779 |
+
chemical O
|
1780 |
+
model O
|
1781 |
+
set O
|
1782 |
+
up O
|
1783 |
+
for O
|
1784 |
+
air O
|
1785 |
+
plasmas B-climate-nature
|
1786 |
+
includes O
|
1787 |
+
more O
|
1788 |
+
than O
|
1789 |
+
75 O
|
1790 |
+
species O
|
1791 |
+
and O
|
1792 |
+
almost O
|
1793 |
+
500 O
|
1794 |
+
reactions O
|
1795 |
+
. O
|
1796 |
+
|
1797 |
+
This O
|
1798 |
+
study O
|
1799 |
+
also O
|
1800 |
+
considers O
|
1801 |
+
the O
|
1802 |
+
vibrational O
|
1803 |
+
kinetics O
|
1804 |
+
of O
|
1805 |
+
N2 O
|
1806 |
+
and O
|
1807 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1808 |
+
and O
|
1809 |
+
explicitly O
|
1810 |
+
evaluates O
|
1811 |
+
the O
|
1812 |
+
optical B-climate-properties
|
1813 |
+
emissions I-climate-properties
|
1814 |
+
associated O
|
1815 |
+
with O
|
1816 |
+
a O
|
1817 |
+
number O
|
1818 |
+
of O
|
1819 |
+
excited O
|
1820 |
+
states O
|
1821 |
+
of O
|
1822 |
+
N2 O
|
1823 |
+
, O
|
1824 |
+
O O
|
1825 |
+
2 O
|
1826 |
+
, O
|
1827 |
+
O O
|
1828 |
+
in O
|
1829 |
+
the O
|
1830 |
+
visible O
|
1831 |
+
, O
|
1832 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
1833 |
+
in O
|
1834 |
+
the O
|
1835 |
+
infrared O
|
1836 |
+
( O
|
1837 |
+
IR O
|
1838 |
+
) O
|
1839 |
+
and O
|
1840 |
+
ultraviolet O
|
1841 |
+
( O
|
1842 |
+
UV O
|
1843 |
+
) O
|
1844 |
+
emissions O
|
1845 |
+
of O
|
1846 |
+
sprite O
|
1847 |
+
streamers O
|
1848 |
+
due O
|
1849 |
+
to O
|
1850 |
+
the O
|
1851 |
+
N2 O
|
1852 |
+
Lyman B-climate-observations
|
1853 |
+
– I-climate-observations
|
1854 |
+
Birge I-climate-observations
|
1855 |
+
– I-climate-observations
|
1856 |
+
Hopfield I-climate-observations
|
1857 |
+
( O
|
1858 |
+
LBH B-climate-observations
|
1859 |
+
) O
|
1860 |
+
and O
|
1861 |
+
the O
|
1862 |
+
NO O
|
1863 |
+
- O
|
1864 |
+
γ O
|
1865 |
+
band B-climate-observations
|
1866 |
+
systems I-climate-observations
|
1867 |
+
. O
|
1868 |
+
|
1869 |
+
All O
|
1870 |
+
the O
|
1871 |
+
calculations O
|
1872 |
+
are O
|
1873 |
+
conducted O
|
1874 |
+
for O
|
1875 |
+
midnight O
|
1876 |
+
conditions O
|
1877 |
+
in O
|
1878 |
+
mid O
|
1879 |
+
- O
|
1880 |
+
latitude B-climate-properties
|
1881 |
+
regions O
|
1882 |
+
( O
|
1883 |
+
+38 O
|
1884 |
+
◦ O
|
1885 |
+
N O
|
1886 |
+
) O
|
1887 |
+
and O
|
1888 |
+
0 O
|
1889 |
+
◦ O
|
1890 |
+
longitude B-climate-properties
|
1891 |
+
, O
|
1892 |
+
using O
|
1893 |
+
as O
|
1894 |
+
initial O
|
1895 |
+
values O
|
1896 |
+
for O
|
1897 |
+
the O
|
1898 |
+
neutral O
|
1899 |
+
species O
|
1900 |
+
those O
|
1901 |
+
provided O
|
1902 |
+
by O
|
1903 |
+
the O
|
1904 |
+
latest O
|
1905 |
+
version O
|
1906 |
+
of O
|
1907 |
+
the O
|
1908 |
+
Whole B-climate-models
|
1909 |
+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
1910 |
+
Community I-climate-models
|
1911 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
1912 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
1913 |
+
( O
|
1914 |
+
WACCM B-climate-models
|
1915 |
+
) O
|
1916 |
+
. O
|
1917 |
+
|
1918 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7fb6a223b2a349c2300a6e3e959b4b67
|
1919 |
+
|
1920 |
+
The O
|
1921 |
+
Biosphere B-climate-models
|
1922 |
+
Energy I-climate-models
|
1923 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
1924 |
+
Transfer I-climate-models
|
1925 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
1926 |
+
Hydrology I-climate-models
|
1927 |
+
model O
|
1928 |
+
( O
|
1929 |
+
BETHY B-climate-models
|
1930 |
+
) O
|
1931 |
+
is O
|
1932 |
+
used O
|
1933 |
+
to O
|
1934 |
+
simulate O
|
1935 |
+
global O
|
1936 |
+
photosynthesis B-climate-nature
|
1937 |
+
, O
|
1938 |
+
and O
|
1939 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
1940 |
+
and O
|
1941 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
1942 |
+
respiration I-climate-nature
|
1943 |
+
embedded O
|
1944 |
+
within O
|
1945 |
+
the O
|
1946 |
+
full O
|
1947 |
+
energy O
|
1948 |
+
and O
|
1949 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
1950 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
1951 |
+
, O
|
1952 |
+
based O
|
1953 |
+
on O
|
1954 |
+
13 O
|
1955 |
+
years O
|
1956 |
+
of O
|
1957 |
+
meteorological O
|
1958 |
+
data O
|
1959 |
+
. O
|
1960 |
+
|
1961 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O b8e14d567da2c96c1d9126b6418075ef
|
1962 |
+
|
1963 |
+
Fires B-climate-hazards
|
1964 |
+
in O
|
1965 |
+
the O
|
1966 |
+
boreal B-climate-nature
|
1967 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
1968 |
+
of O
|
1969 |
+
North O
|
1970 |
+
America O
|
1971 |
+
are O
|
1972 |
+
generally O
|
1973 |
+
severe O
|
1974 |
+
, O
|
1975 |
+
killing B-climate-impacts
|
1976 |
+
the O
|
1977 |
+
majority O
|
1978 |
+
of O
|
1979 |
+
trees B-climate-organisms
|
1980 |
+
and O
|
1981 |
+
initiating O
|
1982 |
+
succession O
|
1983 |
+
that O
|
1984 |
+
may O
|
1985 |
+
last O
|
1986 |
+
over O
|
1987 |
+
a O
|
1988 |
+
century O
|
1989 |
+
. O
|
1990 |
+
|
1991 |
+
Burn B-climate-impacts
|
1992 |
+
area I-climate-impacts
|
1993 |
+
across O
|
1994 |
+
Alaska O
|
1995 |
+
and O
|
1996 |
+
Canada O
|
1997 |
+
has O
|
1998 |
+
increased O
|
1999 |
+
in O
|
2000 |
+
the O
|
2001 |
+
last O
|
2002 |
+
few O
|
2003 |
+
decades O
|
2004 |
+
, O
|
2005 |
+
and O
|
2006 |
+
is O
|
2007 |
+
projected O
|
2008 |
+
to O
|
2009 |
+
be O
|
2010 |
+
substantially O
|
2011 |
+
higher O
|
2012 |
+
by O
|
2013 |
+
the O
|
2014 |
+
end O
|
2015 |
+
of O
|
2016 |
+
the O
|
2017 |
+
21st O
|
2018 |
+
century O
|
2019 |
+
due O
|
2020 |
+
to O
|
2021 |
+
a O
|
2022 |
+
warmer O
|
2023 |
+
climate O
|
2024 |
+
with O
|
2025 |
+
longer O
|
2026 |
+
growing O
|
2027 |
+
seasons O
|
2028 |
+
. O
|
2029 |
+
|
2030 |
+
Further O
|
2031 |
+
work O
|
2032 |
+
is O
|
2033 |
+
needed O
|
2034 |
+
to O
|
2035 |
+
integrate O
|
2036 |
+
all O
|
2037 |
+
the O
|
2038 |
+
climate O
|
2039 |
+
drivers O
|
2040 |
+
from O
|
2041 |
+
boreal O
|
2042 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
2043 |
+
fires I-climate-hazards
|
2044 |
+
, O
|
2045 |
+
including O
|
2046 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
2047 |
+
and O
|
2048 |
+
greenhouse O
|
2049 |
+
gasses O
|
2050 |
+
, O
|
2051 |
+
and O
|
2052 |
+
to O
|
2053 |
+
incorporate O
|
2054 |
+
Eurasia O
|
2055 |
+
. O
|
2056 |
+
|
2057 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d5ed4d64bd716ca943bfbee19177a4ef
|
2058 |
+
|
2059 |
+
Here O
|
2060 |
+
we O
|
2061 |
+
assess O
|
2062 |
+
the O
|
2063 |
+
analytic O
|
2064 |
+
utility O
|
2065 |
+
of O
|
2066 |
+
the O
|
2067 |
+
well O
|
2068 |
+
- O
|
2069 |
+
known O
|
2070 |
+
IPAT B-climate-models
|
2071 |
+
identity I-climate-models
|
2072 |
+
, O
|
2073 |
+
the O
|
2074 |
+
newly O
|
2075 |
+
developed O
|
2076 |
+
ImPACT B-climate-models
|
2077 |
+
identity I-climate-models
|
2078 |
+
, O
|
2079 |
+
and O
|
2080 |
+
their O
|
2081 |
+
stochastic O
|
2082 |
+
cousin O
|
2083 |
+
, O
|
2084 |
+
the O
|
2085 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
2086 |
+
model O
|
2087 |
+
. O
|
2088 |
+
|
2089 |
+
We O
|
2090 |
+
then O
|
2091 |
+
refine O
|
2092 |
+
the O
|
2093 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
2094 |
+
model O
|
2095 |
+
by O
|
2096 |
+
developing O
|
2097 |
+
the O
|
2098 |
+
concept O
|
2099 |
+
of O
|
2100 |
+
ecological B-climate-properties
|
2101 |
+
elasticity I-climate-properties
|
2102 |
+
( O
|
2103 |
+
EE B-climate-properties
|
2104 |
+
) O
|
2105 |
+
. O
|
2106 |
+
|
2107 |
+
To O
|
2108 |
+
illustrate O
|
2109 |
+
the O
|
2110 |
+
application O
|
2111 |
+
of O
|
2112 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
2113 |
+
and O
|
2114 |
+
EE B-climate-properties
|
2115 |
+
, O
|
2116 |
+
we O
|
2117 |
+
compute O
|
2118 |
+
the O
|
2119 |
+
ecological B-climate-properties
|
2120 |
+
elasticities I-climate-properties
|
2121 |
+
of O
|
2122 |
+
population B-climate-properties
|
2123 |
+
, O
|
2124 |
+
affluence B-climate-properties
|
2125 |
+
and O
|
2126 |
+
other O
|
2127 |
+
factors O
|
2128 |
+
for O
|
2129 |
+
cross B-climate-properties
|
2130 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
2131 |
+
national I-climate-properties
|
2132 |
+
emissions I-climate-properties
|
2133 |
+
of O
|
2134 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
2135 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
2136 |
+
( O
|
2137 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
2138 |
+
) O
|
2139 |
+
from O
|
2140 |
+
fossil B-climate-problem-origins
|
2141 |
+
fuel I-climate-problem-origins
|
2142 |
+
combustion I-climate-problem-origins
|
2143 |
+
and O
|
2144 |
+
for O
|
2145 |
+
the O
|
2146 |
+
energy O
|
2147 |
+
footprint O
|
2148 |
+
, O
|
2149 |
+
a O
|
2150 |
+
composite O
|
2151 |
+
measure O
|
2152 |
+
comprising O
|
2153 |
+
impacts O
|
2154 |
+
from O
|
2155 |
+
fossil B-climate-problem-origins
|
2156 |
+
fuel I-climate-problem-origins
|
2157 |
+
combustion I-climate-problem-origins
|
2158 |
+
, O
|
2159 |
+
fuel B-climate-problem-origins
|
2160 |
+
wood I-climate-problem-origins
|
2161 |
+
, O
|
2162 |
+
hydropower B-climate-mitigations
|
2163 |
+
and O
|
2164 |
+
nuclear B-climate-mitigations
|
2165 |
+
power I-climate-mitigations
|
2166 |
+
. O
|
2167 |
+
|
2168 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ofc04919547675a121cb0acf75f63c2b5
|
2169 |
+
|
2170 |
+
Measured O
|
2171 |
+
data O
|
2172 |
+
on O
|
2173 |
+
space B-climate-problem-origins
|
2174 |
+
heating I-climate-problem-origins
|
2175 |
+
is O
|
2176 |
+
not O
|
2177 |
+
available O
|
2178 |
+
on O
|
2179 |
+
country O
|
2180 |
+
scale O
|
2181 |
+
, O
|
2182 |
+
nor O
|
2183 |
+
are O
|
2184 |
+
highly O
|
2185 |
+
granular O
|
2186 |
+
estimates O
|
2187 |
+
. O
|
2188 |
+
|
2189 |
+
The O
|
2190 |
+
method O
|
2191 |
+
is O
|
2192 |
+
presented O
|
2193 |
+
in O
|
2194 |
+
the O
|
2195 |
+
paper O
|
2196 |
+
" O
|
2197 |
+
Estimating O
|
2198 |
+
country O
|
2199 |
+
- O
|
2200 |
+
specific O
|
2201 |
+
space O
|
2202 |
+
heating B-climate-problem-origins
|
2203 |
+
threshold B-climate-properties
|
2204 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
2205 |
+
from O
|
2206 |
+
national O
|
2207 |
+
gas B-climate-problem-origins
|
2208 |
+
and I-climate-problem-origins
|
2209 |
+
electricity I-climate-problem-origins
|
2210 |
+
consumption I-climate-problem-origins
|
2211 |
+
data O
|
2212 |
+
" O
|
2213 |
+
, O
|
2214 |
+
and O
|
2215 |
+
shows O
|
2216 |
+
that O
|
2217 |
+
current O
|
2218 |
+
results O
|
2219 |
+
can O
|
2220 |
+
improve O
|
2221 |
+
significantly O
|
2222 |
+
by O
|
2223 |
+
including O
|
2224 |
+
weather O
|
2225 |
+
and O
|
2226 |
+
primary O
|
2227 |
+
energy O
|
2228 |
+
use O
|
2229 |
+
. O
|
2230 |
+
|
2231 |
+
With O
|
2232 |
+
a O
|
2233 |
+
careful O
|
2234 |
+
modelling O
|
2235 |
+
of O
|
2236 |
+
the O
|
2237 |
+
coefficient B-climate-properties
|
2238 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
2239 |
+
performance I-climate-properties
|
2240 |
+
, O
|
2241 |
+
I O
|
2242 |
+
show O
|
2243 |
+
that O
|
2244 |
+
heat B-climate-mitigations
|
2245 |
+
pumps I-climate-mitigations
|
2246 |
+
become O
|
2247 |
+
more O
|
2248 |
+
economically O
|
2249 |
+
feasible O
|
2250 |
+
with O
|
2251 |
+
rising O
|
2252 |
+
ambient B-climate-properties
|
2253 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
2254 |
+
. O
|
2255 |
+
|
2256 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O93e8e89fbf2e0a69cfad0f8acbd47dbc
|
2257 |
+
|
2258 |
+
The O
|
2259 |
+
design O
|
2260 |
+
of O
|
2261 |
+
pavement B-climate-assets
|
2262 |
+
structure O
|
2263 |
+
is O
|
2264 |
+
as O
|
2265 |
+
a O
|
2266 |
+
set O
|
2267 |
+
of O
|
2268 |
+
several O
|
2269 |
+
activities O
|
2270 |
+
related O
|
2271 |
+
to O
|
2272 |
+
the O
|
2273 |
+
design O
|
2274 |
+
of O
|
2275 |
+
road B-climate-assets
|
2276 |
+
construction O
|
2277 |
+
, O
|
2278 |
+
dimension O
|
2279 |
+
and O
|
2280 |
+
model O
|
2281 |
+
calculations O
|
2282 |
+
. O
|
2283 |
+
|
2284 |
+
An O
|
2285 |
+
increase O
|
2286 |
+
in O
|
2287 |
+
air B-climate-properties
|
2288 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
2289 |
+
is O
|
2290 |
+
assumed O
|
2291 |
+
, O
|
2292 |
+
with O
|
2293 |
+
an O
|
2294 |
+
increase O
|
2295 |
+
in O
|
2296 |
+
average B-climate-properties
|
2297 |
+
monthly I-climate-properties
|
2298 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
2299 |
+
of O
|
2300 |
+
2.0 O
|
2301 |
+
to O
|
2302 |
+
4.8 O
|
2303 |
+
° O
|
2304 |
+
C O
|
2305 |
+
. O
|
2306 |
+
|
2307 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O5dc497441bfb97397499483e461f3c0c
|
2308 |
+
|
2309 |
+
Oklahoma O
|
2310 |
+
watersheds B-climate-nature
|
2311 |
+
and O
|
2312 |
+
urban O
|
2313 |
+
areas O
|
2314 |
+
are O
|
2315 |
+
subject O
|
2316 |
+
to O
|
2317 |
+
increased O
|
2318 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
2319 |
+
shortages I-climate-hazards
|
2320 |
+
, O
|
2321 |
+
woody B-climate-hazards
|
2322 |
+
plant I-climate-hazards
|
2323 |
+
encroachment I-climate-hazards
|
2324 |
+
, O
|
2325 |
+
and O
|
2326 |
+
other O
|
2327 |
+
socio O
|
2328 |
+
- O
|
2329 |
+
environmental O
|
2330 |
+
issues O
|
2331 |
+
. O
|
2332 |
+
|
2333 |
+
Our O
|
2334 |
+
three O
|
2335 |
+
study O
|
2336 |
+
areas O
|
2337 |
+
represent O
|
2338 |
+
the O
|
2339 |
+
diversity O
|
2340 |
+
within O
|
2341 |
+
Oklahoma O
|
2342 |
+
: O
|
2343 |
+
Oklahoma O
|
2344 |
+
City O
|
2345 |
+
( O
|
2346 |
+
urban O
|
2347 |
+
) O
|
2348 |
+
, O
|
2349 |
+
Kiamichi O
|
2350 |
+
watershed O
|
2351 |
+
( O
|
2352 |
+
timber B-climate-assets
|
2353 |
+
, O
|
2354 |
+
reservoir B-climate-mitigations
|
2355 |
+
) O
|
2356 |
+
, O
|
2357 |
+
and O
|
2358 |
+
Cimarron O
|
2359 |
+
watershed O
|
2360 |
+
( O
|
2361 |
+
agriculture B-climate-assets
|
2362 |
+
, O
|
2363 |
+
grassland B-climate-nature
|
2364 |
+
) O
|
2365 |
+
. O
|
2366 |
+
|
2367 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of1be8507c3bbef488835a821280d421d
|
2368 |
+
|
2369 |
+
Besides O
|
2370 |
+
the O
|
2371 |
+
factors O
|
2372 |
+
of O
|
2373 |
+
climate O
|
2374 |
+
change O
|
2375 |
+
, O
|
2376 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
2377 |
+
, O
|
2378 |
+
plant B-climate-impacts
|
2379 |
+
diseases I-climate-impacts
|
2380 |
+
and O
|
2381 |
+
insect B-climate-hazards
|
2382 |
+
pests I-climate-hazards
|
2383 |
+
, O
|
2384 |
+
human B-climate-problem-origins
|
2385 |
+
damage I-climate-problem-origins
|
2386 |
+
activities I-climate-problem-origins
|
2387 |
+
, O
|
2388 |
+
the O
|
2389 |
+
influences O
|
2390 |
+
of O
|
2391 |
+
adaptive B-climate-mitigations
|
2392 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
2393 |
+
methods I-climate-mitigations
|
2394 |
+
to O
|
2395 |
+
the O
|
2396 |
+
factors O
|
2397 |
+
of O
|
2398 |
+
productivity O
|
2399 |
+
were O
|
2400 |
+
firstly O
|
2401 |
+
considered O
|
2402 |
+
in O
|
2403 |
+
the O
|
2404 |
+
model O
|
2405 |
+
. O
|
2406 |
+
|
2407 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3814a47de6c59d5cf7edd05ab94af571
|
2408 |
+
|
2409 |
+
Life O
|
2410 |
+
cycle O
|
2411 |
+
assessment O
|
2412 |
+
( O
|
2413 |
+
LCA O
|
2414 |
+
) O
|
2415 |
+
framework O
|
2416 |
+
will O
|
2417 |
+
be O
|
2418 |
+
utilised O
|
2419 |
+
as O
|
2420 |
+
a O
|
2421 |
+
method O
|
2422 |
+
for O
|
2423 |
+
both O
|
2424 |
+
economic O
|
2425 |
+
feasibility O
|
2426 |
+
and O
|
2427 |
+
climate O
|
2428 |
+
impact O
|
2429 |
+
evaluation O
|
2430 |
+
. O
|
2431 |
+
|
2432 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9d0ddf556b8ae379b631da671d7d6800
|
2433 |
+
|
2434 |
+
Renewable B-climate-mitigations
|
2435 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
2436 |
+
( O
|
2437 |
+
RE B-climate-mitigations
|
2438 |
+
) O
|
2439 |
+
generation O
|
2440 |
+
including O
|
2441 |
+
wind B-climate-mitigations
|
2442 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
2443 |
+
solar I-climate-mitigations
|
2444 |
+
farms I-climate-mitigations
|
2445 |
+
has O
|
2446 |
+
experienced O
|
2447 |
+
significant O
|
2448 |
+
growth O
|
2449 |
+
due O
|
2450 |
+
to O
|
2451 |
+
the O
|
2452 |
+
challenge O
|
2453 |
+
of O
|
2454 |
+
climate O
|
2455 |
+
and O
|
2456 |
+
energy O
|
2457 |
+
crisis O
|
2458 |
+
. O
|
2459 |
+
|
2460 |
+
In O
|
2461 |
+
this O
|
2462 |
+
paper O
|
2463 |
+
, O
|
2464 |
+
voltage B-climate-properties
|
2465 |
+
stability I-climate-properties
|
2466 |
+
L I-climate-properties
|
2467 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
2468 |
+
index I-climate-properties
|
2469 |
+
is O
|
2470 |
+
proposed O
|
2471 |
+
as O
|
2472 |
+
the O
|
2473 |
+
constraint O
|
2474 |
+
of O
|
2475 |
+
the O
|
2476 |
+
primal O
|
2477 |
+
- O
|
2478 |
+
dual O
|
2479 |
+
interior O
|
2480 |
+
point O
|
2481 |
+
method O
|
2482 |
+
for O
|
2483 |
+
optimal O
|
2484 |
+
power O
|
2485 |
+
flow O
|
2486 |
+
by O
|
2487 |
+
considering O
|
2488 |
+
the O
|
2489 |
+
integration O
|
2490 |
+
of O
|
2491 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
2492 |
+
and O
|
2493 |
+
photovoltaic B-climate-mitigations
|
2494 |
+
cell I-climate-mitigations
|
2495 |
+
power I-climate-mitigations
|
2496 |
+
on O
|
2497 |
+
system O
|
2498 |
+
. O
|
2499 |
+
|
2500 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O495412548716e741c1758bcffe9fe929
|
2501 |
+
|
2502 |
+
The O
|
2503 |
+
paper O
|
2504 |
+
( O
|
2505 |
+
i O
|
2506 |
+
) O
|
2507 |
+
describes O
|
2508 |
+
the O
|
2509 |
+
conceptual O
|
2510 |
+
design O
|
2511 |
+
of O
|
2512 |
+
the O
|
2513 |
+
Elbe B-climate-models
|
2514 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
2515 |
+
DSS I-climate-models
|
2516 |
+
, O
|
2517 |
+
( O
|
2518 |
+
ii O
|
2519 |
+
) O
|
2520 |
+
demonstrates O
|
2521 |
+
the O
|
2522 |
+
applicability O
|
2523 |
+
of O
|
2524 |
+
the O
|
2525 |
+
integrated O
|
2526 |
+
catchment O
|
2527 |
+
model O
|
2528 |
+
by O
|
2529 |
+
running O
|
2530 |
+
three O
|
2531 |
+
different O
|
2532 |
+
management O
|
2533 |
+
options O
|
2534 |
+
for O
|
2535 |
+
phosphate B-climate-mitigations
|
2536 |
+
discharge I-climate-mitigations
|
2537 |
+
reduction I-climate-mitigations
|
2538 |
+
( O
|
2539 |
+
reforestation B-climate-mitigations
|
2540 |
+
, O
|
2541 |
+
erosion B-climate-mitigations
|
2542 |
+
control I-climate-mitigations
|
2543 |
+
and O
|
2544 |
+
ecological B-climate-mitigations
|
2545 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
2546 |
+
farming I-climate-mitigations
|
2547 |
+
) O
|
2548 |
+
under O
|
2549 |
+
the O
|
2550 |
+
assumption O
|
2551 |
+
of O
|
2552 |
+
regional O
|
2553 |
+
climate O
|
2554 |
+
change O
|
2555 |
+
based O
|
2556 |
+
on O
|
2557 |
+
IPCC O
|
2558 |
+
scenarios O
|
2559 |
+
, O
|
2560 |
+
( O
|
2561 |
+
iii O
|
2562 |
+
) O
|
2563 |
+
evaluates O
|
2564 |
+
the O
|
2565 |
+
effectiveness O
|
2566 |
+
of O
|
2567 |
+
the O
|
2568 |
+
management O
|
2569 |
+
options O
|
2570 |
+
, O
|
2571 |
+
and O
|
2572 |
+
( O
|
2573 |
+
iv O
|
2574 |
+
) O
|
2575 |
+
provides O
|
2576 |
+
some O
|
2577 |
+
lessons O
|
2578 |
+
for O
|
2579 |
+
the O
|
2580 |
+
DSS O
|
2581 |
+
- O
|
2582 |
+
development O
|
2583 |
+
in O
|
2584 |
+
similar O
|
2585 |
+
settings O
|
2586 |
+
. O
|
2587 |
+
|
2588 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc5cfe2ae2494e461d69e06ee6bd260f8
|
2589 |
+
|
2590 |
+
CIERA B-climate-organizations
|
2591 |
+
is O
|
2592 |
+
building B-climate-assets
|
2593 |
+
an O
|
2594 |
+
international O
|
2595 |
+
community O
|
2596 |
+
to O
|
2597 |
+
catalyze O
|
2598 |
+
emissions O
|
2599 |
+
research O
|
2600 |
+
by O
|
2601 |
+
facilitating O
|
2602 |
+
: O
|
2603 |
+
the O
|
2604 |
+
consistent O
|
2605 |
+
, O
|
2606 |
+
timely O
|
2607 |
+
, O
|
2608 |
+
and O
|
2609 |
+
transparent O
|
2610 |
+
development O
|
2611 |
+
of O
|
2612 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
2613 |
+
inventories O
|
2614 |
+
at O
|
2615 |
+
all O
|
2616 |
+
scales O
|
2617 |
+
; O
|
2618 |
+
evaluations O
|
2619 |
+
and O
|
2620 |
+
analyses O
|
2621 |
+
of O
|
2622 |
+
emissions B-climate-problem-origins
|
2623 |
+
datasets O
|
2624 |
+
; O
|
2625 |
+
and O
|
2626 |
+
the O
|
2627 |
+
exchange O
|
2628 |
+
and O
|
2629 |
+
communication O
|
2630 |
+
of O
|
2631 |
+
emissions B-climate-problem-origins
|
2632 |
+
information O
|
2633 |
+
. O
|
2634 |
+
|
2635 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oa30e7ccfd008ac09618c2fa028f6675c
|
2636 |
+
|
2637 |
+
Abstract O
|
2638 |
+
Understanding O
|
2639 |
+
the O
|
2640 |
+
impact O
|
2641 |
+
of O
|
2642 |
+
climate O
|
2643 |
+
change O
|
2644 |
+
on O
|
2645 |
+
borehole B-climate-assets
|
2646 |
+
yields I-climate-assets
|
2647 |
+
from O
|
2648 |
+
fractured O
|
2649 |
+
aquifers B-climate-nature
|
2650 |
+
is O
|
2651 |
+
essential O
|
2652 |
+
for O
|
2653 |
+
future O
|
2654 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
2655 |
+
resources I-climate-mitigations
|
2656 |
+
planning I-climate-mitigations
|
2657 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
2658 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
2659 |
+
. O
|
2660 |
+
|
2661 |
+
We O
|
2662 |
+
developed O
|
2663 |
+
a O
|
2664 |
+
simple O
|
2665 |
+
two O
|
2666 |
+
- O
|
2667 |
+
layered O
|
2668 |
+
radial B-climate-nature
|
2669 |
+
groundwater I-climate-nature
|
2670 |
+
flow I-climate-nature
|
2671 |
+
model O
|
2672 |
+
of O
|
2673 |
+
an O
|
2674 |
+
idealised O
|
2675 |
+
pumping B-climate-assets
|
2676 |
+
borehole I-climate-assets
|
2677 |
+
in O
|
2678 |
+
the O
|
2679 |
+
fractured O
|
2680 |
+
Chalk B-climate-nature
|
2681 |
+
aquifer I-climate-nature
|
2682 |
+
of O
|
2683 |
+
south O
|
2684 |
+
- O
|
2685 |
+
east O
|
2686 |
+
England O
|
2687 |
+
, O
|
2688 |
+
and O
|
2689 |
+
applied O
|
2690 |
+
11 O
|
2691 |
+
VKD B-climate-properties
|
2692 |
+
profiles O
|
2693 |
+
based O
|
2694 |
+
on O
|
2695 |
+
a O
|
2696 |
+
simple O
|
2697 |
+
conceptual O
|
2698 |
+
representation O
|
2699 |
+
of O
|
2700 |
+
variation B-climate-properties
|
2701 |
+
in I-climate-properties
|
2702 |
+
hydraulic I-climate-properties
|
2703 |
+
conductivity I-climate-properties
|
2704 |
+
with I-climate-properties
|
2705 |
+
depth I-climate-properties
|
2706 |
+
in O
|
2707 |
+
the O
|
2708 |
+
Chalk B-climate-nature
|
2709 |
+
. O
|
2710 |
+
|
2711 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O095139ddcef03ac156752c6cb1bfe90a
|
2712 |
+
|
2713 |
+
For O
|
2714 |
+
thousands O
|
2715 |
+
of O
|
2716 |
+
years O
|
2717 |
+
, O
|
2718 |
+
the O
|
2719 |
+
Huang O
|
2720 |
+
- O
|
2721 |
+
Hai O
|
2722 |
+
Plain O
|
2723 |
+
in O
|
2724 |
+
northeast O
|
2725 |
+
China O
|
2726 |
+
has O
|
2727 |
+
been O
|
2728 |
+
one O
|
2729 |
+
of O
|
2730 |
+
the O
|
2731 |
+
most O
|
2732 |
+
productive O
|
2733 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
2734 |
+
regions O
|
2735 |
+
of O
|
2736 |
+
the O
|
2737 |
+
country O
|
2738 |
+
. O
|
2739 |
+
|
2740 |
+
The O
|
2741 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
2742 |
+
estimates O
|
2743 |
+
that O
|
2744 |
+
40 O
|
2745 |
+
Pg O
|
2746 |
+
of O
|
2747 |
+
C O
|
2748 |
+
could O
|
2749 |
+
be O
|
2750 |
+
sequestered O
|
2751 |
+
in O
|
2752 |
+
cropland B-climate-assets
|
2753 |
+
soils B-climate-nature
|
2754 |
+
worldwide O
|
2755 |
+
over O
|
2756 |
+
the O
|
2757 |
+
next O
|
2758 |
+
several O
|
2759 |
+
decades O
|
2760 |
+
; O
|
2761 |
+
however O
|
2762 |
+
, O
|
2763 |
+
changes O
|
2764 |
+
in O
|
2765 |
+
global O
|
2766 |
+
climate O
|
2767 |
+
may O
|
2768 |
+
impact O
|
2769 |
+
this O
|
2770 |
+
potential O
|
2771 |
+
. O
|
2772 |
+
|
2773 |
+
To O
|
2774 |
+
assess O
|
2775 |
+
the O
|
2776 |
+
influence O
|
2777 |
+
of O
|
2778 |
+
these O
|
2779 |
+
management O
|
2780 |
+
practices O
|
2781 |
+
under O
|
2782 |
+
a O
|
2783 |
+
changing O
|
2784 |
+
climate O
|
2785 |
+
, O
|
2786 |
+
we O
|
2787 |
+
use O
|
2788 |
+
two O
|
2789 |
+
climate O
|
2790 |
+
change O
|
2791 |
+
scenarios O
|
2792 |
+
( O
|
2793 |
+
A2 B-climate-datasets
|
2794 |
+
and O
|
2795 |
+
B2 B-climate-datasets
|
2796 |
+
) O
|
2797 |
+
at O
|
2798 |
+
two O
|
2799 |
+
time O
|
2800 |
+
periods O
|
2801 |
+
in O
|
2802 |
+
the O
|
2803 |
+
EPIC B-climate-models
|
2804 |
+
agro O
|
2805 |
+
- O
|
2806 |
+
ecosystem O
|
2807 |
+
simulation O
|
2808 |
+
model O
|
2809 |
+
. O
|
2810 |
+
|
2811 |
+
The O
|
2812 |
+
EPIC B-climate-models
|
2813 |
+
model O
|
2814 |
+
indicates O
|
2815 |
+
that O
|
2816 |
+
winter B-climate-assets
|
2817 |
+
wheat I-climate-assets
|
2818 |
+
yields O
|
2819 |
+
would O
|
2820 |
+
increase O
|
2821 |
+
on O
|
2822 |
+
average O
|
2823 |
+
by O
|
2824 |
+
0.2 O
|
2825 |
+
Mg O
|
2826 |
+
ha O
|
2827 |
+
� O
|
2828 |
+
1 O
|
2829 |
+
in O
|
2830 |
+
the O
|
2831 |
+
earlier O
|
2832 |
+
period O
|
2833 |
+
and O
|
2834 |
+
by O
|
2835 |
+
0.8 O
|
2836 |
+
Mg O
|
2837 |
+
ha O
|
2838 |
+
� O
|
2839 |
+
1 O
|
2840 |
+
in O
|
2841 |
+
the O
|
2842 |
+
later O
|
2843 |
+
period O
|
2844 |
+
due O
|
2845 |
+
to O
|
2846 |
+
warmer O
|
2847 |
+
nighttime B-climate-properties
|
2848 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
2849 |
+
and O
|
2850 |
+
higher O
|
2851 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
2852 |
+
. O
|
2853 |
+
|
2854 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od4ce990cf7cf6d1b9b33810c03c9e558
|
2855 |
+
|
2856 |
+
In O
|
2857 |
+
this O
|
2858 |
+
paper O
|
2859 |
+
, O
|
2860 |
+
we O
|
2861 |
+
evaluate O
|
2862 |
+
the O
|
2863 |
+
impact O
|
2864 |
+
of O
|
2865 |
+
mineral B-climate-nature
|
2866 |
+
dust I-climate-nature
|
2867 |
+
( O
|
2868 |
+
MD B-climate-nature
|
2869 |
+
) O
|
2870 |
+
on O
|
2871 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
2872 |
+
radiative O
|
2873 |
+
properties O
|
2874 |
+
in O
|
2875 |
+
the O
|
2876 |
+
European O
|
2877 |
+
Alps O
|
2878 |
+
at O
|
2879 |
+
ground O
|
2880 |
+
, O
|
2881 |
+
aerial O
|
2882 |
+
, O
|
2883 |
+
and O
|
2884 |
+
satellite O
|
2885 |
+
scale O
|
2886 |
+
. O
|
2887 |
+
|
2888 |
+
A O
|
2889 |
+
field O
|
2890 |
+
survey O
|
2891 |
+
was O
|
2892 |
+
conducted O
|
2893 |
+
to O
|
2894 |
+
acquire O
|
2895 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
2896 |
+
spectral B-climate-properties
|
2897 |
+
reflectance I-climate-properties
|
2898 |
+
measurements O
|
2899 |
+
with O
|
2900 |
+
an O
|
2901 |
+
Analytical B-climate-observations
|
2902 |
+
Spectral I-climate-observations
|
2903 |
+
Device I-climate-observations
|
2904 |
+
( I-climate-observations
|
2905 |
+
ASD I-climate-observations
|
2906 |
+
) I-climate-observations
|
2907 |
+
Field I-climate-observations
|
2908 |
+
Spec I-climate-observations
|
2909 |
+
Pro I-climate-observations
|
2910 |
+
spectroradiometer O
|
2911 |
+
. O
|
2912 |
+
|
2913 |
+
An O
|
2914 |
+
overflight O
|
2915 |
+
of O
|
2916 |
+
a O
|
2917 |
+
four O
|
2918 |
+
- O
|
2919 |
+
rotor O
|
2920 |
+
Unmanned O
|
2921 |
+
Aerial O
|
2922 |
+
Vehicle O
|
2923 |
+
( O
|
2924 |
+
UAV O
|
2925 |
+
) O
|
2926 |
+
equipped O
|
2927 |
+
with O
|
2928 |
+
an O
|
2929 |
+
RGB O
|
2930 |
+
digital O
|
2931 |
+
camera O
|
2932 |
+
sensor O
|
2933 |
+
was O
|
2934 |
+
carried O
|
2935 |
+
out O
|
2936 |
+
during O
|
2937 |
+
the O
|
2938 |
+
field O
|
2939 |
+
operations O
|
2940 |
+
. O
|
2941 |
+
|
2942 |
+
Finally O
|
2943 |
+
, O
|
2944 |
+
Landsat B-climate-observations
|
2945 |
+
8 I-climate-observations
|
2946 |
+
Operational I-climate-observations
|
2947 |
+
Land I-climate-observations
|
2948 |
+
Imager I-climate-observations
|
2949 |
+
( O
|
2950 |
+
OLI B-climate-observations
|
2951 |
+
) O
|
2952 |
+
data O
|
2953 |
+
covering O
|
2954 |
+
the O
|
2955 |
+
central O
|
2956 |
+
European O
|
2957 |
+
Alps O
|
2958 |
+
were O
|
2959 |
+
analyzed O
|
2960 |
+
. O
|
2961 |
+
|
2962 |
+
We O
|
2963 |
+
also O
|
2964 |
+
estimated O
|
2965 |
+
a O
|
2966 |
+
positive O
|
2967 |
+
instantaneous O
|
2968 |
+
radiative B-climate-properties
|
2969 |
+
forcing I-climate-properties
|
2970 |
+
that O
|
2971 |
+
reaches O
|
2972 |
+
values O
|
2973 |
+
up O
|
2974 |
+
to O
|
2975 |
+
153 O
|
2976 |
+
W O
|
2977 |
+
/ O
|
2978 |
+
m2 O
|
2979 |
+
for O
|
2980 |
+
the O
|
2981 |
+
most O
|
2982 |
+
concentrated O
|
2983 |
+
sampling O
|
2984 |
+
area O
|
2985 |
+
. O
|
2986 |
+
|
2987 |
+
These O
|
2988 |
+
maps O
|
2989 |
+
show O
|
2990 |
+
the O
|
2991 |
+
spatial O
|
2992 |
+
distribution O
|
2993 |
+
of O
|
2994 |
+
MD O
|
2995 |
+
in O
|
2996 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
2997 |
+
after O
|
2998 |
+
a O
|
2999 |
+
natural O
|
3000 |
+
deposition O
|
3001 |
+
from O
|
3002 |
+
the O
|
3003 |
+
Saharan O
|
3004 |
+
desert O
|
3005 |
+
. O
|
3006 |
+
|
3007 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8188cbe873246fbee7885c7009446024
|
3008 |
+
|
3009 |
+
Previous O
|
3010 |
+
studies O
|
3011 |
+
have O
|
3012 |
+
confirmed O
|
3013 |
+
the O
|
3014 |
+
positive O
|
3015 |
+
influence O
|
3016 |
+
of O
|
3017 |
+
increasing O
|
3018 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
3019 |
+
on O
|
3020 |
+
photosynthesis O
|
3021 |
+
and O
|
3022 |
+
survival O
|
3023 |
+
of O
|
3024 |
+
the O
|
3025 |
+
temperate O
|
3026 |
+
eelgrass B-climate-organisms
|
3027 |
+
Zostera B-climate-organisms
|
3028 |
+
marina I-climate-organisms
|
3029 |
+
L. I-climate-organisms
|
3030 |
+
, O
|
3031 |
+
but O
|
3032 |
+
the O
|
3033 |
+
acclimation O
|
3034 |
+
of O
|
3035 |
+
photoprotective O
|
3036 |
+
mechanisms O
|
3037 |
+
in O
|
3038 |
+
this O
|
3039 |
+
context O
|
3040 |
+
has O
|
3041 |
+
not O
|
3042 |
+
been O
|
3043 |
+
characterized O
|
3044 |
+
. O
|
3045 |
+
|
3046 |
+
This O
|
3047 |
+
study O
|
3048 |
+
aimed O
|
3049 |
+
to O
|
3050 |
+
quantify O
|
3051 |
+
the O
|
3052 |
+
long O
|
3053 |
+
- O
|
3054 |
+
term O
|
3055 |
+
impacts O
|
3056 |
+
of O
|
3057 |
+
ocean B-climate-hazards
|
3058 |
+
acidification I-climate-hazards
|
3059 |
+
on O
|
3060 |
+
photochemical O
|
3061 |
+
control O
|
3062 |
+
mechanisms O
|
3063 |
+
that O
|
3064 |
+
promote O
|
3065 |
+
photosynthesis O
|
3066 |
+
while O
|
3067 |
+
simultaneously O
|
3068 |
+
protecting O
|
3069 |
+
eelgrass B-climate-organisms
|
3070 |
+
from O
|
3071 |
+
photodamage O
|
3072 |
+
. O
|
3073 |
+
|
3074 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O40cf3e88ecb323889a7e33322c6de2c0
|
3075 |
+
|
3076 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
3077 |
+
is O
|
3078 |
+
driven O
|
3079 |
+
with O
|
3080 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
3081 |
+
Centre I-climate-organizations
|
3082 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
3083 |
+
Medium I-climate-organizations
|
3084 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
3085 |
+
Range I-climate-organizations
|
3086 |
+
Weather I-climate-organizations
|
3087 |
+
Forecasts I-climate-organizations
|
3088 |
+
( O
|
3089 |
+
ECMWF B-climate-organizations
|
3090 |
+
) O
|
3091 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
3092 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
3093 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
3094 |
+
6 I-climate-datasets
|
3095 |
+
- O
|
3096 |
+
hourly O
|
3097 |
+
boundary O
|
3098 |
+
condition O
|
3099 |
+
fields O
|
3100 |
+
for O
|
3101 |
+
the O
|
3102 |
+
CORDEX B-climate-models
|
3103 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
3104 |
+
MENA I-climate-models
|
3105 |
+
/ O
|
3106 |
+
Arab O
|
3107 |
+
domain O
|
3108 |
+
. O
|
3109 |
+
|
3110 |
+
Besides O
|
3111 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
3112 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
3113 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
3114 |
+
lateral O
|
3115 |
+
boundary O
|
3116 |
+
conditions O
|
3117 |
+
data O
|
3118 |
+
, O
|
3119 |
+
the O
|
3120 |
+
Climatic B-climate-organizations
|
3121 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
3122 |
+
Unit I-climate-organizations
|
3123 |
+
( O
|
3124 |
+
CRU B-climate-organizations
|
3125 |
+
) O
|
3126 |
+
data O
|
3127 |
+
is O
|
3128 |
+
also O
|
3129 |
+
used O
|
3130 |
+
to O
|
3131 |
+
assess O
|
3132 |
+
the O
|
3133 |
+
performance O
|
3134 |
+
of O
|
3135 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
3136 |
+
. O
|
3137 |
+
|
3138 |
+
Overall O
|
3139 |
+
, O
|
3140 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
3141 |
+
simulates O
|
3142 |
+
large O
|
3143 |
+
pressure B-climate-properties
|
3144 |
+
and O
|
3145 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
3146 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
3147 |
+
values O
|
3148 |
+
along O
|
3149 |
+
with O
|
3150 |
+
lower O
|
3151 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
3152 |
+
speeds I-climate-properties
|
3153 |
+
compared O
|
3154 |
+
to O
|
3155 |
+
the O
|
3156 |
+
driving O
|
3157 |
+
fields O
|
3158 |
+
, O
|
3159 |
+
which O
|
3160 |
+
are O
|
3161 |
+
the O
|
3162 |
+
key O
|
3163 |
+
sources O
|
3164 |
+
of O
|
3165 |
+
bias O
|
3166 |
+
in O
|
3167 |
+
simulating O
|
3168 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
3169 |
+
and O
|
3170 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
3171 |
+
. O
|
3172 |
+
|
3173 |
+
The O
|
3174 |
+
most O
|
3175 |
+
suitable O
|
3176 |
+
option O
|
3177 |
+
Grell B-climate-models
|
3178 |
+
over I-climate-models
|
3179 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
3180 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
3181 |
+
Emanuel I-climate-models
|
3182 |
+
over I-climate-models
|
3183 |
+
Ocean I-climate-models
|
3184 |
+
in O
|
3185 |
+
wet O
|
3186 |
+
( O
|
3187 |
+
GLEO B-climate-models
|
3188 |
+
wet O
|
3189 |
+
) O
|
3190 |
+
delivers O
|
3191 |
+
a O
|
3192 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
3193 |
+
wet B-climate-properties
|
3194 |
+
bias I-climate-properties
|
3195 |
+
of O
|
3196 |
+
2.96 O
|
3197 |
+
% O
|
3198 |
+
and O
|
3199 |
+
a O
|
3200 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
3201 |
+
cold B-climate-properties
|
3202 |
+
bias I-climate-properties
|
3203 |
+
of O
|
3204 |
+
0.26 O
|
3205 |
+
° O
|
3206 |
+
C O
|
3207 |
+
, O
|
3208 |
+
compared O
|
3209 |
+
to O
|
3210 |
+
CRU B-climate-datasets
|
3211 |
+
data O
|
3212 |
+
. O
|
3213 |
+
|
3214 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oa274dcc6a7364222319b75f364dd5655
|
3215 |
+
|
3216 |
+
The O
|
3217 |
+
rich O
|
3218 |
+
mountain B-climate-nature
|
3219 |
+
- O
|
3220 |
+
top O
|
3221 |
+
natural O
|
3222 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
3223 |
+
base O
|
3224 |
+
was O
|
3225 |
+
a O
|
3226 |
+
potential O
|
3227 |
+
livelihood B-climate-assets
|
3228 |
+
asset O
|
3229 |
+
( O
|
3230 |
+
93.2 O
|
3231 |
+
% O
|
3232 |
+
) O
|
3233 |
+
. O
|
3234 |
+
|
3235 |
+
Food B-climate-impacts
|
3236 |
+
insecurity I-climate-impacts
|
3237 |
+
and O
|
3238 |
+
income B-climate-assets
|
3239 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
3240 |
+
contributes O
|
3241 |
+
to O
|
3242 |
+
unsustainable B-climate-impacts
|
3243 |
+
livelihoods I-climate-impacts
|
3244 |
+
( O
|
3245 |
+
94.7 O
|
3246 |
+
% O
|
3247 |
+
) O
|
3248 |
+
. O
|
3249 |
+
|
3250 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od1e811320192266eb659bbb9ecd31b8d
|
3251 |
+
|
3252 |
+
Thus O
|
3253 |
+
, O
|
3254 |
+
this O
|
3255 |
+
study O
|
3256 |
+
tries O
|
3257 |
+
to O
|
3258 |
+
identify O
|
3259 |
+
the O
|
3260 |
+
in O
|
3261 |
+
- O
|
3262 |
+
built O
|
3263 |
+
crop B-climate-assets
|
3264 |
+
production O
|
3265 |
+
technology O
|
3266 |
+
related O
|
3267 |
+
adaptation O
|
3268 |
+
and/or O
|
3269 |
+
risk O
|
3270 |
+
management O
|
3271 |
+
strategies O
|
3272 |
+
with O
|
3273 |
+
smallholder B-climate-assets
|
3274 |
+
farmers O
|
3275 |
+
’ O
|
3276 |
+
perception O
|
3277 |
+
in O
|
3278 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
3279 |
+
- O
|
3280 |
+
stressed O
|
3281 |
+
areas O
|
3282 |
+
of O
|
3283 |
+
the O
|
3284 |
+
central O
|
3285 |
+
rift O
|
3286 |
+
valley O
|
3287 |
+
of O
|
3288 |
+
Ethiopia O
|
3289 |
+
. O
|
3290 |
+
|
3291 |
+
Results O
|
3292 |
+
of O
|
3293 |
+
descriptive O
|
3294 |
+
analysis O
|
3295 |
+
showed O
|
3296 |
+
that O
|
3297 |
+
high O
|
3298 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
3299 |
+
, O
|
3300 |
+
short O
|
3301 |
+
rain B-climate-nature
|
3302 |
+
and O
|
3303 |
+
pests B-climate-hazards
|
3304 |
+
( O
|
3305 |
+
indirectly O
|
3306 |
+
) O
|
3307 |
+
have O
|
3308 |
+
been O
|
3309 |
+
the O
|
3310 |
+
most O
|
3311 |
+
important O
|
3312 |
+
phenomena O
|
3313 |
+
of O
|
3314 |
+
climate O
|
3315 |
+
change O
|
3316 |
+
causing O
|
3317 |
+
loss B-climate-impacts
|
3318 |
+
of I-climate-impacts
|
3319 |
+
crop I-climate-impacts
|
3320 |
+
production O
|
3321 |
+
, O
|
3322 |
+
exhaustion B-climate-impacts
|
3323 |
+
and O
|
3324 |
+
illness B-climate-impacts
|
3325 |
+
. O
|
3326 |
+
|
3327 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O708121b86d8c0d1450b80e52981a0ce5
|
3328 |
+
|
3329 |
+
The O
|
3330 |
+
Providing B-climate-models
|
3331 |
+
Regional I-climate-models
|
3332 |
+
Climates I-climate-models
|
3333 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
3334 |
+
Impacts I-climate-models
|
3335 |
+
Studies I-climate-models
|
3336 |
+
( O
|
3337 |
+
PRECIS B-climate-models
|
3338 |
+
) O
|
3339 |
+
regional O
|
3340 |
+
modeling O
|
3341 |
+
system O
|
3342 |
+
is O
|
3343 |
+
adopted O
|
3344 |
+
to O
|
3345 |
+
conduct O
|
3346 |
+
ensemble O
|
3347 |
+
simulations O
|
3348 |
+
in O
|
3349 |
+
a O
|
3350 |
+
continuous O
|
3351 |
+
run O
|
3352 |
+
from O
|
3353 |
+
1950 O
|
3354 |
+
to O
|
3355 |
+
2099 O
|
3356 |
+
, O
|
3357 |
+
driven O
|
3358 |
+
by O
|
3359 |
+
the O
|
3360 |
+
boundary O
|
3361 |
+
conditions O
|
3362 |
+
from O
|
3363 |
+
a O
|
3364 |
+
HadCM3 B-climate-models
|
3365 |
+
- O
|
3366 |
+
based O
|
3367 |
+
perturbed O
|
3368 |
+
physics O
|
3369 |
+
ensemble O
|
3370 |
+
. O
|
3371 |
+
|
3372 |
+
Simulations O
|
3373 |
+
of O
|
3374 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
3375 |
+
and O
|
3376 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
3377 |
+
for O
|
3378 |
+
the O
|
3379 |
+
baseline O
|
3380 |
+
period O
|
3381 |
+
are O
|
3382 |
+
first O
|
3383 |
+
compared O
|
3384 |
+
to O
|
3385 |
+
the O
|
3386 |
+
observed O
|
3387 |
+
values O
|
3388 |
+
to O
|
3389 |
+
validate O
|
3390 |
+
the O
|
3391 |
+
performance O
|
3392 |
+
of O
|
3393 |
+
the O
|
3394 |
+
ensemble O
|
3395 |
+
in O
|
3396 |
+
capturing O
|
3397 |
+
the O
|
3398 |
+
current O
|
3399 |
+
climatology O
|
3400 |
+
over O
|
3401 |
+
Ontario O
|
3402 |
+
. O
|
3403 |
+
|
3404 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O0be4db59e5d250a53f4c444057e5989b
|
3405 |
+
|
3406 |
+
Inland O
|
3407 |
+
- O
|
3408 |
+
penetrating O
|
3409 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
3410 |
+
rivers I-climate-nature
|
3411 |
+
( O
|
3412 |
+
ARs B-climate-nature
|
3413 |
+
) O
|
3414 |
+
affect O
|
3415 |
+
the O
|
3416 |
+
United O
|
3417 |
+
States O
|
3418 |
+
Southwest O
|
3419 |
+
and O
|
3420 |
+
significantly O
|
3421 |
+
contribute O
|
3422 |
+
to O
|
3423 |
+
cool O
|
3424 |
+
season O
|
3425 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
3426 |
+
. O
|
3427 |
+
|
3428 |
+
In O
|
3429 |
+
this O
|
3430 |
+
study O
|
3431 |
+
, O
|
3432 |
+
we O
|
3433 |
+
examine O
|
3434 |
+
the O
|
3435 |
+
results O
|
3436 |
+
from O
|
3437 |
+
an O
|
3438 |
+
ensemble O
|
3439 |
+
of O
|
3440 |
+
dynamically O
|
3441 |
+
downscaled O
|
3442 |
+
simulations O
|
3443 |
+
from O
|
3444 |
+
the O
|
3445 |
+
North B-climate-organizations
|
3446 |
+
American I-climate-organizations
|
3447 |
+
Regional I-climate-organizations
|
3448 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
3449 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
3450 |
+
Assessment I-climate-organizations
|
3451 |
+
Program I-climate-organizations
|
3452 |
+
( O
|
3453 |
+
NARCCAP B-climate-organizations
|
3454 |
+
) O
|
3455 |
+
and O
|
3456 |
+
their O
|
3457 |
+
driving O
|
3458 |
+
general O
|
3459 |
+
circulation O
|
3460 |
+
models O
|
3461 |
+
( O
|
3462 |
+
GCMs O
|
3463 |
+
) O
|
3464 |
+
in O
|
3465 |
+
order O
|
3466 |
+
to O
|
3467 |
+
determine O
|
3468 |
+
statistically O
|
3469 |
+
significant O
|
3470 |
+
changes O
|
3471 |
+
in O
|
3472 |
+
the O
|
3473 |
+
intensity O
|
3474 |
+
of O
|
3475 |
+
the O
|
3476 |
+
cool O
|
3477 |
+
season O
|
3478 |
+
ARs O
|
3479 |
+
impacting O
|
3480 |
+
Arizona O
|
3481 |
+
and O
|
3482 |
+
the O
|
3483 |
+
associated O
|
3484 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
3485 |
+
. O
|
3486 |
+
|
3487 |
+
Future O
|
3488 |
+
greenhouse O
|
3489 |
+
gas O
|
3490 |
+
emissions O
|
3491 |
+
follow O
|
3492 |
+
the O
|
3493 |
+
A2 B-climate-datasets
|
3494 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
3495 |
+
scenario O
|
3496 |
+
from O
|
3497 |
+
the O
|
3498 |
+
Intergovernmental B-climate-organizations
|
3499 |
+
Panel I-climate-organizations
|
3500 |
+
on I-climate-organizations
|
3501 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
3502 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
3503 |
+
Fourth B-climate-datasets
|
3504 |
+
Assessment I-climate-datasets
|
3505 |
+
Report I-climate-datasets
|
3506 |
+
simulations O
|
3507 |
+
. O
|
3508 |
+
|
3509 |
+
We O
|
3510 |
+
find O
|
3511 |
+
that O
|
3512 |
+
there O
|
3513 |
+
is O
|
3514 |
+
a O
|
3515 |
+
consistent O
|
3516 |
+
and O
|
3517 |
+
clear O
|
3518 |
+
intensification O
|
3519 |
+
of O
|
3520 |
+
the O
|
3521 |
+
AR O
|
3522 |
+
- O
|
3523 |
+
related O
|
3524 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
3525 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
3526 |
+
transport O
|
3527 |
+
in O
|
3528 |
+
both O
|
3529 |
+
the O
|
3530 |
+
global O
|
3531 |
+
and O
|
3532 |
+
regional O
|
3533 |
+
simulations O
|
3534 |
+
which O
|
3535 |
+
reflects O
|
3536 |
+
the O
|
3537 |
+
increase O
|
3538 |
+
in O
|
3539 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
3540 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
3541 |
+
content O
|
3542 |
+
due O
|
3543 |
+
to O
|
3544 |
+
warmer O
|
3545 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
3546 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
3547 |
+
, O
|
3548 |
+
according O
|
3549 |
+
to O
|
3550 |
+
the O
|
3551 |
+
Clausius O
|
3552 |
+
- O
|
3553 |
+
Clapeyron O
|
3554 |
+
relationship O
|
3555 |
+
. O
|
3556 |
+
|
3557 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O30ee93b474fc6b121913a273233158b4
|
3558 |
+
|
3559 |
+
Visual O
|
3560 |
+
performance O
|
3561 |
+
related O
|
3562 |
+
simulations O
|
3563 |
+
are O
|
3564 |
+
executed O
|
3565 |
+
in O
|
3566 |
+
Grasshopper B-climate-models
|
3567 |
+
, O
|
3568 |
+
a O
|
3569 |
+
graphical O
|
3570 |
+
algorithm O
|
3571 |
+
editor O
|
3572 |
+
which O
|
3573 |
+
uses O
|
3574 |
+
plug O
|
3575 |
+
- O
|
3576 |
+
ins O
|
3577 |
+
to O
|
3578 |
+
apply O
|
3579 |
+
performance O
|
3580 |
+
simulations O
|
3581 |
+
. O
|
3582 |
+
|
3583 |
+
These O
|
3584 |
+
simulations O
|
3585 |
+
showed O
|
3586 |
+
that O
|
3587 |
+
vertical O
|
3588 |
+
blinds B-climate-mitigations
|
3589 |
+
perform O
|
3590 |
+
well O
|
3591 |
+
with O
|
3592 |
+
low O
|
3593 |
+
angled O
|
3594 |
+
sun O
|
3595 |
+
( O
|
3596 |
+
winter O
|
3597 |
+
conditions O
|
3598 |
+
) O
|
3599 |
+
and O
|
3600 |
+
horizontal O
|
3601 |
+
blinds O
|
3602 |
+
with O
|
3603 |
+
high O
|
3604 |
+
angled O
|
3605 |
+
sun O
|
3606 |
+
( O
|
3607 |
+
summer O
|
3608 |
+
conditions O
|
3609 |
+
) O
|
3610 |
+
. O
|
3611 |
+
|
3612 |
+
Polycarbonate O
|
3613 |
+
has O
|
3614 |
+
been O
|
3615 |
+
selected O
|
3616 |
+
in O
|
3617 |
+
this O
|
3618 |
+
case O
|
3619 |
+
based O
|
3620 |
+
on O
|
3621 |
+
its O
|
3622 |
+
transparent O
|
3623 |
+
, O
|
3624 |
+
tough O
|
3625 |
+
and O
|
3626 |
+
non O
|
3627 |
+
- O
|
3628 |
+
flammable O
|
3629 |
+
character O
|
3630 |
+
. O
|
3631 |
+
|
3632 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O47466fc6d8cd80070ea97f11efc3a2a2
|
3633 |
+
|
3634 |
+
The O
|
3635 |
+
main O
|
3636 |
+
objective O
|
3637 |
+
of O
|
3638 |
+
this O
|
3639 |
+
study O
|
3640 |
+
was O
|
3641 |
+
to O
|
3642 |
+
develop O
|
3643 |
+
past O
|
3644 |
+
and O
|
3645 |
+
present O
|
3646 |
+
vulnerability O
|
3647 |
+
index O
|
3648 |
+
using O
|
3649 |
+
climate O
|
3650 |
+
and O
|
3651 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
3652 |
+
data O
|
3653 |
+
at O
|
3654 |
+
district O
|
3655 |
+
level O
|
3656 |
+
in O
|
3657 |
+
Nepal O
|
3658 |
+
based O
|
3659 |
+
on O
|
3660 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
3661 |
+
2007 O
|
3662 |
+
framework O
|
3663 |
+
of O
|
3664 |
+
vulnerability O
|
3665 |
+
. O
|
3666 |
+
|
3667 |
+
The O
|
3668 |
+
assessment O
|
3669 |
+
was O
|
3670 |
+
carried O
|
3671 |
+
out O
|
3672 |
+
from O
|
3673 |
+
1975 O
|
3674 |
+
to O
|
3675 |
+
2012 O
|
3676 |
+
at O
|
3677 |
+
a O
|
3678 |
+
decadal O
|
3679 |
+
scale O
|
3680 |
+
. O
|
3681 |
+
|
3682 |
+
NASA B-climate-organizations
|
3683 |
+
climate O
|
3684 |
+
and O
|
3685 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
3686 |
+
cover I-climate-properties
|
3687 |
+
datasets O
|
3688 |
+
were O
|
3689 |
+
leveraged O
|
3690 |
+
to O
|
3691 |
+
advance O
|
3692 |
+
the O
|
3693 |
+
climate O
|
3694 |
+
change O
|
3695 |
+
portion O
|
3696 |
+
of O
|
3697 |
+
the O
|
3698 |
+
vulnerability O
|
3699 |
+
assessment O
|
3700 |
+
. O
|
3701 |
+
|
3702 |
+
The O
|
3703 |
+
resultant O
|
3704 |
+
climate O
|
3705 |
+
change O
|
3706 |
+
and O
|
3707 |
+
geographic O
|
3708 |
+
vulnerability O
|
3709 |
+
index O
|
3710 |
+
were O
|
3711 |
+
combined O
|
3712 |
+
in O
|
3713 |
+
ArcMap B-climate-models
|
3714 |
+
to O
|
3715 |
+
derive O
|
3716 |
+
the O
|
3717 |
+
overall O
|
3718 |
+
vulnerability O
|
3719 |
+
index O
|
3720 |
+
. O
|
3721 |
+
|
3722 |
+
Monitoring O
|
3723 |
+
potential O
|
3724 |
+
climate O
|
3725 |
+
change O
|
3726 |
+
using O
|
3727 |
+
NASA B-climate-organizations
|
3728 |
+
satellite O
|
3729 |
+
data O
|
3730 |
+
and O
|
3731 |
+
ESRI B-climate-models
|
3732 |
+
ArcGIS I-climate-models
|
3733 |
+
software O
|
3734 |
+
could O
|
3735 |
+
save O
|
3736 |
+
innumerable O
|
3737 |
+
in O
|
3738 |
+
situ O
|
3739 |
+
man O
|
3740 |
+
hours O
|
3741 |
+
and O
|
3742 |
+
expedite O
|
3743 |
+
the O
|
3744 |
+
environmental O
|
3745 |
+
monitoring O
|
3746 |
+
required O
|
3747 |
+
for O
|
3748 |
+
natural O
|
3749 |
+
hazard O
|
3750 |
+
early B-climate-mitigations
|
3751 |
+
warning I-climate-mitigations
|
3752 |
+
systems I-climate-mitigations
|
3753 |
+
. O
|
3754 |
+
|
3755 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O565d8b22ade8a2a4b4c6813844447ee5
|
3756 |
+
|
3757 |
+
The O
|
3758 |
+
impact O
|
3759 |
+
of O
|
3760 |
+
climate O
|
3761 |
+
change O
|
3762 |
+
on O
|
3763 |
+
the O
|
3764 |
+
stability O
|
3765 |
+
of O
|
3766 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
3767 |
+
organic I-climate-nature
|
3768 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
3769 |
+
( O
|
3770 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
3771 |
+
) O
|
3772 |
+
remains O
|
3773 |
+
a O
|
3774 |
+
major O
|
3775 |
+
source O
|
3776 |
+
of O
|
3777 |
+
uncertainty O
|
3778 |
+
in O
|
3779 |
+
predicting O
|
3780 |
+
future O
|
3781 |
+
changes O
|
3782 |
+
in O
|
3783 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
3784 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
3785 |
+
levels O
|
3786 |
+
. O
|
3787 |
+
|
3788 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe8f5743d6eb66fb5f32501efbcc541f0
|
3789 |
+
|
3790 |
+
The O
|
3791 |
+
challenge O
|
3792 |
+
of O
|
3793 |
+
recent O
|
3794 |
+
years O
|
3795 |
+
is O
|
3796 |
+
represented O
|
3797 |
+
by O
|
3798 |
+
the O
|
3799 |
+
possibility O
|
3800 |
+
to O
|
3801 |
+
confer O
|
3802 |
+
a O
|
3803 |
+
sustainable O
|
3804 |
+
approach O
|
3805 |
+
to O
|
3806 |
+
disaster B-climate-mitigations
|
3807 |
+
relief I-climate-mitigations
|
3808 |
+
strategies I-climate-mitigations
|
3809 |
+
. O
|
3810 |
+
|
3811 |
+
The O
|
3812 |
+
consequences O
|
3813 |
+
of O
|
3814 |
+
the O
|
3815 |
+
destruction B-climate-impacts
|
3816 |
+
of O
|
3817 |
+
Typhoon O
|
3818 |
+
Yolanda O
|
3819 |
+
in O
|
3820 |
+
the O
|
3821 |
+
Philip O
|
3822 |
+
- O
|
3823 |
+
pines O
|
3824 |
+
have O
|
3825 |
+
been O
|
3826 |
+
raised O
|
3827 |
+
as O
|
3828 |
+
case O
|
3829 |
+
study O
|
3830 |
+
for O
|
3831 |
+
the O
|
3832 |
+
rethinking O
|
3833 |
+
of O
|
3834 |
+
the O
|
3835 |
+
strategies O
|
3836 |
+
of O
|
3837 |
+
governments O
|
3838 |
+
with O
|
3839 |
+
respect O
|
3840 |
+
to O
|
3841 |
+
serious O
|
3842 |
+
calamities B-climate-impacts
|
3843 |
+
. O
|
3844 |
+
|
3845 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3c4e976a9f6a5ccc8eeda54436bde7cd
|
3846 |
+
|
3847 |
+
The O
|
3848 |
+
paper O
|
3849 |
+
examines O
|
3850 |
+
innovative O
|
3851 |
+
and O
|
3852 |
+
promising O
|
3853 |
+
trends O
|
3854 |
+
in O
|
3855 |
+
in O
|
3856 |
+
the O
|
3857 |
+
design O
|
3858 |
+
of O
|
3859 |
+
high B-climate-assets
|
3860 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
3861 |
+
rise I-climate-assets
|
3862 |
+
buildings O
|
3863 |
+
that O
|
3864 |
+
challenge O
|
3865 |
+
traditional O
|
3866 |
+
typologies O
|
3867 |
+
and O
|
3868 |
+
are O
|
3869 |
+
adapted O
|
3870 |
+
for O
|
3871 |
+
specific O
|
3872 |
+
climatic O
|
3873 |
+
conditions O
|
3874 |
+
. O
|
3875 |
+
|
3876 |
+
The O
|
3877 |
+
purpose O
|
3878 |
+
of O
|
3879 |
+
the O
|
3880 |
+
study O
|
3881 |
+
is O
|
3882 |
+
to O
|
3883 |
+
investigate O
|
3884 |
+
modern O
|
3885 |
+
methods O
|
3886 |
+
of O
|
3887 |
+
designing O
|
3888 |
+
building B-climate-mitigations
|
3889 |
+
envelopes I-climate-mitigations
|
3890 |
+
for O
|
3891 |
+
bioclimatic O
|
3892 |
+
skyscrapers B-climate-assets
|
3893 |
+
taking O
|
3894 |
+
into O
|
3895 |
+
account O
|
3896 |
+
heat O
|
3897 |
+
impact O
|
3898 |
+
of O
|
3899 |
+
climate O
|
3900 |
+
on O
|
3901 |
+
the O
|
3902 |
+
thermal O
|
3903 |
+
balance O
|
3904 |
+
of O
|
3905 |
+
buildings B-climate-assets
|
3906 |
+
. O
|
3907 |
+
|
3908 |
+
The O
|
3909 |
+
authors O
|
3910 |
+
analyze O
|
3911 |
+
the O
|
3912 |
+
efficiency B-climate-properties
|
3913 |
+
of O
|
3914 |
+
using O
|
3915 |
+
double B-climate-mitigations
|
3916 |
+
facades I-climate-mitigations
|
3917 |
+
in O
|
3918 |
+
different O
|
3919 |
+
climatic O
|
3920 |
+
conditions O
|
3921 |
+
with O
|
3922 |
+
account O
|
3923 |
+
of O
|
3924 |
+
their O
|
3925 |
+
interaction O
|
3926 |
+
with O
|
3927 |
+
other O
|
3928 |
+
technological O
|
3929 |
+
, O
|
3930 |
+
constructive O
|
3931 |
+
and O
|
3932 |
+
planning O
|
3933 |
+
elements O
|
3934 |
+
, O
|
3935 |
+
such O
|
3936 |
+
as O
|
3937 |
+
" O
|
3938 |
+
solar B-climate-mitigations
|
3939 |
+
chimney I-climate-mitigations
|
3940 |
+
" O
|
3941 |
+
, O
|
3942 |
+
passive B-climate-mitigations
|
3943 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
3944 |
+
active I-climate-mitigations
|
3945 |
+
solar I-climate-mitigations
|
3946 |
+
control I-climate-mitigations
|
3947 |
+
systems I-climate-mitigations
|
3948 |
+
, O
|
3949 |
+
landscaping O
|
3950 |
+
, O
|
3951 |
+
intelligence O
|
3952 |
+
control O
|
3953 |
+
systems O
|
3954 |
+
of O
|
3955 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
3956 |
+
and O
|
3957 |
+
humidity B-climate-properties
|
3958 |
+
conditions O
|
3959 |
+
in O
|
3960 |
+
premises O
|
3961 |
+
and O
|
3962 |
+
buildings B-climate-assets
|
3963 |
+
, O
|
3964 |
+
etc O
|
3965 |
+
. O
|
3966 |
+
|
3967 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O59c54f8589aedb493dad2fa676e25453
|
3968 |
+
|
3969 |
+
The O
|
3970 |
+
functional O
|
3971 |
+
composition O
|
3972 |
+
of O
|
3973 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
3974 |
+
communities O
|
3975 |
+
is O
|
3976 |
+
a O
|
3977 |
+
critical O
|
3978 |
+
modulator O
|
3979 |
+
of O
|
3980 |
+
climate O
|
3981 |
+
change O
|
3982 |
+
impacts O
|
3983 |
+
on O
|
3984 |
+
ecosystems O
|
3985 |
+
, O
|
3986 |
+
but O
|
3987 |
+
it O
|
3988 |
+
is O
|
3989 |
+
not O
|
3990 |
+
a O
|
3991 |
+
simple O
|
3992 |
+
function O
|
3993 |
+
of O
|
3994 |
+
regional O
|
3995 |
+
climate O
|
3996 |
+
. O
|
3997 |
+
|
3998 |
+
In O
|
3999 |
+
the O
|
4000 |
+
Arctic O
|
4001 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
4002 |
+
, O
|
4003 |
+
where O
|
4004 |
+
climate O
|
4005 |
+
change O
|
4006 |
+
is O
|
4007 |
+
proceeding O
|
4008 |
+
the O
|
4009 |
+
most O
|
4010 |
+
rapidly O
|
4011 |
+
, O
|
4012 |
+
communities O
|
4013 |
+
have O
|
4014 |
+
not O
|
4015 |
+
shifted O
|
4016 |
+
their O
|
4017 |
+
trait O
|
4018 |
+
composition O
|
4019 |
+
as O
|
4020 |
+
predicted O
|
4021 |
+
by O
|
4022 |
+
spatial O
|
4023 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
4024 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
4025 |
+
trait I-climate-properties
|
4026 |
+
relationships I-climate-properties
|
4027 |
+
. O
|
4028 |
+
|
4029 |
+
We O
|
4030 |
+
consider O
|
4031 |
+
the O
|
4032 |
+
community O
|
4033 |
+
weighted O
|
4034 |
+
means O
|
4035 |
+
of O
|
4036 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
4037 |
+
vegetative B-climate-properties
|
4038 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
4039 |
+
, O
|
4040 |
+
as O
|
4041 |
+
well O
|
4042 |
+
as O
|
4043 |
+
two O
|
4044 |
+
traits O
|
4045 |
+
related O
|
4046 |
+
to O
|
4047 |
+
the O
|
4048 |
+
leaf O
|
4049 |
+
economic O
|
4050 |
+
spectrum O
|
4051 |
+
. O
|
4052 |
+
|
4053 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O6879cc830ada3560be00e542b477a2f2
|
4054 |
+
|
4055 |
+
resulted O
|
4056 |
+
in O
|
4057 |
+
humid O
|
4058 |
+
bias O
|
4059 |
+
, O
|
4060 |
+
i.e. O
|
4061 |
+
, O
|
4062 |
+
an O
|
4063 |
+
increase O
|
4064 |
+
in O
|
4065 |
+
evapotranspiration B-climate-properties
|
4066 |
+
by O
|
4067 |
+
+ O
|
4068 |
+
0.5 O
|
4069 |
+
mm O
|
4070 |
+
d O
|
4071 |
+
−1 O
|
4072 |
+
( O
|
4073 |
+
latent B-climate-properties
|
4074 |
+
heat I-climate-properties
|
4075 |
+
flux I-climate-properties
|
4076 |
+
is O
|
4077 |
+
1.3 O
|
4078 |
+
MJ O
|
4079 |
+
m O
|
4080 |
+
−2 O
|
4081 |
+
d O
|
4082 |
+
−1 O
|
4083 |
+
) O
|
4084 |
+
, O
|
4085 |
+
|
4086 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O7a02bd13025e5ee7c7012981b03d60a9
|
4087 |
+
|
4088 |
+
Bovine B-climate-impacts
|
4089 |
+
tuberculosis I-climate-impacts
|
4090 |
+
is O
|
4091 |
+
a O
|
4092 |
+
zoonosis B-climate-impacts
|
4093 |
+
which O
|
4094 |
+
affects O
|
4095 |
+
the O
|
4096 |
+
livestock B-climate-assets
|
4097 |
+
industry O
|
4098 |
+
, O
|
4099 |
+
the O
|
4100 |
+
public O
|
4101 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
4102 |
+
sector O
|
4103 |
+
and O
|
4104 |
+
wildlife B-climate-mitigations
|
4105 |
+
reservoirs I-climate-mitigations
|
4106 |
+
. O
|
4107 |
+
|
4108 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O47f520c8c659afe5603cd16b92ddb6fa
|
4109 |
+
|
4110 |
+
Assessment O
|
4111 |
+
of O
|
4112 |
+
outdoor O
|
4113 |
+
thermal B-climate-properties
|
4114 |
+
comfort I-climate-properties
|
4115 |
+
provides O
|
4116 |
+
a O
|
4117 |
+
valuable O
|
4118 |
+
insight O
|
4119 |
+
into O
|
4120 |
+
the O
|
4121 |
+
performance O
|
4122 |
+
of O
|
4123 |
+
outdoor O
|
4124 |
+
built B-climate-assets
|
4125 |
+
environments I-climate-assets
|
4126 |
+
. O
|
4127 |
+
|
4128 |
+
During O
|
4129 |
+
the O
|
4130 |
+
last O
|
4131 |
+
four O
|
4132 |
+
decades O
|
4133 |
+
the O
|
4134 |
+
number O
|
4135 |
+
of O
|
4136 |
+
the O
|
4137 |
+
thermal B-climate-properties
|
4138 |
+
comfort I-climate-properties
|
4139 |
+
studies O
|
4140 |
+
focused O
|
4141 |
+
on O
|
4142 |
+
the O
|
4143 |
+
impact O
|
4144 |
+
of O
|
4145 |
+
microclimate O
|
4146 |
+
parameters O
|
4147 |
+
on O
|
4148 |
+
human O
|
4149 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
4150 |
+
and O
|
4151 |
+
wellbeing B-climate-assets
|
4152 |
+
has O
|
4153 |
+
increased O
|
4154 |
+
. O
|
4155 |
+
|
4156 |
+
The O
|
4157 |
+
data O
|
4158 |
+
used O
|
4159 |
+
in O
|
4160 |
+
this O
|
4161 |
+
study O
|
4162 |
+
was O
|
4163 |
+
collected O
|
4164 |
+
during O
|
4165 |
+
three O
|
4166 |
+
rounds O
|
4167 |
+
of O
|
4168 |
+
the O
|
4169 |
+
field O
|
4170 |
+
surveys O
|
4171 |
+
consisting O
|
4172 |
+
of O
|
4173 |
+
measurement O
|
4174 |
+
and O
|
4175 |
+
questionnaire O
|
4176 |
+
surveys O
|
4177 |
+
. O
|
4178 |
+
|
4179 |
+
Using O
|
4180 |
+
a O
|
4181 |
+
Socio O
|
4182 |
+
- O
|
4183 |
+
ecological O
|
4184 |
+
System O
|
4185 |
+
Model O
|
4186 |
+
( O
|
4187 |
+
SESM O
|
4188 |
+
) O
|
4189 |
+
as O
|
4190 |
+
the O
|
4191 |
+
research O
|
4192 |
+
framework O
|
4193 |
+
, O
|
4194 |
+
this O
|
4195 |
+
study O
|
4196 |
+
aimed O
|
4197 |
+
to O
|
4198 |
+
investigate O
|
4199 |
+
the O
|
4200 |
+
role O
|
4201 |
+
of O
|
4202 |
+
non O
|
4203 |
+
- O
|
4204 |
+
thermal O
|
4205 |
+
factors O
|
4206 |
+
that O
|
4207 |
+
are O
|
4208 |
+
classified O
|
4209 |
+
under O
|
4210 |
+
the O
|
4211 |
+
individual O
|
4212 |
+
environment O
|
4213 |
+
( O
|
4214 |
+
gender B-climate-properties
|
4215 |
+
, O
|
4216 |
+
age B-climate-properties
|
4217 |
+
group O
|
4218 |
+
, O
|
4219 |
+
exposure B-climate-properties
|
4220 |
+
to I-climate-properties
|
4221 |
+
sun I-climate-properties
|
4222 |
+
, O
|
4223 |
+
level O
|
4224 |
+
of O
|
4225 |
+
activity O
|
4226 |
+
and O
|
4227 |
+
clothing B-climate-mitigations
|
4228 |
+
insulation I-climate-mitigations
|
4229 |
+
. O
|
4230 |
+
|
4231 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O28a8b130cae164fdd877f50443c2675d
|
4232 |
+
|
4233 |
+
Sea B-climate-hazards
|
4234 |
+
level I-climate-hazards
|
4235 |
+
rise I-climate-hazards
|
4236 |
+
( O
|
4237 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
4238 |
+
) O
|
4239 |
+
is O
|
4240 |
+
one O
|
4241 |
+
of O
|
4242 |
+
the O
|
4243 |
+
major O
|
4244 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
4245 |
+
risks O
|
4246 |
+
associated O
|
4247 |
+
with O
|
4248 |
+
global O
|
4249 |
+
warming O
|
4250 |
+
. O
|
4251 |
+
|
4252 |
+
Mass O
|
4253 |
+
losses O
|
4254 |
+
from O
|
4255 |
+
the O
|
4256 |
+
Greenland O
|
4257 |
+
ice O
|
4258 |
+
sheet O
|
4259 |
+
( O
|
4260 |
+
GrIS O
|
4261 |
+
) O
|
4262 |
+
will O
|
4263 |
+
be O
|
4264 |
+
partially O
|
4265 |
+
responsible O
|
4266 |
+
for O
|
4267 |
+
future O
|
4268 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
4269 |
+
, O
|
4270 |
+
although O
|
4271 |
+
there O
|
4272 |
+
are O
|
4273 |
+
large O
|
4274 |
+
uncertainties O
|
4275 |
+
in O
|
4276 |
+
modeled O
|
4277 |
+
climate O
|
4278 |
+
and O
|
4279 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
4280 |
+
sheet I-climate-nature
|
4281 |
+
behavior O
|
4282 |
+
. O
|
4283 |
+
|
4284 |
+
We O
|
4285 |
+
used O
|
4286 |
+
the O
|
4287 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
4288 |
+
sheet I-climate-nature
|
4289 |
+
model O
|
4290 |
+
SICOPOLIS B-climate-models
|
4291 |
+
( O
|
4292 |
+
SImulation B-climate-models
|
4293 |
+
COde I-climate-models
|
4294 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
4295 |
+
POLythermal I-climate-models
|
4296 |
+
Ice I-climate-models
|
4297 |
+
Sheets I-climate-models
|
4298 |
+
) O
|
4299 |
+
driven O
|
4300 |
+
by O
|
4301 |
+
climate O
|
4302 |
+
projections O
|
4303 |
+
from O
|
4304 |
+
20 O
|
4305 |
+
models O
|
4306 |
+
in O
|
4307 |
+
the O
|
4308 |
+
fifth O
|
4309 |
+
phase O
|
4310 |
+
of O
|
4311 |
+
the O
|
4312 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
4313 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
4314 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
4315 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
4316 |
+
( O
|
4317 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
4318 |
+
) O
|
4319 |
+
to O
|
4320 |
+
estimate O
|
4321 |
+
the O
|
4322 |
+
GrIS O
|
4323 |
+
contribution O
|
4324 |
+
to O
|
4325 |
+
global O
|
4326 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
4327 |
+
. O
|
4328 |
+
|
4329 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob9c65823fe403a7497046cc548b28a40
|
4330 |
+
|
4331 |
+
The O
|
4332 |
+
Tangxun O
|
4333 |
+
Lake O
|
4334 |
+
was O
|
4335 |
+
used O
|
4336 |
+
as O
|
4337 |
+
a O
|
4338 |
+
testbed O
|
4339 |
+
here O
|
4340 |
+
, O
|
4341 |
+
and O
|
4342 |
+
the O
|
4343 |
+
impacts O
|
4344 |
+
of O
|
4345 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
4346 |
+
intensity O
|
4347 |
+
and O
|
4348 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
4349 |
+
on O
|
4350 |
+
lake B-climate-nature
|
4351 |
+
water O
|
4352 |
+
quality O
|
4353 |
+
was O
|
4354 |
+
discussed O
|
4355 |
+
through O
|
4356 |
+
the O
|
4357 |
+
scenario O
|
4358 |
+
analysis O
|
4359 |
+
. O
|
4360 |
+
|
4361 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob5bb465968307ca3532597ed20842ac5
|
4362 |
+
|
4363 |
+
The O
|
4364 |
+
proposed O
|
4365 |
+
approach O
|
4366 |
+
was O
|
4367 |
+
applied O
|
4368 |
+
to O
|
4369 |
+
the O
|
4370 |
+
20 O
|
4371 |
+
- O
|
4372 |
+
county O
|
4373 |
+
Atlanta O
|
4374 |
+
metropolitan O
|
4375 |
+
area O
|
4376 |
+
using O
|
4377 |
+
regional O
|
4378 |
+
climate O
|
4379 |
+
model O
|
4380 |
+
( O
|
4381 |
+
RCM O
|
4382 |
+
) O
|
4383 |
+
simulations O
|
4384 |
+
from O
|
4385 |
+
the O
|
4386 |
+
North B-climate-organizations
|
4387 |
+
American I-climate-organizations
|
4388 |
+
Regional I-climate-organizations
|
4389 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
4390 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
4391 |
+
Assessment I-climate-organizations
|
4392 |
+
Program I-climate-organizations
|
4393 |
+
. O
|
4394 |
+
|
4395 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O999875b15180b9673bb91a78afa8ccba
|
4396 |
+
|
4397 |
+
The O
|
4398 |
+
ReCiPe B-climate-models
|
4399 |
+
2016 I-climate-models
|
4400 |
+
Midpoint O
|
4401 |
+
and O
|
4402 |
+
Endpoint O
|
4403 |
+
characterization O
|
4404 |
+
model O
|
4405 |
+
was O
|
4406 |
+
used O
|
4407 |
+
for O
|
4408 |
+
the O
|
4409 |
+
data O
|
4410 |
+
expression O
|
4411 |
+
. O
|
4412 |
+
|
4413 |
+
In O
|
4414 |
+
the O
|
4415 |
+
assessed O
|
4416 |
+
framework O
|
4417 |
+
, O
|
4418 |
+
pea B-climate-assets
|
4419 |
+
monocrops B-climate-assets
|
4420 |
+
or O
|
4421 |
+
intensively O
|
4422 |
+
fertilized O
|
4423 |
+
oat B-climate-assets
|
4424 |
+
monocrops B-climate-assets
|
4425 |
+
can O
|
4426 |
+
also O
|
4427 |
+
be O
|
4428 |
+
considered O
|
4429 |
+
as O
|
4430 |
+
alternatives O
|
4431 |
+
with O
|
4432 |
+
relatively O
|
4433 |
+
low O
|
4434 |
+
impact O
|
4435 |
+
on O
|
4436 |
+
the O
|
4437 |
+
environment O
|
4438 |
+
. O
|
4439 |
+
|
4440 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3222950539971fa07f01a3625a1020c4
|
4441 |
+
|
4442 |
+
The O
|
4443 |
+
Antarctic O
|
4444 |
+
Peninsula O
|
4445 |
+
is O
|
4446 |
+
one O
|
4447 |
+
of O
|
4448 |
+
the O
|
4449 |
+
regions O
|
4450 |
+
on O
|
4451 |
+
the O
|
4452 |
+
Earth O
|
4453 |
+
with O
|
4454 |
+
the O
|
4455 |
+
clearest O
|
4456 |
+
evidence O
|
4457 |
+
of O
|
4458 |
+
recent O
|
4459 |
+
and O
|
4460 |
+
fast O
|
4461 |
+
air O
|
4462 |
+
warming O
|
4463 |
+
. O
|
4464 |
+
|
4465 |
+
The O
|
4466 |
+
model O
|
4467 |
+
takes O
|
4468 |
+
into O
|
4469 |
+
account O
|
4470 |
+
sediment B-climate-nature
|
4471 |
+
and O
|
4472 |
+
population B-climate-properties
|
4473 |
+
dynamics I-climate-properties
|
4474 |
+
with O
|
4475 |
+
Lotka B-climate-models
|
4476 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4477 |
+
Volterra I-climate-models
|
4478 |
+
competition I-climate-models
|
4479 |
+
, O
|
4480 |
+
a O
|
4481 |
+
sediment B-climate-nature
|
4482 |
+
- O
|
4483 |
+
dependent O
|
4484 |
+
mortality B-climate-impacts
|
4485 |
+
term O
|
4486 |
+
and O
|
4487 |
+
a O
|
4488 |
+
randomized O
|
4489 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
4490 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
4491 |
+
scouring I-climate-nature
|
4492 |
+
biomass O
|
4493 |
+
removal O
|
4494 |
+
. O
|
4495 |
+
|
4496 |
+
With O
|
4497 |
+
the O
|
4498 |
+
developed O
|
4499 |
+
algorithm O
|
4500 |
+
, O
|
4501 |
+
and O
|
4502 |
+
using O
|
4503 |
+
a O
|
4504 |
+
MATLAB B-climate-models
|
4505 |
+
environment O
|
4506 |
+
, O
|
4507 |
+
numerical O
|
4508 |
+
simulations O
|
4509 |
+
for O
|
4510 |
+
scenarios O
|
4511 |
+
with O
|
4512 |
+
different O
|
4513 |
+
sedimentation B-climate-properties
|
4514 |
+
and O
|
4515 |
+
ice B-climate-properties
|
4516 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
4517 |
+
impact I-climate-properties
|
4518 |
+
rates I-climate-properties
|
4519 |
+
were O
|
4520 |
+
undertaken O
|
4521 |
+
in O
|
4522 |
+
order O
|
4523 |
+
to O
|
4524 |
+
evaluate O
|
4525 |
+
the O
|
4526 |
+
effect O
|
4527 |
+
of O
|
4528 |
+
this O
|
4529 |
+
phenomenon O
|
4530 |
+
on O
|
4531 |
+
biological O
|
4532 |
+
dynamics O
|
4533 |
+
. O
|
4534 |
+
|
4535 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O595ea9c60e8faf5fb99fc08b809e05c0
|
4536 |
+
|
4537 |
+
In O
|
4538 |
+
the O
|
4539 |
+
current O
|
4540 |
+
study O
|
4541 |
+
, O
|
4542 |
+
we O
|
4543 |
+
present O
|
4544 |
+
and O
|
4545 |
+
document O
|
4546 |
+
the O
|
4547 |
+
development O
|
4548 |
+
of O
|
4549 |
+
a O
|
4550 |
+
new O
|
4551 |
+
simplified O
|
4552 |
+
set O
|
4553 |
+
- O
|
4554 |
+
up O
|
4555 |
+
within O
|
4556 |
+
the O
|
4557 |
+
ECHAM B-climate-models
|
4558 |
+
/ O
|
4559 |
+
MESSy B-climate-models
|
4560 |
+
model O
|
4561 |
+
, O
|
4562 |
+
namely O
|
4563 |
+
the O
|
4564 |
+
dry O
|
4565 |
+
dynamical O
|
4566 |
+
core O
|
4567 |
+
model O
|
4568 |
+
set O
|
4569 |
+
- O
|
4570 |
+
up O
|
4571 |
+
ECHAM B-climate-models
|
4572 |
+
/ I-climate-models
|
4573 |
+
MESSy I-climate-models
|
4574 |
+
IdeaLized I-climate-models
|
4575 |
+
( O
|
4576 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
4577 |
+
) O
|
4578 |
+
. O
|
4579 |
+
|
4580 |
+
The O
|
4581 |
+
set O
|
4582 |
+
- O
|
4583 |
+
up O
|
4584 |
+
is O
|
4585 |
+
achieved O
|
4586 |
+
by O
|
4587 |
+
the O
|
4588 |
+
implementation O
|
4589 |
+
of O
|
4590 |
+
a O
|
4591 |
+
new O
|
4592 |
+
submodel O
|
4593 |
+
for O
|
4594 |
+
relaxation O
|
4595 |
+
of O
|
4596 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
4597 |
+
and O
|
4598 |
+
horizontal O
|
4599 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
4600 |
+
to O
|
4601 |
+
given O
|
4602 |
+
background O
|
4603 |
+
values O
|
4604 |
+
( O
|
4605 |
+
the O
|
4606 |
+
RELAX B-climate-models
|
4607 |
+
submodel O
|
4608 |
+
) O
|
4609 |
+
, O
|
4610 |
+
which O
|
4611 |
+
replaces O
|
4612 |
+
all O
|
4613 |
+
other O
|
4614 |
+
physics O
|
4615 |
+
submodels O
|
4616 |
+
in O
|
4617 |
+
the O
|
4618 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
4619 |
+
set O
|
4620 |
+
- O
|
4621 |
+
up O
|
4622 |
+
. O
|
4623 |
+
|
4624 |
+
The O
|
4625 |
+
RELAX B-climate-models
|
4626 |
+
submodel O
|
4627 |
+
incorporates O
|
4628 |
+
options O
|
4629 |
+
to O
|
4630 |
+
set O
|
4631 |
+
the O
|
4632 |
+
needed O
|
4633 |
+
parameters O
|
4634 |
+
( O
|
4635 |
+
e.g. O
|
4636 |
+
equilibrium B-climate-properties
|
4637 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
4638 |
+
, O
|
4639 |
+
relaxation O
|
4640 |
+
time O
|
4641 |
+
and O
|
4642 |
+
damping O
|
4643 |
+
coefficient O
|
4644 |
+
) O
|
4645 |
+
to O
|
4646 |
+
functions O
|
4647 |
+
used O
|
4648 |
+
frequently O
|
4649 |
+
in O
|
4650 |
+
the O
|
4651 |
+
past O
|
4652 |
+
( O
|
4653 |
+
given O
|
4654 |
+
by O
|
4655 |
+
Held O
|
4656 |
+
and O
|
4657 |
+
Suarez O
|
4658 |
+
, O
|
4659 |
+
1994 O
|
4660 |
+
; O
|
4661 |
+
Polvani O
|
4662 |
+
and O
|
4663 |
+
Kushner O
|
4664 |
+
, O
|
4665 |
+
2002 O
|
4666 |
+
) O
|
4667 |
+
. O
|
4668 |
+
|
4669 |
+
Test O
|
4670 |
+
simulations O
|
4671 |
+
with O
|
4672 |
+
the O
|
4673 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
4674 |
+
model O
|
4675 |
+
set O
|
4676 |
+
- O
|
4677 |
+
up O
|
4678 |
+
show O
|
4679 |
+
that O
|
4680 |
+
results O
|
4681 |
+
from O
|
4682 |
+
earlier O
|
4683 |
+
studies O
|
4684 |
+
with O
|
4685 |
+
other O
|
4686 |
+
dry O
|
4687 |
+
dynamical O
|
4688 |
+
core O
|
4689 |
+
models O
|
4690 |
+
are O
|
4691 |
+
reproduced O
|
4692 |
+
under O
|
4693 |
+
same O
|
4694 |
+
set O
|
4695 |
+
- O
|
4696 |
+
ups O
|
4697 |
+
. O
|
4698 |
+
|
4699 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oab6cb78bf43eabd2596856f21fdc4c1d
|
4700 |
+
|
4701 |
+
A O
|
4702 |
+
majority O
|
4703 |
+
of O
|
4704 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
4705 |
+
scenarios O
|
4706 |
+
show O
|
4707 |
+
that O
|
4708 |
+
often O
|
4709 |
+
very O
|
4710 |
+
significant O
|
4711 |
+
amounts O
|
4712 |
+
( O
|
4713 |
+
20 O
|
4714 |
+
Gt O
|
4715 |
+
CO2e O
|
4716 |
+
/ O
|
4717 |
+
yr O
|
4718 |
+
) O
|
4719 |
+
of O
|
4720 |
+
Greenhouse O
|
4721 |
+
Gas O
|
4722 |
+
Removal O
|
4723 |
+
technologies O
|
4724 |
+
( O
|
4725 |
+
GGRs O
|
4726 |
+
) O
|
4727 |
+
are O
|
4728 |
+
required O
|
4729 |
+
to O
|
4730 |
+
reach O
|
4731 |
+
a O
|
4732 |
+
2 O
|
4733 |
+
° O
|
4734 |
+
C O
|
4735 |
+
target O
|
4736 |
+
by O
|
4737 |
+
2100 O
|
4738 |
+
. O
|
4739 |
+
|
4740 |
+
Given O
|
4741 |
+
that O
|
4742 |
+
most O
|
4743 |
+
models O
|
4744 |
+
fail O
|
4745 |
+
to O
|
4746 |
+
reach O
|
4747 |
+
a O
|
4748 |
+
2 O
|
4749 |
+
° O
|
4750 |
+
C O
|
4751 |
+
target O
|
4752 |
+
without O
|
4753 |
+
GGRs O
|
4754 |
+
, O
|
4755 |
+
it O
|
4756 |
+
seems O
|
4757 |
+
impossible O
|
4758 |
+
that O
|
4759 |
+
the O
|
4760 |
+
aspirational O
|
4761 |
+
target O
|
4762 |
+
of O
|
4763 |
+
1.5 O
|
4764 |
+
° O
|
4765 |
+
C O
|
4766 |
+
of O
|
4767 |
+
the O
|
4768 |
+
Paris B-climate-mitigations
|
4769 |
+
Agreement I-climate-mitigations
|
4770 |
+
could O
|
4771 |
+
be O
|
4772 |
+
met O
|
4773 |
+
without O
|
4774 |
+
GGRs O
|
4775 |
+
. O
|
4776 |
+
|
4777 |
+
It O
|
4778 |
+
appears O
|
4779 |
+
that O
|
4780 |
+
sequestration O
|
4781 |
+
in O
|
4782 |
+
soils B-climate-nature
|
4783 |
+
and O
|
4784 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
4785 |
+
have O
|
4786 |
+
significant O
|
4787 |
+
potential O
|
4788 |
+
for O
|
4789 |
+
GGR O
|
4790 |
+
, O
|
4791 |
+
and O
|
4792 |
+
may O
|
4793 |
+
do O
|
4794 |
+
so O
|
4795 |
+
with O
|
4796 |
+
much O
|
4797 |
+
less O
|
4798 |
+
competition O
|
4799 |
+
for O
|
4800 |
+
land O
|
4801 |
+
, O
|
4802 |
+
water O
|
4803 |
+
and O
|
4804 |
+
nutrients O
|
4805 |
+
than O
|
4806 |
+
, O
|
4807 |
+
for O
|
4808 |
+
example O
|
4809 |
+
, O
|
4810 |
+
Bioenergy O
|
4811 |
+
with O
|
4812 |
+
Carbon O
|
4813 |
+
Capture O
|
4814 |
+
and O
|
4815 |
+
Storage O
|
4816 |
+
( O
|
4817 |
+
BECCS O
|
4818 |
+
) O
|
4819 |
+
. O
|
4820 |
+
|
4821 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf FROM HERE ON LOOKED FOR MODELS (but not everything was one)
|
4822 |
+
|
4823 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of76923e191ef686464ec0a15330975d4
|
4824 |
+
|
4825 |
+
Skills O
|
4826 |
+
in O
|
4827 |
+
reproducing O
|
4828 |
+
monthly O
|
4829 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
4830 |
+
over O
|
4831 |
+
Calabria O
|
4832 |
+
( O
|
4833 |
+
southern O
|
4834 |
+
Italy O
|
4835 |
+
) O
|
4836 |
+
have O
|
4837 |
+
been O
|
4838 |
+
validated O
|
4839 |
+
for O
|
4840 |
+
the O
|
4841 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
4842 |
+
Hazards I-climate-datasets
|
4843 |
+
group I-climate-datasets
|
4844 |
+
InfraRed I-climate-datasets
|
4845 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
4846 |
+
with I-climate-datasets
|
4847 |
+
Station I-climate-datasets
|
4848 |
+
data I-climate-datasets
|
4849 |
+
( O
|
4850 |
+
CHIRPS B-climate-datasets
|
4851 |
+
) O
|
4852 |
+
satellite O
|
4853 |
+
data O
|
4854 |
+
, O
|
4855 |
+
the O
|
4856 |
+
E B-climate-datasets
|
4857 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
4858 |
+
OBS I-climate-datasets
|
4859 |
+
dataset O
|
4860 |
+
and O
|
4861 |
+
13 O
|
4862 |
+
Global O
|
4863 |
+
Climate O
|
4864 |
+
Model O
|
4865 |
+
- O
|
4866 |
+
Regional O
|
4867 |
+
Climate O
|
4868 |
+
Model O
|
4869 |
+
( O
|
4870 |
+
GCM O
|
4871 |
+
- O
|
4872 |
+
RCM O
|
4873 |
+
) O
|
4874 |
+
combinations O
|
4875 |
+
, O
|
4876 |
+
belonging O
|
4877 |
+
to O
|
4878 |
+
the O
|
4879 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-organizations
|
4880 |
+
project I-climate-organizations
|
4881 |
+
output O
|
4882 |
+
set O
|
4883 |
+
. O
|
4884 |
+
|
4885 |
+
The O
|
4886 |
+
relative O
|
4887 |
+
mean O
|
4888 |
+
and O
|
4889 |
+
standard O
|
4890 |
+
deviation O
|
4891 |
+
errors O
|
4892 |
+
, O
|
4893 |
+
and O
|
4894 |
+
the O
|
4895 |
+
Pearson O
|
4896 |
+
correlation O
|
4897 |
+
coefficient O
|
4898 |
+
have O
|
4899 |
+
been O
|
4900 |
+
used O
|
4901 |
+
as O
|
4902 |
+
validation O
|
4903 |
+
metrics O
|
4904 |
+
. O
|
4905 |
+
|
4906 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O851b71730174981ade32c27fda772d3d
|
4907 |
+
|
4908 |
+
Keeping O
|
4909 |
+
this O
|
4910 |
+
in O
|
4911 |
+
mind O
|
4912 |
+
, O
|
4913 |
+
phase O
|
4914 |
+
five O
|
4915 |
+
of O
|
4916 |
+
the O
|
4917 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
4918 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
4919 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
4920 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
4921 |
+
( O
|
4922 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
4923 |
+
) O
|
4924 |
+
, O
|
4925 |
+
for O
|
4926 |
+
the O
|
4927 |
+
first O
|
4928 |
+
time O
|
4929 |
+
, O
|
4930 |
+
provides O
|
4931 |
+
10–30 O
|
4932 |
+
years O
|
4933 |
+
predictions O
|
4934 |
+
obtained O
|
4935 |
+
from O
|
4936 |
+
the O
|
4937 |
+
General O
|
4938 |
+
Circulation O
|
4939 |
+
Models O
|
4940 |
+
( O
|
4941 |
+
GCMs O
|
4942 |
+
) O
|
4943 |
+
. O
|
4944 |
+
|
4945 |
+
This O
|
4946 |
+
study O
|
4947 |
+
aims O
|
4948 |
+
to O
|
4949 |
+
analyse O
|
4950 |
+
the O
|
4951 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
4952 |
+
decadal O
|
4953 |
+
predictions O
|
4954 |
+
for O
|
4955 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
4956 |
+
over O
|
4957 |
+
five O
|
4958 |
+
sub O
|
4959 |
+
- O
|
4960 |
+
basins O
|
4961 |
+
of O
|
4962 |
+
river O
|
4963 |
+
Brahmaputra O
|
4964 |
+
. O
|
4965 |
+
|
4966 |
+
Daily O
|
4967 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
4968 |
+
data O
|
4969 |
+
of O
|
4970 |
+
five O
|
4971 |
+
GCMs O
|
4972 |
+
, O
|
4973 |
+
namely O
|
4974 |
+
F B-climate-models
|
4975 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4976 |
+
GOALS I-climate-models
|
4977 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4978 |
+
g2 I-climate-models
|
4979 |
+
, O
|
4980 |
+
BCC B-climate-models
|
4981 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4982 |
+
CSM1 I-climate-models
|
4983 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4984 |
+
1 I-climate-models
|
4985 |
+
, O
|
4986 |
+
IPSL B-climate-models
|
4987 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4988 |
+
CM5A I-climate-models
|
4989 |
+
, O
|
4990 |
+
CanCM4 B-climate-models
|
4991 |
+
and O
|
4992 |
+
MRI B-climate-models
|
4993 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
4994 |
+
CGCM3 I-climate-models
|
4995 |
+
are O
|
4996 |
+
used O
|
4997 |
+
for O
|
4998 |
+
this O
|
4999 |
+
assessment O
|
5000 |
+
. O
|
5001 |
+
|
5002 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of79aef571d4f68304c875988c3a99763
|
5003 |
+
|
5004 |
+
Reliability O
|
5005 |
+
and O
|
5006 |
+
accuracy O
|
5007 |
+
of O
|
5008 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
5009 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5010 |
+
datasets O
|
5011 |
+
are O
|
5012 |
+
essential O
|
5013 |
+
for O
|
5014 |
+
understanding O
|
5015 |
+
changes O
|
5016 |
+
in O
|
5017 |
+
regional O
|
5018 |
+
climate O
|
5019 |
+
such O
|
5020 |
+
as O
|
5021 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
5022 |
+
and O
|
5023 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
5024 |
+
. O
|
5025 |
+
|
5026 |
+
Soil B-climate-properties
|
5027 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5028 |
+
datasets O
|
5029 |
+
from O
|
5030 |
+
the O
|
5031 |
+
Essential O
|
5032 |
+
Climate O
|
5033 |
+
Variable O
|
5034 |
+
( O
|
5035 |
+
ECV O
|
5036 |
+
) O
|
5037 |
+
, O
|
5038 |
+
the O
|
5039 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
5040 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5041 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
5042 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
5043 |
+
Phase I-climate-models
|
5044 |
+
5 I-climate-models
|
5045 |
+
( O
|
5046 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
5047 |
+
) O
|
5048 |
+
, O
|
5049 |
+
the O
|
5050 |
+
Inter B-climate-models
|
5051 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5052 |
+
Sectoral I-climate-models
|
5053 |
+
Impact I-climate-models
|
5054 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5055 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
5056 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
5057 |
+
( O
|
5058 |
+
ISIMIP B-climate-models
|
5059 |
+
) O
|
5060 |
+
, O
|
5061 |
+
the O
|
5062 |
+
Global B-climate-models
|
5063 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
5064 |
+
Data I-climate-models
|
5065 |
+
Assimilation I-climate-models
|
5066 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
5067 |
+
( O
|
5068 |
+
GLDAS B-climate-models
|
5069 |
+
) O
|
5070 |
+
, O
|
5071 |
+
and O
|
5072 |
+
reanalysis O
|
5073 |
+
products O
|
5074 |
+
are O
|
5075 |
+
widely O
|
5076 |
+
used O
|
5077 |
+
. O
|
5078 |
+
|
5079 |
+
In O
|
5080 |
+
terms O
|
5081 |
+
of O
|
5082 |
+
unbiased O
|
5083 |
+
Root O
|
5084 |
+
- O
|
5085 |
+
Mean O
|
5086 |
+
- O
|
5087 |
+
Square O
|
5088 |
+
Difference O
|
5089 |
+
( O
|
5090 |
+
unRMSE O
|
5091 |
+
, O
|
5092 |
+
i.e. O
|
5093 |
+
, O
|
5094 |
+
removing O
|
5095 |
+
the O
|
5096 |
+
differences O
|
5097 |
+
in O
|
5098 |
+
absolute O
|
5099 |
+
values O
|
5100 |
+
) O
|
5101 |
+
, O
|
5102 |
+
all O
|
5103 |
+
modeled O
|
5104 |
+
datasets O
|
5105 |
+
obtain O
|
5106 |
+
performances O
|
5107 |
+
comparable O
|
5108 |
+
with O
|
5109 |
+
ECV O
|
5110 |
+
observations O
|
5111 |
+
. O
|
5112 |
+
|
5113 |
+
In O
|
5114 |
+
winter O
|
5115 |
+
, O
|
5116 |
+
GLDAS B-climate-models
|
5117 |
+
performs O
|
5118 |
+
the O
|
5119 |
+
best O
|
5120 |
+
in O
|
5121 |
+
the O
|
5122 |
+
east O
|
5123 |
+
of O
|
5124 |
+
south O
|
5125 |
+
China O
|
5126 |
+
, O
|
5127 |
+
followed O
|
5128 |
+
by O
|
5129 |
+
the O
|
5130 |
+
Reanalysis O
|
5131 |
+
dataset O
|
5132 |
+
. O
|
5133 |
+
|
5134 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe61cef21ed616e4f9aa537388eef6b49
|
5135 |
+
|
5136 |
+
We O
|
5137 |
+
study O
|
5138 |
+
the O
|
5139 |
+
Sarychev O
|
5140 |
+
Peak O
|
5141 |
+
eruption O
|
5142 |
+
, O
|
5143 |
+
using O
|
5144 |
+
the O
|
5145 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
5146 |
+
Earth I-climate-models
|
5147 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
5148 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5149 |
+
version I-climate-models
|
5150 |
+
1.0 I-climate-models
|
5151 |
+
( O
|
5152 |
+
CESM1 B-climate-models
|
5153 |
+
) O
|
5154 |
+
Whole B-climate-models
|
5155 |
+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
5156 |
+
Community I-climate-models
|
5157 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
5158 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5159 |
+
( O
|
5160 |
+
WACCM B-climate-models
|
5161 |
+
) O
|
5162 |
+
– O
|
5163 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
5164 |
+
Aerosol I-climate-models
|
5165 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
5166 |
+
Radiation I-climate-models
|
5167 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5168 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
5169 |
+
Atmospheres I-climate-models
|
5170 |
+
( O
|
5171 |
+
CARMA B-climate-models
|
5172 |
+
) O
|
5173 |
+
sectional O
|
5174 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
5175 |
+
microphysics O
|
5176 |
+
model O
|
5177 |
+
( O
|
5178 |
+
with O
|
5179 |
+
no O
|
5180 |
+
a O
|
5181 |
+
priori O
|
5182 |
+
assumption O
|
5183 |
+
on O
|
5184 |
+
particle B-climate-properties
|
5185 |
+
size I-climate-properties
|
5186 |
+
) O
|
5187 |
+
. O
|
5188 |
+
|
5189 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O40515d17c1cb65c678e559ed76118d08
|
5190 |
+
|
5191 |
+
Simulations O
|
5192 |
+
were O
|
5193 |
+
performed O
|
5194 |
+
for O
|
5195 |
+
maize B-climate-assets
|
5196 |
+
and O
|
5197 |
+
soybean B-climate-assets
|
5198 |
+
using O
|
5199 |
+
the O
|
5200 |
+
pSIMS B-climate-models
|
5201 |
+
platform O
|
5202 |
+
across O
|
5203 |
+
the O
|
5204 |
+
U.S O
|
5205 |
+
Midwest O
|
5206 |
+
by O
|
5207 |
+
incrementally O
|
5208 |
+
accounting O
|
5209 |
+
for O
|
5210 |
+
five O
|
5211 |
+
sources O
|
5212 |
+
of O
|
5213 |
+
uncertainty O
|
5214 |
+
with O
|
5215 |
+
a O
|
5216 |
+
7 O
|
5217 |
+
km×7 O
|
5218 |
+
km O
|
5219 |
+
resolution O
|
5220 |
+
using O
|
5221 |
+
the O
|
5222 |
+
APSIM B-climate-models
|
5223 |
+
and O
|
5224 |
+
DSSAT B-climate-models
|
5225 |
+
crop B-climate-assets
|
5226 |
+
growth O
|
5227 |
+
models O
|
5228 |
+
. O
|
5229 |
+
|
5230 |
+
Then O
|
5231 |
+
, O
|
5232 |
+
a O
|
5233 |
+
series O
|
5234 |
+
of O
|
5235 |
+
nitrate B-climate-hazards
|
5236 |
+
leaching I-climate-hazards
|
5237 |
+
hotpots O
|
5238 |
+
were O
|
5239 |
+
identified O
|
5240 |
+
and O
|
5241 |
+
a O
|
5242 |
+
regional O
|
5243 |
+
maize B-climate-assets
|
5244 |
+
yield O
|
5245 |
+
productivity O
|
5246 |
+
index O
|
5247 |
+
was O
|
5248 |
+
estimated O
|
5249 |
+
by O
|
5250 |
+
decomposing O
|
5251 |
+
the O
|
5252 |
+
uncertainty O
|
5253 |
+
in O
|
5254 |
+
the O
|
5255 |
+
same O
|
5256 |
+
scenario O
|
5257 |
+
using O
|
5258 |
+
a O
|
5259 |
+
hierarchical O
|
5260 |
+
Bayesian O
|
5261 |
+
random O
|
5262 |
+
- O
|
5263 |
+
effect O
|
5264 |
+
model O
|
5265 |
+
. O
|
5266 |
+
|
5267 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O540e95b9dd97f43e20971ddd6d625132
|
5268 |
+
|
5269 |
+
For O
|
5270 |
+
this O
|
5271 |
+
, O
|
5272 |
+
the O
|
5273 |
+
INteractive B-climate-models
|
5274 |
+
Fires I-climate-models
|
5275 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
5276 |
+
Emissions I-climate-models
|
5277 |
+
algoRithm I-climate-models
|
5278 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
5279 |
+
Natural I-climate-models
|
5280 |
+
environments I-climate-models
|
5281 |
+
( O
|
5282 |
+
INFERNO B-climate-models
|
5283 |
+
) O
|
5284 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5285 |
+
model O
|
5286 |
+
is O
|
5287 |
+
coupled O
|
5288 |
+
to O
|
5289 |
+
the O
|
5290 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
5291 |
+
- O
|
5292 |
+
only O
|
5293 |
+
configuration O
|
5294 |
+
of O
|
5295 |
+
the O
|
5296 |
+
UK B-climate-models
|
5297 |
+
’s I-climate-models
|
5298 |
+
Earth I-climate-models
|
5299 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
5300 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5301 |
+
( O
|
5302 |
+
UKESM1 B-climate-models
|
5303 |
+
) O
|
5304 |
+
. O
|
5305 |
+
|
5306 |
+
This O
|
5307 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5308 |
+
- O
|
5309 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
5310 |
+
interaction O
|
5311 |
+
through O
|
5312 |
+
atmospheric O
|
5313 |
+
chemistry O
|
5314 |
+
and O
|
5315 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
5316 |
+
allows O
|
5317 |
+
for O
|
5318 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5319 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
5320 |
+
to O
|
5321 |
+
influence O
|
5322 |
+
radiation O
|
5323 |
+
, O
|
5324 |
+
clouds B-climate-nature
|
5325 |
+
, O
|
5326 |
+
and O
|
5327 |
+
generally O
|
5328 |
+
weather O
|
5329 |
+
, O
|
5330 |
+
which O
|
5331 |
+
can O
|
5332 |
+
consequently O
|
5333 |
+
influence O
|
5334 |
+
the O
|
5335 |
+
meteorological O
|
5336 |
+
drivers O
|
5337 |
+
of O
|
5338 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5339 |
+
. O
|
5340 |
+
|
5341 |
+
Additionally O
|
5342 |
+
, O
|
5343 |
+
INFERNO B-climate-models
|
5344 |
+
is O
|
5345 |
+
updated O
|
5346 |
+
based O
|
5347 |
+
on O
|
5348 |
+
recent O
|
5349 |
+
developments O
|
5350 |
+
in O
|
5351 |
+
the O
|
5352 |
+
literature O
|
5353 |
+
to O
|
5354 |
+
improve O
|
5355 |
+
the O
|
5356 |
+
representation O
|
5357 |
+
of O
|
5358 |
+
human O
|
5359 |
+
/ O
|
5360 |
+
economic O
|
5361 |
+
factors O
|
5362 |
+
in O
|
5363 |
+
the O
|
5364 |
+
anthropogenic B-climate-problem-origins
|
5365 |
+
ignition I-climate-problem-origins
|
5366 |
+
and O
|
5367 |
+
suppression B-climate-mitigations
|
5368 |
+
of I-climate-mitigations
|
5369 |
+
fire I-climate-mitigations
|
5370 |
+
. O
|
5371 |
+
|
5372 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O60825be4f200cb922765c1141fd1eaf8
|
5373 |
+
|
5374 |
+
DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
|
5375 |
+
( O
|
5376 |
+
Developing B-climate-organizations
|
5377 |
+
Arctic I-climate-organizations
|
5378 |
+
Modeling I-climate-organizations
|
5379 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
5380 |
+
Observing I-climate-organizations
|
5381 |
+
Capabilities I-climate-organizations
|
5382 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
5383 |
+
Long I-climate-organizations
|
5384 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
5385 |
+
term I-climate-organizations
|
5386 |
+
Environmental I-climate-organizations
|
5387 |
+
Studies I-climate-organizations
|
5388 |
+
) O
|
5389 |
+
aimed O
|
5390 |
+
at O
|
5391 |
+
reducing O
|
5392 |
+
the O
|
5393 |
+
uncertainties O
|
5394 |
+
in O
|
5395 |
+
our O
|
5396 |
+
understanding O
|
5397 |
+
, O
|
5398 |
+
modeling O
|
5399 |
+
and O
|
5400 |
+
forecasting O
|
5401 |
+
of O
|
5402 |
+
climate O
|
5403 |
+
changes O
|
5404 |
+
in O
|
5405 |
+
the O
|
5406 |
+
Arctic O
|
5407 |
+
. O
|
5408 |
+
|
5409 |
+
DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
|
5410 |
+
was O
|
5411 |
+
especially O
|
5412 |
+
concerned O
|
5413 |
+
with O
|
5414 |
+
a O
|
5415 |
+
significantly O
|
5416 |
+
reduced O
|
5417 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
5418 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
5419 |
+
ice I-climate-properties
|
5420 |
+
cover I-climate-properties
|
5421 |
+
and O
|
5422 |
+
the O
|
5423 |
+
impact O
|
5424 |
+
this O
|
5425 |
+
drastic O
|
5426 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
5427 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
5428 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
5429 |
+
retreat I-climate-nature
|
5430 |
+
might O
|
5431 |
+
have O
|
5432 |
+
on O
|
5433 |
+
the O
|
5434 |
+
environment O
|
5435 |
+
and O
|
5436 |
+
on O
|
5437 |
+
human O
|
5438 |
+
activities O
|
5439 |
+
both O
|
5440 |
+
regionally O
|
5441 |
+
and O
|
5442 |
+
globally O
|
5443 |
+
. O
|
5444 |
+
|
5445 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3caf6c2b344e0cab6ab0d65ac0b304ba
|
5446 |
+
|
5447 |
+
Highlights O
|
5448 |
+
during O
|
5449 |
+
SALTRACE B-climate-observations
|
5450 |
+
included O
|
5451 |
+
the O
|
5452 |
+
Lagrangian O
|
5453 |
+
sampling O
|
5454 |
+
of O
|
5455 |
+
a O
|
5456 |
+
dust B-climate-nature
|
5457 |
+
plume I-climate-nature
|
5458 |
+
in O
|
5459 |
+
the O
|
5460 |
+
Cape O
|
5461 |
+
Verde O
|
5462 |
+
area O
|
5463 |
+
on O
|
5464 |
+
17 O
|
5465 |
+
June O
|
5466 |
+
which O
|
5467 |
+
was O
|
5468 |
+
again O
|
5469 |
+
measured O
|
5470 |
+
with O
|
5471 |
+
the O
|
5472 |
+
same O
|
5473 |
+
instrumentation O
|
5474 |
+
on O
|
5475 |
+
21 O
|
5476 |
+
and O
|
5477 |
+
22 O
|
5478 |
+
June O
|
5479 |
+
2013 O
|
5480 |
+
near O
|
5481 |
+
Barbados O
|
5482 |
+
. O
|
5483 |
+
|
5484 |
+
The O
|
5485 |
+
event O
|
5486 |
+
was O
|
5487 |
+
also O
|
5488 |
+
captured O
|
5489 |
+
by O
|
5490 |
+
the O
|
5491 |
+
ground O
|
5492 |
+
- O
|
5493 |
+
based O
|
5494 |
+
lidar B-climate-observations
|
5495 |
+
and O
|
5496 |
+
in O
|
5497 |
+
- O
|
5498 |
+
situ O
|
5499 |
+
instrumentation O
|
5500 |
+
. O
|
5501 |
+
|
5502 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fa8d288a6b10e694b1243326af60f683d8ef3331
|
5503 |
+
|
5504 |
+
An O
|
5505 |
+
Assessment O
|
5506 |
+
of O
|
5507 |
+
Spatial O
|
5508 |
+
Distribution O
|
5509 |
+
of O
|
5510 |
+
Four O
|
5511 |
+
Different O
|
5512 |
+
Satellite O
|
5513 |
+
- O
|
5514 |
+
Derived O
|
5515 |
+
Rainfall B-climate-nature
|
5516 |
+
Estimations O
|
5517 |
+
and O
|
5518 |
+
Observed O
|
5519 |
+
Precipitation B-climate-properties
|
5520 |
+
over O
|
5521 |
+
Bangladesh O
|
5522 |
+
. O
|
5523 |
+
|
5524 |
+
Given O
|
5525 |
+
that O
|
5526 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
5527 |
+
is O
|
5528 |
+
a O
|
5529 |
+
major O
|
5530 |
+
component O
|
5531 |
+
of O
|
5532 |
+
the O
|
5533 |
+
earth O
|
5534 |
+
’s O
|
5535 |
+
water O
|
5536 |
+
and O
|
5537 |
+
energy O
|
5538 |
+
cycles O
|
5539 |
+
, O
|
5540 |
+
reliable O
|
5541 |
+
information O
|
5542 |
+
on O
|
5543 |
+
the O
|
5544 |
+
monthly O
|
5545 |
+
spatial O
|
5546 |
+
distribution O
|
5547 |
+
of O
|
5548 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
5549 |
+
is O
|
5550 |
+
also O
|
5551 |
+
crucial O
|
5552 |
+
for O
|
5553 |
+
climate O
|
5554 |
+
science O
|
5555 |
+
, O
|
5556 |
+
climatological O
|
5557 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5558 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
5559 |
+
resource I-climate-nature
|
5560 |
+
research O
|
5561 |
+
studies O
|
5562 |
+
, O
|
5563 |
+
and O
|
5564 |
+
for O
|
5565 |
+
the O
|
5566 |
+
evaluation O
|
5567 |
+
of O
|
5568 |
+
regional O
|
5569 |
+
model O
|
5570 |
+
simulations O
|
5571 |
+
. O
|
5572 |
+
|
5573 |
+
In O
|
5574 |
+
this O
|
5575 |
+
paper O
|
5576 |
+
, O
|
5577 |
+
four O
|
5578 |
+
satellite O
|
5579 |
+
derived O
|
5580 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
5581 |
+
datasets O
|
5582 |
+
: O
|
5583 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
5584 |
+
Prediction I-climate-datasets
|
5585 |
+
Center I-climate-datasets
|
5586 |
+
MORPHING I-climate-datasets
|
5587 |
+
( O
|
5588 |
+
CMORPH B-climate-datasets
|
5589 |
+
) O
|
5590 |
+
, O
|
5591 |
+
Tropical B-climate-datasets
|
5592 |
+
Rainfall I-climate-datasets
|
5593 |
+
Measuring I-climate-datasets
|
5594 |
+
Mission I-climate-datasets
|
5595 |
+
( O
|
5596 |
+
TRMM B-climate-datasets
|
5597 |
+
) O
|
5598 |
+
, O
|
5599 |
+
the O
|
5600 |
+
Precipitation B-climate-datasets
|
5601 |
+
Estimation I-climate-datasets
|
5602 |
+
Algorithm I-climate-datasets
|
5603 |
+
from I-climate-datasets
|
5604 |
+
Remotely I-climate-datasets
|
5605 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
5606 |
+
Sensed I-climate-datasets
|
5607 |
+
Information I-climate-datasets
|
5608 |
+
using I-climate-datasets
|
5609 |
+
an I-climate-datasets
|
5610 |
+
Artificial I-climate-datasets
|
5611 |
+
Neural I-climate-datasets
|
5612 |
+
Network I-climate-datasets
|
5613 |
+
( O
|
5614 |
+
PERSIANN B-climate-datasets
|
5615 |
+
) O
|
5616 |
+
, O
|
5617 |
+
and O
|
5618 |
+
the O
|
5619 |
+
global B-climate-datasets
|
5620 |
+
Satellite I-climate-datasets
|
5621 |
+
Mapping I-climate-datasets
|
5622 |
+
of I-climate-datasets
|
5623 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
5624 |
+
( O
|
5625 |
+
GSMaP B-climate-datasets
|
5626 |
+
) O
|
5627 |
+
are O
|
5628 |
+
spatially O
|
5629 |
+
analyzed O
|
5630 |
+
and O
|
5631 |
+
compared O
|
5632 |
+
with O
|
5633 |
+
the O
|
5634 |
+
observed O
|
5635 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
5636 |
+
data O
|
5637 |
+
provided O
|
5638 |
+
by O
|
5639 |
+
Bangladesh B-climate-organizations
|
5640 |
+
Meteorological I-climate-organizations
|
5641 |
+
Department I-climate-organizations
|
5642 |
+
( O
|
5643 |
+
BMD B-climate-organizations
|
5644 |
+
) O
|
5645 |
+
. O
|
5646 |
+
|
5647 |
+
For O
|
5648 |
+
this O
|
5649 |
+
study O
|
5650 |
+
, O
|
5651 |
+
the O
|
5652 |
+
different O
|
5653 |
+
precipitations B-climate-properties
|
5654 |
+
data O
|
5655 |
+
sets O
|
5656 |
+
are O
|
5657 |
+
spatially O
|
5658 |
+
analyzed O
|
5659 |
+
from O
|
5660 |
+
2nd O
|
5661 |
+
May O
|
5662 |
+
2019 O
|
5663 |
+
to O
|
5664 |
+
4th O
|
5665 |
+
May O
|
5666 |
+
2019 O
|
5667 |
+
at O
|
5668 |
+
the O
|
5669 |
+
time O
|
5670 |
+
of O
|
5671 |
+
Cyclone O
|
5672 |
+
“ O
|
5673 |
+
FANI O
|
5674 |
+
” O
|
5675 |
+
. O
|
5676 |
+
|
5677 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/233313e25b6d9f4760ad29252fb44df3980c7f9f
|
5678 |
+
|
5679 |
+
Centennial O
|
5680 |
+
- O
|
5681 |
+
scale O
|
5682 |
+
variability O
|
5683 |
+
of O
|
5684 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
5685 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5686 |
+
in O
|
5687 |
+
eastern O
|
5688 |
+
Australia O
|
5689 |
+
. O
|
5690 |
+
|
5691 |
+
Soil B-climate-properties
|
5692 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5693 |
+
is O
|
5694 |
+
of O
|
5695 |
+
critical O
|
5696 |
+
importance O
|
5697 |
+
to O
|
5698 |
+
maintaining O
|
5699 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
5700 |
+
productivity I-climate-assets
|
5701 |
+
and O
|
5702 |
+
is O
|
5703 |
+
used O
|
5704 |
+
as O
|
5705 |
+
an O
|
5706 |
+
indicator O
|
5707 |
+
of O
|
5708 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
5709 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
5710 |
+
. O
|
5711 |
+
|
5712 |
+
In O
|
5713 |
+
- O
|
5714 |
+
situ O
|
5715 |
+
measurements O
|
5716 |
+
of O
|
5717 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
5718 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5719 |
+
, O
|
5720 |
+
however O
|
5721 |
+
, O
|
5722 |
+
are O
|
5723 |
+
exceedingly O
|
5724 |
+
sparse O
|
5725 |
+
at O
|
5726 |
+
a O
|
5727 |
+
global O
|
5728 |
+
scale O
|
5729 |
+
compared O
|
5730 |
+
to O
|
5731 |
+
most O
|
5732 |
+
other O
|
5733 |
+
hydroclimatic B-climate-nature
|
5734 |
+
variables O
|
5735 |
+
, O
|
5736 |
+
and O
|
5737 |
+
the O
|
5738 |
+
temporal O
|
5739 |
+
coverage O
|
5740 |
+
of O
|
5741 |
+
most O
|
5742 |
+
records O
|
5743 |
+
is O
|
5744 |
+
limited O
|
5745 |
+
to O
|
5746 |
+
15–20 O
|
5747 |
+
years O
|
5748 |
+
at O
|
5749 |
+
best O
|
5750 |
+
. O
|
5751 |
+
|
5752 |
+
To O
|
5753 |
+
overcome O
|
5754 |
+
this O
|
5755 |
+
, O
|
5756 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5757 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
5758 |
+
models O
|
5759 |
+
have O
|
5760 |
+
been O
|
5761 |
+
developed O
|
5762 |
+
and O
|
5763 |
+
applied O
|
5764 |
+
to O
|
5765 |
+
evaluate O
|
5766 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
5767 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
5768 |
+
availability I-climate-assets
|
5769 |
+
at O
|
5770 |
+
centennial O
|
5771 |
+
- O
|
5772 |
+
scales O
|
5773 |
+
. O
|
5774 |
+
|
5775 |
+
These O
|
5776 |
+
include O
|
5777 |
+
the O
|
5778 |
+
Australian B-climate-organizations
|
5779 |
+
Water I-climate-organizations
|
5780 |
+
Availability I-climate-organizations
|
5781 |
+
Project I-climate-organizations
|
5782 |
+
( O
|
5783 |
+
AWAP B-climate-organizations
|
5784 |
+
) O
|
5785 |
+
Waterdyn B-climate-models
|
5786 |
+
model O
|
5787 |
+
, O
|
5788 |
+
and O
|
5789 |
+
the O
|
5790 |
+
Australian B-climate-models
|
5791 |
+
Water I-climate-models
|
5792 |
+
Resource I-climate-models
|
5793 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
5794 |
+
( O
|
5795 |
+
AWRA B-climate-models
|
5796 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5797 |
+
L I-climate-models
|
5798 |
+
) O
|
5799 |
+
models O
|
5800 |
+
; O
|
5801 |
+
two O
|
5802 |
+
of O
|
5803 |
+
the O
|
5804 |
+
major O
|
5805 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5806 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
5807 |
+
models O
|
5808 |
+
used O
|
5809 |
+
in O
|
5810 |
+
Australia O
|
5811 |
+
. O
|
5812 |
+
|
5813 |
+
This O
|
5814 |
+
study O
|
5815 |
+
looks O
|
5816 |
+
to O
|
5817 |
+
extend O
|
5818 |
+
on O
|
5819 |
+
their O
|
5820 |
+
validation O
|
5821 |
+
and O
|
5822 |
+
application O
|
5823 |
+
using O
|
5824 |
+
a O
|
5825 |
+
unique O
|
5826 |
+
in O
|
5827 |
+
- O
|
5828 |
+
situ O
|
5829 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
5830 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5831 |
+
data O
|
5832 |
+
set O
|
5833 |
+
from O
|
5834 |
+
the O
|
5835 |
+
Scaling B-climate-organizations
|
5836 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
5837 |
+
Assimilation I-climate-organizations
|
5838 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
5839 |
+
Soil I-climate-organizations
|
5840 |
+
Moisture I-climate-organizations
|
5841 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
5842 |
+
Streamflow I-climate-organizations
|
5843 |
+
( O
|
5844 |
+
SASMAS B-climate-organizations
|
5845 |
+
) O
|
5846 |
+
project O
|
5847 |
+
for O
|
5848 |
+
the O
|
5849 |
+
Krui O
|
5850 |
+
and O
|
5851 |
+
Merriwa O
|
5852 |
+
River O
|
5853 |
+
catchments O
|
5854 |
+
in O
|
5855 |
+
eastern O
|
5856 |
+
NSW O
|
5857 |
+
, O
|
5858 |
+
Australia O
|
5859 |
+
. O
|
5860 |
+
|
5861 |
+
Modelled O
|
5862 |
+
outputs O
|
5863 |
+
were O
|
5864 |
+
compared O
|
5865 |
+
against O
|
5866 |
+
catchment B-climate-nature
|
5867 |
+
average O
|
5868 |
+
in O
|
5869 |
+
- O
|
5870 |
+
situ O
|
5871 |
+
data O
|
5872 |
+
and O
|
5873 |
+
validated O
|
5874 |
+
using O
|
5875 |
+
correlation O
|
5876 |
+
analyses O
|
5877 |
+
. O
|
5878 |
+
|
5879 |
+
Many O
|
5880 |
+
studies O
|
5881 |
+
exist O
|
5882 |
+
that O
|
5883 |
+
look O
|
5884 |
+
at O
|
5885 |
+
this O
|
5886 |
+
issue O
|
5887 |
+
in O
|
5888 |
+
response O
|
5889 |
+
to O
|
5890 |
+
the O
|
5891 |
+
recent O
|
5892 |
+
Millennium O
|
5893 |
+
Drought B-climate-hazards
|
5894 |
+
across O
|
5895 |
+
the O
|
5896 |
+
MurrayDarling O
|
5897 |
+
Basin O
|
5898 |
+
, O
|
5899 |
+
however O
|
5900 |
+
, O
|
5901 |
+
the O
|
5902 |
+
East O
|
5903 |
+
Coast O
|
5904 |
+
of O
|
5905 |
+
Australia O
|
5906 |
+
is O
|
5907 |
+
identified O
|
5908 |
+
as O
|
5909 |
+
its O
|
5910 |
+
own O
|
5911 |
+
separate O
|
5912 |
+
climate O
|
5913 |
+
entity O
|
5914 |
+
. O
|
5915 |
+
|
5916 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9bbcf4d55d8e781724c0c4e8fda3f69886a3715b
|
5917 |
+
|
5918 |
+
Inundation B-climate-hazards
|
5919 |
+
mapping O
|
5920 |
+
using O
|
5921 |
+
C- B-climate-observations
|
5922 |
+
and I-climate-observations
|
5923 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
5924 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
5925 |
+
band I-climate-observations
|
5926 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
5927 |
+
data O
|
5928 |
+
: O
|
5929 |
+
From O
|
5930 |
+
algorithms O
|
5931 |
+
to O
|
5932 |
+
fully O
|
5933 |
+
- O
|
5934 |
+
automated O
|
5935 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
5936 |
+
services O
|
5937 |
+
. O
|
5938 |
+
|
5939 |
+
Since O
|
5940 |
+
the O
|
5941 |
+
establishment O
|
5942 |
+
of O
|
5943 |
+
the O
|
5944 |
+
ZKI B-climate-organizations
|
5945 |
+
( O
|
5946 |
+
Center B-climate-organizations
|
5947 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
5948 |
+
Satellite I-climate-organizations
|
5949 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
5950 |
+
Based I-climate-organizations
|
5951 |
+
Crisis I-climate-organizations
|
5952 |
+
Information I-climate-organizations
|
5953 |
+
) O
|
5954 |
+
at O
|
5955 |
+
the O
|
5956 |
+
German B-climate-organizations
|
5957 |
+
Aerospace I-climate-organizations
|
5958 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
5959 |
+
( O
|
5960 |
+
DLR B-climate-organizations
|
5961 |
+
) O
|
5962 |
+
, O
|
5963 |
+
the O
|
5964 |
+
development O
|
5965 |
+
of O
|
5966 |
+
EO O
|
5967 |
+
- O
|
5968 |
+
based O
|
5969 |
+
methodologies O
|
5970 |
+
for O
|
5971 |
+
the O
|
5972 |
+
rapid O
|
5973 |
+
mapping O
|
5974 |
+
of O
|
5975 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
5976 |
+
situations O
|
5977 |
+
has O
|
5978 |
+
been O
|
5979 |
+
of O
|
5980 |
+
major O
|
5981 |
+
concern O
|
5982 |
+
. O
|
5983 |
+
|
5984 |
+
These O
|
5985 |
+
requirements O
|
5986 |
+
have O
|
5987 |
+
led O
|
5988 |
+
to O
|
5989 |
+
the O
|
5990 |
+
development O
|
5991 |
+
of O
|
5992 |
+
dedicated O
|
5993 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
5994 |
+
- O
|
5995 |
+
based O
|
5996 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
5997 |
+
mapping O
|
5998 |
+
tools O
|
5999 |
+
which O
|
6000 |
+
have O
|
6001 |
+
been O
|
6002 |
+
utilized O
|
6003 |
+
during O
|
6004 |
+
numerous O
|
6005 |
+
rapid O
|
6006 |
+
mapping O
|
6007 |
+
activities O
|
6008 |
+
of O
|
6009 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
6010 |
+
situations O
|
6011 |
+
. O
|
6012 |
+
|
6013 |
+
With O
|
6014 |
+
respect O
|
6015 |
+
to O
|
6016 |
+
accuracy O
|
6017 |
+
and O
|
6018 |
+
computational O
|
6019 |
+
effort O
|
6020 |
+
, O
|
6021 |
+
experiments O
|
6022 |
+
performed O
|
6023 |
+
on O
|
6024 |
+
a O
|
6025 |
+
data O
|
6026 |
+
set O
|
6027 |
+
of O
|
6028 |
+
> O
|
6029 |
+
200 O
|
6030 |
+
different O
|
6031 |
+
TerraSAR B-climate-observations
|
6032 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
6033 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
6034 |
+
scenes O
|
6035 |
+
acquired O
|
6036 |
+
during O
|
6037 |
+
flooding B-climate-hazards
|
6038 |
+
all O
|
6039 |
+
over O
|
6040 |
+
the O
|
6041 |
+
world O
|
6042 |
+
with O
|
6043 |
+
different O
|
6044 |
+
sensor O
|
6045 |
+
configurations O
|
6046 |
+
confirmed O
|
6047 |
+
the O
|
6048 |
+
robustness O
|
6049 |
+
and O
|
6050 |
+
effectiveness O
|
6051 |
+
of O
|
6052 |
+
the O
|
6053 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
6054 |
+
mapping O
|
6055 |
+
service O
|
6056 |
+
. O
|
6057 |
+
|
6058 |
+
processing O
|
6059 |
+
chain O
|
6060 |
+
has O
|
6061 |
+
recently O
|
6062 |
+
been O
|
6063 |
+
adapted O
|
6064 |
+
to O
|
6065 |
+
the O
|
6066 |
+
new O
|
6067 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
6068 |
+
Space I-climate-organizations
|
6069 |
+
Agency I-climate-organizations
|
6070 |
+
’s O
|
6071 |
+
C B-climate-observations
|
6072 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
6073 |
+
band I-climate-observations
|
6074 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
6075 |
+
mission O
|
6076 |
+
Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
|
6077 |
+
. O
|
6078 |
+
|
6079 |
+
In O
|
6080 |
+
contrast O
|
6081 |
+
to O
|
6082 |
+
the O
|
6083 |
+
current O
|
6084 |
+
TerraSAR B-climate-observations
|
6085 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
6086 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
6087 |
+
based O
|
6088 |
+
thematic O
|
6089 |
+
service O
|
6090 |
+
, O
|
6091 |
+
Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
|
6092 |
+
enables O
|
6093 |
+
a O
|
6094 |
+
systematic O
|
6095 |
+
disaster B-climate-impacts
|
6096 |
+
monitoring O
|
6097 |
+
with O
|
6098 |
+
high O
|
6099 |
+
spatial O
|
6100 |
+
and O
|
6101 |
+
temporal O
|
6102 |
+
resolutions O
|
6103 |
+
. O
|
6104 |
+
|
en.train.txt
ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render.
See raw diff
|
|
en.val.txt
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,6711 @@
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|
1 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 34f3da5c09f0dae6fa79f79176a6cc8f
|
2 |
+
|
3 |
+
The O
|
4 |
+
results O
|
5 |
+
of O
|
6 |
+
the O
|
7 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
8 |
+
retrieval O
|
9 |
+
for O
|
10 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
11 |
+
events O
|
12 |
+
featuring O
|
13 |
+
mineral B-climate-nature
|
14 |
+
dust I-climate-nature
|
15 |
+
, O
|
16 |
+
volcanic B-climate-nature
|
17 |
+
aerosol I-climate-nature
|
18 |
+
, O
|
19 |
+
biomass B-climate-hazards
|
20 |
+
burning I-climate-hazards
|
21 |
+
and O
|
22 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
23 |
+
associated O
|
24 |
+
with O
|
25 |
+
boreal O
|
26 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
27 |
+
fires I-climate-hazards
|
28 |
+
are O
|
29 |
+
compared O
|
30 |
+
to O
|
31 |
+
independent O
|
32 |
+
space O
|
33 |
+
borne O
|
34 |
+
and O
|
35 |
+
ground O
|
36 |
+
based O
|
37 |
+
observations O
|
38 |
+
and O
|
39 |
+
showed O
|
40 |
+
coinciding O
|
41 |
+
temporal O
|
42 |
+
and O
|
43 |
+
spatial O
|
44 |
+
dynamics O
|
45 |
+
of O
|
46 |
+
the O
|
47 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
48 |
+
distribution O
|
49 |
+
. O
|
50 |
+
|
51 |
+
Applied O
|
52 |
+
together O
|
53 |
+
, O
|
54 |
+
these O
|
55 |
+
methods O
|
56 |
+
allow O
|
57 |
+
for O
|
58 |
+
the O
|
59 |
+
first O
|
60 |
+
time O
|
61 |
+
the O
|
62 |
+
retrieval O
|
63 |
+
of O
|
64 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
65 |
+
amount O
|
66 |
+
over O
|
67 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
68 |
+
and O
|
69 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
70 |
+
on O
|
71 |
+
local O
|
72 |
+
to O
|
73 |
+
global O
|
74 |
+
scales O
|
75 |
+
. O
|
76 |
+
|
77 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f4b313679d2ed570e0dc147900b4c39f
|
78 |
+
|
79 |
+
The O
|
80 |
+
Qilian O
|
81 |
+
Mountains O
|
82 |
+
Scientific O
|
83 |
+
Expedition O
|
84 |
+
was O
|
85 |
+
launched O
|
86 |
+
under O
|
87 |
+
the O
|
88 |
+
framework O
|
89 |
+
of O
|
90 |
+
the O
|
91 |
+
Second O
|
92 |
+
Tibetan O
|
93 |
+
Plateau O
|
94 |
+
Scientific O
|
95 |
+
Expedition O
|
96 |
+
Program O
|
97 |
+
after O
|
98 |
+
tightening O
|
99 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
100 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
101 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
102 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
103 |
+
in O
|
104 |
+
the O
|
105 |
+
Qilian O
|
106 |
+
Mountains O
|
107 |
+
. O
|
108 |
+
|
109 |
+
The O
|
110 |
+
expedition O
|
111 |
+
focused O
|
112 |
+
on O
|
113 |
+
three O
|
114 |
+
key O
|
115 |
+
areas O
|
116 |
+
: O
|
117 |
+
( O
|
118 |
+
1 O
|
119 |
+
) O
|
120 |
+
Ecosystem B-climate-organisms
|
121 |
+
diversity I-climate-organisms
|
122 |
+
and O
|
123 |
+
security O
|
124 |
+
, O
|
125 |
+
( O
|
126 |
+
2 O
|
127 |
+
) O
|
128 |
+
dynamic O
|
129 |
+
changes O
|
130 |
+
in O
|
131 |
+
glaciers B-climate-nature
|
132 |
+
and O
|
133 |
+
permafrost B-climate-nature
|
134 |
+
, O
|
135 |
+
and O
|
136 |
+
( O
|
137 |
+
3 O
|
138 |
+
) O
|
139 |
+
changes O
|
140 |
+
in O
|
141 |
+
human O
|
142 |
+
activities O
|
143 |
+
and O
|
144 |
+
their O
|
145 |
+
corresponding O
|
146 |
+
eco B-climate-impacts
|
147 |
+
- I-climate-impacts
|
148 |
+
livelihood I-climate-impacts
|
149 |
+
impacts I-climate-impacts
|
150 |
+
. O
|
151 |
+
|
152 |
+
More O
|
153 |
+
than O
|
154 |
+
200 O
|
155 |
+
researchers O
|
156 |
+
participated O
|
157 |
+
in O
|
158 |
+
this O
|
159 |
+
expedition O
|
160 |
+
that O
|
161 |
+
lasted O
|
162 |
+
for O
|
163 |
+
260 O
|
164 |
+
d O
|
165 |
+
and O
|
166 |
+
spanned O
|
167 |
+
47500 O
|
168 |
+
km O
|
169 |
+
. O
|
170 |
+
|
171 |
+
First O
|
172 |
+
, O
|
173 |
+
investigations O
|
174 |
+
were O
|
175 |
+
performed O
|
176 |
+
for O
|
177 |
+
changes O
|
178 |
+
in O
|
179 |
+
human O
|
180 |
+
activities O
|
181 |
+
before O
|
182 |
+
and O
|
183 |
+
after O
|
184 |
+
tightening O
|
185 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
186 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
187 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
188 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
189 |
+
in O
|
190 |
+
the O
|
191 |
+
Qilian O
|
192 |
+
Mountains O
|
193 |
+
. O
|
194 |
+
|
195 |
+
The O
|
196 |
+
local O
|
197 |
+
eco B-climate-assets
|
198 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
199 |
+
environmental I-climate-assets
|
200 |
+
benefits I-climate-assets
|
201 |
+
and O
|
202 |
+
economic B-climate-impacts
|
203 |
+
losses I-climate-impacts
|
204 |
+
after O
|
205 |
+
the O
|
206 |
+
tightening O
|
207 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
208 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
209 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
210 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
211 |
+
were O
|
212 |
+
analyzed O
|
213 |
+
by O
|
214 |
+
adopting O
|
215 |
+
the O
|
216 |
+
Integrated B-climate-models
|
217 |
+
Valuation I-climate-models
|
218 |
+
of I-climate-models
|
219 |
+
Ecosystem I-climate-models
|
220 |
+
Services I-climate-models
|
221 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
222 |
+
Tradeoffs I-climate-models
|
223 |
+
model O
|
224 |
+
and O
|
225 |
+
the O
|
226 |
+
System B-climate-models
|
227 |
+
of I-climate-models
|
228 |
+
Integrated I-climate-models
|
229 |
+
Environmental I-climate-models
|
230 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
231 |
+
Economic I-climate-models
|
232 |
+
Accounting I-climate-models
|
233 |
+
method O
|
234 |
+
. O
|
235 |
+
|
236 |
+
Second O
|
237 |
+
, O
|
238 |
+
investigations O
|
239 |
+
were O
|
240 |
+
performed O
|
241 |
+
for O
|
242 |
+
several O
|
243 |
+
glaciers B-climate-nature
|
244 |
+
located O
|
245 |
+
in O
|
246 |
+
the O
|
247 |
+
Qilian O
|
248 |
+
Mountains O
|
249 |
+
to O
|
250 |
+
evaluate O
|
251 |
+
the O
|
252 |
+
characteristics O
|
253 |
+
of O
|
254 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
255 |
+
distribution O
|
256 |
+
and O
|
257 |
+
variations O
|
258 |
+
in O
|
259 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
260 |
+
changes O
|
261 |
+
. O
|
262 |
+
|
263 |
+
The O
|
264 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
265 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
266 |
+
storage I-climate-nature
|
267 |
+
and O
|
268 |
+
annual O
|
269 |
+
degradation O
|
270 |
+
rate O
|
271 |
+
were O
|
272 |
+
further O
|
273 |
+
estimated O
|
274 |
+
using O
|
275 |
+
data O
|
276 |
+
derived O
|
277 |
+
from O
|
278 |
+
a O
|
279 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
280 |
+
inventory O
|
281 |
+
and O
|
282 |
+
Landsat B-climate-observations
|
283 |
+
images O
|
284 |
+
. O
|
285 |
+
|
286 |
+
Further O
|
287 |
+
, O
|
288 |
+
the O
|
289 |
+
spatial O
|
290 |
+
and O
|
291 |
+
temporal O
|
292 |
+
grassland B-climate-nature
|
293 |
+
patterns O
|
294 |
+
and O
|
295 |
+
the O
|
296 |
+
associated O
|
297 |
+
productivity O
|
298 |
+
were O
|
299 |
+
analyzed O
|
300 |
+
. O
|
301 |
+
|
302 |
+
Moreover O
|
303 |
+
, O
|
304 |
+
dynamic O
|
305 |
+
changes O
|
306 |
+
in O
|
307 |
+
the O
|
308 |
+
five O
|
309 |
+
main O
|
310 |
+
lakes B-climate-nature
|
311 |
+
in O
|
312 |
+
the O
|
313 |
+
Qilian O
|
314 |
+
Mountains O
|
315 |
+
were O
|
316 |
+
assessed O
|
317 |
+
at O
|
318 |
+
different O
|
319 |
+
spatial O
|
320 |
+
and O
|
321 |
+
temporal O
|
322 |
+
scales O
|
323 |
+
, O
|
324 |
+
and O
|
325 |
+
the O
|
326 |
+
activities O
|
327 |
+
of O
|
328 |
+
the O
|
329 |
+
key O
|
330 |
+
rare B-climate-organisms
|
331 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
332 |
+
such O
|
333 |
+
as O
|
334 |
+
the O
|
335 |
+
snow B-climate-organisms
|
336 |
+
leopard I-climate-organisms
|
337 |
+
were O
|
338 |
+
monitored O
|
339 |
+
regularly O
|
340 |
+
using O
|
341 |
+
infrared O
|
342 |
+
cameras O
|
343 |
+
. O
|
344 |
+
|
345 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 553120ff92ab4f5e2b219c82834aeea7
|
346 |
+
|
347 |
+
Aquatic O
|
348 |
+
biogeochemical O
|
349 |
+
models O
|
350 |
+
are O
|
351 |
+
widely O
|
352 |
+
used O
|
353 |
+
as O
|
354 |
+
tools O
|
355 |
+
for O
|
356 |
+
understanding O
|
357 |
+
aquatic B-climate-nature
|
358 |
+
ecosystems I-climate-nature
|
359 |
+
and O
|
360 |
+
predicting O
|
361 |
+
their O
|
362 |
+
response O
|
363 |
+
to O
|
364 |
+
various O
|
365 |
+
stimuli O
|
366 |
+
( O
|
367 |
+
e.g. O
|
368 |
+
, O
|
369 |
+
nutrient B-climate-problem-origins
|
370 |
+
loading I-climate-problem-origins
|
371 |
+
, O
|
372 |
+
toxic B-climate-problem-origins
|
373 |
+
substances I-climate-problem-origins
|
374 |
+
, O
|
375 |
+
climate O
|
376 |
+
change O
|
377 |
+
) O
|
378 |
+
. O
|
379 |
+
|
380 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O fcdda47218ada9f03ca02477a30d9ad7
|
381 |
+
|
382 |
+
Therefore O
|
383 |
+
, O
|
384 |
+
we O
|
385 |
+
calculated O
|
386 |
+
the O
|
387 |
+
start O
|
388 |
+
, O
|
389 |
+
end O
|
390 |
+
, O
|
391 |
+
and O
|
392 |
+
length B-climate-properties
|
393 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
394 |
+
the I-climate-properties
|
395 |
+
thermal I-climate-properties
|
396 |
+
growing I-climate-properties
|
397 |
+
season I-climate-properties
|
398 |
+
( O
|
399 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
400 |
+
, O
|
401 |
+
EOS B-climate-properties
|
402 |
+
, O
|
403 |
+
and O
|
404 |
+
LOS B-climate-properties
|
405 |
+
, O
|
406 |
+
respectively O
|
407 |
+
) O
|
408 |
+
, O
|
409 |
+
which O
|
410 |
+
are O
|
411 |
+
indicators O
|
412 |
+
of O
|
413 |
+
the O
|
414 |
+
theoretical O
|
415 |
+
plant B-climate-properties
|
416 |
+
growth I-climate-properties
|
417 |
+
season I-climate-properties
|
418 |
+
, O
|
419 |
+
based O
|
420 |
+
on O
|
421 |
+
the O
|
422 |
+
daily B-climate-properties
|
423 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
424 |
+
mean I-climate-properties
|
425 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
426 |
+
of O
|
427 |
+
the O
|
428 |
+
Princeton B-climate-datasets
|
429 |
+
Global I-climate-datasets
|
430 |
+
Forcing I-climate-datasets
|
431 |
+
dataset O
|
432 |
+
from O
|
433 |
+
1948 O
|
434 |
+
to O
|
435 |
+
2016 O
|
436 |
+
. O
|
437 |
+
|
438 |
+
However O
|
439 |
+
, O
|
440 |
+
not O
|
441 |
+
all O
|
442 |
+
the O
|
443 |
+
areas O
|
444 |
+
with O
|
445 |
+
higher O
|
446 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
447 |
+
tended O
|
448 |
+
to O
|
449 |
+
have O
|
450 |
+
a O
|
451 |
+
later O
|
452 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
453 |
+
, O
|
454 |
+
later O
|
455 |
+
EOS B-climate-properties
|
456 |
+
, O
|
457 |
+
and O
|
458 |
+
shorter O
|
459 |
+
LOS B-climate-properties
|
460 |
+
. O
|
461 |
+
|
462 |
+
Among O
|
463 |
+
the O
|
464 |
+
seven O
|
465 |
+
ecoregions O
|
466 |
+
, O
|
467 |
+
spatial O
|
468 |
+
synchrony O
|
469 |
+
in O
|
470 |
+
the O
|
471 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
472 |
+
in O
|
473 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
474 |
+
broadleaf I-climate-nature
|
475 |
+
/ I-climate-nature
|
476 |
+
mixed I-climate-nature
|
477 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
478 |
+
and O
|
479 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
480 |
+
conifer I-climate-nature
|
481 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
482 |
+
changed O
|
483 |
+
the O
|
484 |
+
most O
|
485 |
+
noticeably O
|
486 |
+
, O
|
487 |
+
decreasing O
|
488 |
+
in O
|
489 |
+
both O
|
490 |
+
regions O
|
491 |
+
. O
|
492 |
+
|
493 |
+
Conversely O
|
494 |
+
, O
|
495 |
+
spatial O
|
496 |
+
synchrony O
|
497 |
+
in O
|
498 |
+
the O
|
499 |
+
EOS O
|
500 |
+
in O
|
501 |
+
the O
|
502 |
+
taiga B-climate-nature
|
503 |
+
, O
|
504 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
505 |
+
grasslands I-climate-nature
|
506 |
+
/ O
|
507 |
+
savannas B-climate-nature
|
508 |
+
/ O
|
509 |
+
shrublands B-climate-nature
|
510 |
+
and O
|
511 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
512 |
+
changed O
|
513 |
+
the O
|
514 |
+
most O
|
515 |
+
noticeably O
|
516 |
+
, O
|
517 |
+
increasing O
|
518 |
+
in O
|
519 |
+
each O
|
520 |
+
region O
|
521 |
+
. O
|
522 |
+
|
523 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e28a7a687f2752452efffab7e1a25517
|
524 |
+
|
525 |
+
Studies O
|
526 |
+
addressing O
|
527 |
+
climate O
|
528 |
+
variability O
|
529 |
+
during O
|
530 |
+
the O
|
531 |
+
last O
|
532 |
+
millennium O
|
533 |
+
generally O
|
534 |
+
focus O
|
535 |
+
on O
|
536 |
+
variables O
|
537 |
+
with O
|
538 |
+
a O
|
539 |
+
direct O
|
540 |
+
influence O
|
541 |
+
on O
|
542 |
+
climate O
|
543 |
+
variability O
|
544 |
+
, O
|
545 |
+
like O
|
546 |
+
the O
|
547 |
+
fast O
|
548 |
+
thermal O
|
549 |
+
response O
|
550 |
+
to O
|
551 |
+
varying O
|
552 |
+
radiative B-climate-nature
|
553 |
+
forcing I-climate-nature
|
554 |
+
, O
|
555 |
+
or O
|
556 |
+
the O
|
557 |
+
large O
|
558 |
+
- O
|
559 |
+
scale O
|
560 |
+
changes O
|
561 |
+
in O
|
562 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
563 |
+
dynamics O
|
564 |
+
( O
|
565 |
+
e.g. O
|
566 |
+
North B-climate-nature
|
567 |
+
Atlantic I-climate-nature
|
568 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
569 |
+
) O
|
570 |
+
. O
|
571 |
+
|
572 |
+
The O
|
573 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
574 |
+
responds O
|
575 |
+
to O
|
576 |
+
these O
|
577 |
+
variations O
|
578 |
+
by O
|
579 |
+
slowly O
|
580 |
+
integrating O
|
581 |
+
in O
|
582 |
+
depth O
|
583 |
+
the O
|
584 |
+
upper O
|
585 |
+
heat O
|
586 |
+
flux O
|
587 |
+
changes O
|
588 |
+
, O
|
589 |
+
thus O
|
590 |
+
producing O
|
591 |
+
a O
|
592 |
+
delayed O
|
593 |
+
influence O
|
594 |
+
on O
|
595 |
+
ocean B-climate-properties
|
596 |
+
heat I-climate-properties
|
597 |
+
content I-climate-properties
|
598 |
+
( O
|
599 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
600 |
+
) O
|
601 |
+
that O
|
602 |
+
can O
|
603 |
+
later O
|
604 |
+
impact O
|
605 |
+
low O
|
606 |
+
frequency O
|
607 |
+
SST B-climate-properties
|
608 |
+
( O
|
609 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
610 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
611 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
612 |
+
) O
|
613 |
+
variability O
|
614 |
+
through O
|
615 |
+
reemergence O
|
616 |
+
processes O
|
617 |
+
. O
|
618 |
+
|
619 |
+
In O
|
620 |
+
this O
|
621 |
+
study O
|
622 |
+
, O
|
623 |
+
both O
|
624 |
+
the O
|
625 |
+
externally O
|
626 |
+
and O
|
627 |
+
internally O
|
628 |
+
driven O
|
629 |
+
variations O
|
630 |
+
of O
|
631 |
+
the O
|
632 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
633 |
+
during O
|
634 |
+
the O
|
635 |
+
last O
|
636 |
+
millennium O
|
637 |
+
are O
|
638 |
+
investigated O
|
639 |
+
using O
|
640 |
+
a O
|
641 |
+
set O
|
642 |
+
of O
|
643 |
+
fully O
|
644 |
+
coupled O
|
645 |
+
simulations O
|
646 |
+
with O
|
647 |
+
the O
|
648 |
+
ECHO B-climate-models
|
649 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
650 |
+
G I-climate-models
|
651 |
+
( O
|
652 |
+
coupled O
|
653 |
+
climate O
|
654 |
+
model O
|
655 |
+
ECHAMA4 B-climate-models
|
656 |
+
and O
|
657 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
658 |
+
model O
|
659 |
+
HOPE B-climate-models
|
660 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
661 |
+
G I-climate-models
|
662 |
+
) O
|
663 |
+
atmosphere O
|
664 |
+
– O
|
665 |
+
ocean O
|
666 |
+
general O
|
667 |
+
circulation O
|
668 |
+
model O
|
669 |
+
( O
|
670 |
+
AOGCM O
|
671 |
+
) O
|
672 |
+
. O
|
673 |
+
|
674 |
+
When O
|
675 |
+
compared O
|
676 |
+
to O
|
677 |
+
observations O
|
678 |
+
for O
|
679 |
+
the O
|
680 |
+
last O
|
681 |
+
55 O
|
682 |
+
yr O
|
683 |
+
, O
|
684 |
+
the O
|
685 |
+
model O
|
686 |
+
tends O
|
687 |
+
to O
|
688 |
+
overestimate O
|
689 |
+
the O
|
690 |
+
global O
|
691 |
+
trends O
|
692 |
+
and O
|
693 |
+
underestimate O
|
694 |
+
the O
|
695 |
+
decadal O
|
696 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
697 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
698 |
+
. O
|
699 |
+
|
700 |
+
For O
|
701 |
+
instance O
|
702 |
+
, O
|
703 |
+
upper B-climate-properties
|
704 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
705 |
+
in O
|
706 |
+
the O
|
707 |
+
equatorial O
|
708 |
+
Pacific O
|
709 |
+
is O
|
710 |
+
controlled O
|
711 |
+
by O
|
712 |
+
ENSO B-climate-nature
|
713 |
+
( O
|
714 |
+
El B-climate-nature
|
715 |
+
Nino I-climate-nature
|
716 |
+
Southern I-climate-nature
|
717 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
718 |
+
) O
|
719 |
+
variability O
|
720 |
+
from O
|
721 |
+
interannual O
|
722 |
+
to O
|
723 |
+
multidecadal O
|
724 |
+
timescales O
|
725 |
+
. O
|
726 |
+
|
727 |
+
Also O
|
728 |
+
, O
|
729 |
+
both O
|
730 |
+
the O
|
731 |
+
Pacific B-climate-nature
|
732 |
+
Decadal I-climate-nature
|
733 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
734 |
+
( O
|
735 |
+
PDO B-climate-nature
|
736 |
+
) O
|
737 |
+
and O
|
738 |
+
the O
|
739 |
+
Atlantic B-climate-nature
|
740 |
+
Multidecadal I-climate-nature
|
741 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
742 |
+
( O
|
743 |
+
AMO B-climate-nature
|
744 |
+
) O
|
745 |
+
modulate O
|
746 |
+
intermittently O
|
747 |
+
the O
|
748 |
+
interdecadal O
|
749 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
750 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
751 |
+
in O
|
752 |
+
the O
|
753 |
+
North O
|
754 |
+
Pacific O
|
755 |
+
and O
|
756 |
+
Mid O
|
757 |
+
Atlantic O
|
758 |
+
, O
|
759 |
+
respectively O
|
760 |
+
. O
|
761 |
+
|
762 |
+
The O
|
763 |
+
NAO B-climate-nature
|
764 |
+
, O
|
765 |
+
through O
|
766 |
+
its O
|
767 |
+
influence O
|
768 |
+
on O
|
769 |
+
North O
|
770 |
+
Atlantic O
|
771 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
772 |
+
heat I-climate-nature
|
773 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
774 |
+
and O
|
775 |
+
convection B-climate-nature
|
776 |
+
, O
|
777 |
+
also O
|
778 |
+
plays O
|
779 |
+
an O
|
780 |
+
important O
|
781 |
+
role O
|
782 |
+
on O
|
783 |
+
the O
|
784 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
785 |
+
at O
|
786 |
+
multiple O
|
787 |
+
timescales O
|
788 |
+
, O
|
789 |
+
leading O
|
790 |
+
first O
|
791 |
+
to O
|
792 |
+
a O
|
793 |
+
cooling O
|
794 |
+
in O
|
795 |
+
the O
|
796 |
+
Labrador O
|
797 |
+
and O
|
798 |
+
Irminger O
|
799 |
+
seas O
|
800 |
+
, O
|
801 |
+
and O
|
802 |
+
later O
|
803 |
+
on O
|
804 |
+
to O
|
805 |
+
a O
|
806 |
+
North O
|
807 |
+
Atlantic O
|
808 |
+
warming O
|
809 |
+
, O
|
810 |
+
associated O
|
811 |
+
with O
|
812 |
+
a O
|
813 |
+
delayed O
|
814 |
+
impact O
|
815 |
+
on O
|
816 |
+
the O
|
817 |
+
AMO B-climate-nature
|
818 |
+
. O
|
819 |
+
|
820 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e4b5f45d2b7e71dae6b312237de6f857
|
821 |
+
|
822 |
+
To O
|
823 |
+
identify O
|
824 |
+
weather O
|
825 |
+
- O
|
826 |
+
related O
|
827 |
+
risk O
|
828 |
+
factors O
|
829 |
+
and O
|
830 |
+
their O
|
831 |
+
roles O
|
832 |
+
in O
|
833 |
+
Japanese O
|
834 |
+
encephalitis B-climate-impacts
|
835 |
+
transmission O
|
836 |
+
and O
|
837 |
+
to O
|
838 |
+
provide O
|
839 |
+
policy O
|
840 |
+
implications O
|
841 |
+
for O
|
842 |
+
local O
|
843 |
+
health O
|
844 |
+
authorities O
|
845 |
+
and O
|
846 |
+
communities O
|
847 |
+
. O
|
848 |
+
|
849 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 341c98bc38a3a14d5ef6fd8455a8eddf
|
850 |
+
|
851 |
+
Climate O
|
852 |
+
change O
|
853 |
+
is O
|
854 |
+
viewed O
|
855 |
+
as O
|
856 |
+
the O
|
857 |
+
major O
|
858 |
+
threat O
|
859 |
+
to O
|
860 |
+
the O
|
861 |
+
security O
|
862 |
+
of O
|
863 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
864 |
+
supplies I-climate-assets
|
865 |
+
in O
|
866 |
+
most O
|
867 |
+
parts O
|
868 |
+
of O
|
869 |
+
the O
|
870 |
+
world O
|
871 |
+
in O
|
872 |
+
the O
|
873 |
+
coming O
|
874 |
+
decades O
|
875 |
+
, O
|
876 |
+
and O
|
877 |
+
the O
|
878 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
879 |
+
resources I-climate-assets
|
880 |
+
literature O
|
881 |
+
continues O
|
882 |
+
to O
|
883 |
+
be O
|
884 |
+
dominated O
|
885 |
+
by O
|
886 |
+
impact O
|
887 |
+
and O
|
888 |
+
risk O
|
889 |
+
assessments O
|
890 |
+
based O
|
891 |
+
on O
|
892 |
+
the O
|
893 |
+
latest O
|
894 |
+
climate O
|
895 |
+
projections O
|
896 |
+
from O
|
897 |
+
General O
|
898 |
+
Circulation O
|
899 |
+
Models O
|
900 |
+
( O
|
901 |
+
GCMs O
|
902 |
+
) O
|
903 |
+
. O
|
904 |
+
|
905 |
+
More O
|
906 |
+
focus O
|
907 |
+
is O
|
908 |
+
needed O
|
909 |
+
on O
|
910 |
+
economic O
|
911 |
+
analyses O
|
912 |
+
that O
|
913 |
+
can O
|
914 |
+
inform O
|
915 |
+
the O
|
916 |
+
major O
|
917 |
+
investments O
|
918 |
+
in O
|
919 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
920 |
+
use I-climate-mitigations
|
921 |
+
efficiency I-climate-mitigations
|
922 |
+
measures O
|
923 |
+
which O
|
924 |
+
can O
|
925 |
+
deliver O
|
926 |
+
the O
|
927 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
928 |
+
savings I-climate-mitigations
|
929 |
+
needed O
|
930 |
+
to O
|
931 |
+
avert O
|
932 |
+
widespread O
|
933 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
934 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
935 |
+
. O
|
936 |
+
|
937 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 74f64d675ff3d49210a6432b8ece5cc7
|
938 |
+
|
939 |
+
To O
|
940 |
+
characterize O
|
941 |
+
the O
|
942 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
943 |
+
flow I-climate-nature
|
944 |
+
, O
|
945 |
+
we O
|
946 |
+
chose O
|
947 |
+
a O
|
948 |
+
semi O
|
949 |
+
- O
|
950 |
+
empirical O
|
951 |
+
onedimensional O
|
952 |
+
model O
|
953 |
+
for O
|
954 |
+
the O
|
955 |
+
determination O
|
956 |
+
of O
|
957 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
958 |
+
wind I-climate-nature
|
959 |
+
speed I-climate-nature
|
960 |
+
profiles O
|
961 |
+
Nicholson O
|
962 |
+
( O
|
963 |
+
1975 O
|
964 |
+
) O
|
965 |
+
coupled O
|
966 |
+
with O
|
967 |
+
the O
|
968 |
+
AROME B-climate-models
|
969 |
+
model O
|
970 |
+
. O
|
971 |
+
|
972 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 82c4c8268087d7410e79e73fbcb2b4df
|
973 |
+
|
974 |
+
As O
|
975 |
+
compared O
|
976 |
+
with O
|
977 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
978 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
979 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
980 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
981 |
+
Phase I-climate-models
|
982 |
+
5 I-climate-models
|
983 |
+
( O
|
984 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
985 |
+
) O
|
986 |
+
models O
|
987 |
+
, O
|
988 |
+
the O
|
989 |
+
future O
|
990 |
+
projection O
|
991 |
+
of O
|
992 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
993 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
994 |
+
based O
|
995 |
+
on O
|
996 |
+
the O
|
997 |
+
latest O
|
998 |
+
CMIP6 B-climate-models
|
999 |
+
shows O
|
1000 |
+
opposite O
|
1001 |
+
trends O
|
1002 |
+
over O
|
1003 |
+
parts O
|
1004 |
+
of O
|
1005 |
+
China O
|
1006 |
+
. O
|
1007 |
+
|
1008 |
+
Therefore O
|
1009 |
+
, O
|
1010 |
+
we O
|
1011 |
+
project O
|
1012 |
+
seasonal O
|
1013 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
1014 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
1015 |
+
over O
|
1016 |
+
China O
|
1017 |
+
by O
|
1018 |
+
using O
|
1019 |
+
the O
|
1020 |
+
superensemble O
|
1021 |
+
that O
|
1022 |
+
includes O
|
1023 |
+
a O
|
1024 |
+
set O
|
1025 |
+
of O
|
1026 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
1027 |
+
and O
|
1028 |
+
CMIP6 B-climate-models
|
1029 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
1030 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
1031 |
+
data O
|
1032 |
+
, O
|
1033 |
+
high O
|
1034 |
+
resolution O
|
1035 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
1036 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
1037 |
+
simulations O
|
1038 |
+
driven O
|
1039 |
+
by O
|
1040 |
+
bias O
|
1041 |
+
- O
|
1042 |
+
corrected O
|
1043 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
1044 |
+
climate O
|
1045 |
+
forcings O
|
1046 |
+
, O
|
1047 |
+
as O
|
1048 |
+
wells O
|
1049 |
+
large O
|
1050 |
+
ensemble O
|
1051 |
+
( O
|
1052 |
+
LE O
|
1053 |
+
) O
|
1054 |
+
simulation O
|
1055 |
+
data O
|
1056 |
+
. O
|
1057 |
+
|
1058 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 3026a0ebf5c9ff526e8c25fd6baa120f
|
1059 |
+
|
1060 |
+
This O
|
1061 |
+
article O
|
1062 |
+
reports O
|
1063 |
+
a O
|
1064 |
+
case O
|
1065 |
+
study O
|
1066 |
+
that O
|
1067 |
+
integrated O
|
1068 |
+
traditional O
|
1069 |
+
and O
|
1070 |
+
scientific O
|
1071 |
+
knowledge O
|
1072 |
+
using O
|
1073 |
+
participatory B-climate-models
|
1074 |
+
three I-climate-models
|
1075 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
1076 |
+
dimensional I-climate-models
|
1077 |
+
modeling I-climate-models
|
1078 |
+
( O
|
1079 |
+
P3DM B-climate-models
|
1080 |
+
) O
|
1081 |
+
in O
|
1082 |
+
BoeBoe O
|
1083 |
+
village O
|
1084 |
+
, O
|
1085 |
+
Solomon O
|
1086 |
+
Islands O
|
1087 |
+
. O
|
1088 |
+
|
1089 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O b591f6b6f88e170361bb242cad6bb8d7
|
1090 |
+
|
1091 |
+
The O
|
1092 |
+
Australian B-climate-models
|
1093 |
+
Community I-climate-models
|
1094 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
1095 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
1096 |
+
Earth I-climate-models
|
1097 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
1098 |
+
Simulator I-climate-models
|
1099 |
+
( O
|
1100 |
+
ACCESS B-climate-models
|
1101 |
+
) O
|
1102 |
+
has O
|
1103 |
+
recently O
|
1104 |
+
been O
|
1105 |
+
coupled O
|
1106 |
+
to O
|
1107 |
+
the O
|
1108 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
1109 |
+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
1110 |
+
Biosphere I-climate-models
|
1111 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
1112 |
+
Exchange I-climate-models
|
1113 |
+
( O
|
1114 |
+
CABLE B-climate-models
|
1115 |
+
) O
|
1116 |
+
model O
|
1117 |
+
. O
|
1118 |
+
|
1119 |
+
We O
|
1120 |
+
examine O
|
1121 |
+
how O
|
1122 |
+
this O
|
1123 |
+
model O
|
1124 |
+
represents O
|
1125 |
+
climate B-climate-hazards
|
1126 |
+
extremes I-climate-hazards
|
1127 |
+
derived O
|
1128 |
+
by O
|
1129 |
+
the O
|
1130 |
+
Expert B-climate-organizations
|
1131 |
+
Team I-climate-organizations
|
1132 |
+
on I-climate-organizations
|
1133 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
1134 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
1135 |
+
Detection I-climate-organizations
|
1136 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
1137 |
+
Indices I-climate-organizations
|
1138 |
+
( O
|
1139 |
+
ETCCDI B-climate-organizations
|
1140 |
+
) O
|
1141 |
+
and O
|
1142 |
+
compare O
|
1143 |
+
them O
|
1144 |
+
to O
|
1145 |
+
observational O
|
1146 |
+
data O
|
1147 |
+
sets O
|
1148 |
+
using O
|
1149 |
+
the O
|
1150 |
+
AMIP B-climate-models
|
1151 |
+
framework O
|
1152 |
+
. O
|
1153 |
+
|
1154 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 063eb3007c7994ccefb9d9d8f74a4aa7
|
1155 |
+
|
1156 |
+
This O
|
1157 |
+
paper O
|
1158 |
+
explores O
|
1159 |
+
the O
|
1160 |
+
drivers O
|
1161 |
+
of O
|
1162 |
+
adoption O
|
1163 |
+
of O
|
1164 |
+
climate B-climate-mitigations
|
1165 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
1166 |
+
smart I-climate-mitigations
|
1167 |
+
agricultural I-climate-mitigations
|
1168 |
+
( O
|
1169 |
+
CSA B-climate-mitigations
|
1170 |
+
) O
|
1171 |
+
technologies O
|
1172 |
+
and O
|
1173 |
+
practices O
|
1174 |
+
, O
|
1175 |
+
taking O
|
1176 |
+
into O
|
1177 |
+
account O
|
1178 |
+
the O
|
1179 |
+
complementarity O
|
1180 |
+
among O
|
1181 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
1182 |
+
technologies O
|
1183 |
+
and O
|
1184 |
+
heterogeneity O
|
1185 |
+
of O
|
1186 |
+
the O
|
1187 |
+
farm B-climate-assets
|
1188 |
+
households O
|
1189 |
+
, O
|
1190 |
+
using O
|
1191 |
+
data O
|
1192 |
+
from O
|
1193 |
+
Lushoto O
|
1194 |
+
in O
|
1195 |
+
Tanzania O
|
1196 |
+
. O
|
1197 |
+
|
1198 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 31f10c884d4ef93dceb71225e61e29b7
|
1199 |
+
|
1200 |
+
This O
|
1201 |
+
study O
|
1202 |
+
utilizes O
|
1203 |
+
the O
|
1204 |
+
National B-climate-organizations
|
1205 |
+
Oceanic I-climate-organizations
|
1206 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
1207 |
+
Atmospheric I-climate-organizations
|
1208 |
+
Administration I-climate-organizations
|
1209 |
+
Geophysical I-climate-organizations
|
1210 |
+
Fluid I-climate-organizations
|
1211 |
+
Dynamics I-climate-organizations
|
1212 |
+
Laboratory I-climate-organizations
|
1213 |
+
three O
|
1214 |
+
- O
|
1215 |
+
dimensional O
|
1216 |
+
global O
|
1217 |
+
chemical O
|
1218 |
+
transport O
|
1219 |
+
model O
|
1220 |
+
to O
|
1221 |
+
quantify O
|
1222 |
+
the O
|
1223 |
+
impacts O
|
1224 |
+
of O
|
1225 |
+
biomass O
|
1226 |
+
burning O
|
1227 |
+
on O
|
1228 |
+
tropospheric B-climate-nature
|
1229 |
+
concentrations O
|
1230 |
+
of O
|
1231 |
+
carbon O
|
1232 |
+
monoxide O
|
1233 |
+
( O
|
1234 |
+
CO O
|
1235 |
+
) O
|
1236 |
+
, O
|
1237 |
+
nitrogen O
|
1238 |
+
oxides O
|
1239 |
+
( O
|
1240 |
+
NOx O
|
1241 |
+
) O
|
1242 |
+
, O
|
1243 |
+
and O
|
1244 |
+
ozone O
|
1245 |
+
( O
|
1246 |
+
O3 O
|
1247 |
+
) O
|
1248 |
+
. O
|
1249 |
+
|
1250 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f433cd510db9e349bdf6d8764030bf47
|
1251 |
+
|
1252 |
+
In O
|
1253 |
+
this O
|
1254 |
+
paper O
|
1255 |
+
we O
|
1256 |
+
present O
|
1257 |
+
a O
|
1258 |
+
non O
|
1259 |
+
- O
|
1260 |
+
linear O
|
1261 |
+
agricultural O
|
1262 |
+
supply O
|
1263 |
+
model O
|
1264 |
+
for O
|
1265 |
+
the O
|
1266 |
+
analysis O
|
1267 |
+
of O
|
1268 |
+
the O
|
1269 |
+
economic O
|
1270 |
+
impacts O
|
1271 |
+
of O
|
1272 |
+
changes O
|
1273 |
+
in O
|
1274 |
+
crop B-climate-assets
|
1275 |
+
yields I-climate-assets
|
1276 |
+
due O
|
1277 |
+
to O
|
1278 |
+
climate O
|
1279 |
+
change O
|
1280 |
+
. O
|
1281 |
+
|
1282 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 32fa8149190f057a6b248f4ed091caff
|
1283 |
+
|
1284 |
+
In O
|
1285 |
+
the O
|
1286 |
+
current O
|
1287 |
+
study O
|
1288 |
+
, O
|
1289 |
+
the O
|
1290 |
+
reliability O
|
1291 |
+
of O
|
1292 |
+
the O
|
1293 |
+
DiCaSM B-climate-models
|
1294 |
+
was O
|
1295 |
+
assessed O
|
1296 |
+
when O
|
1297 |
+
applied O
|
1298 |
+
to O
|
1299 |
+
the O
|
1300 |
+
Candelaro O
|
1301 |
+
catchment O
|
1302 |
+
; O
|
1303 |
+
those O
|
1304 |
+
parameters O
|
1305 |
+
that O
|
1306 |
+
may O
|
1307 |
+
cause O
|
1308 |
+
uncertainty O
|
1309 |
+
in O
|
1310 |
+
model O
|
1311 |
+
output O
|
1312 |
+
were O
|
1313 |
+
investigated O
|
1314 |
+
using O
|
1315 |
+
a O
|
1316 |
+
generalized O
|
1317 |
+
likelihood O
|
1318 |
+
uncertainty O
|
1319 |
+
estimation O
|
1320 |
+
( O
|
1321 |
+
GLUE)methodology O
|
1322 |
+
. O
|
1323 |
+
|
1324 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O cf7e872d5803ef53e829bd1740edfcf7
|
1325 |
+
|
1326 |
+
Model O
|
1327 |
+
- O
|
1328 |
+
based O
|
1329 |
+
methods O
|
1330 |
+
are O
|
1331 |
+
very O
|
1332 |
+
time O
|
1333 |
+
- O
|
1334 |
+
consuming O
|
1335 |
+
to O
|
1336 |
+
set O
|
1337 |
+
up O
|
1338 |
+
and O
|
1339 |
+
require O
|
1340 |
+
a O
|
1341 |
+
good O
|
1342 |
+
understanding O
|
1343 |
+
of O
|
1344 |
+
human O
|
1345 |
+
processes O
|
1346 |
+
and O
|
1347 |
+
time O
|
1348 |
+
series O
|
1349 |
+
of O
|
1350 |
+
water B-climate-problem-origins
|
1351 |
+
abstraction I-climate-problem-origins
|
1352 |
+
, O
|
1353 |
+
land B-climate-problem-origins
|
1354 |
+
use I-climate-problem-origins
|
1355 |
+
change I-climate-problem-origins
|
1356 |
+
, O
|
1357 |
+
and O
|
1358 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
1359 |
+
infrastructure I-climate-assets
|
1360 |
+
and O
|
1361 |
+
management O
|
1362 |
+
, O
|
1363 |
+
which O
|
1364 |
+
often O
|
1365 |
+
are O
|
1366 |
+
not O
|
1367 |
+
available O
|
1368 |
+
. O
|
1369 |
+
|
1370 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 82f0b0c50c35de2f938de1ef75bde117
|
1371 |
+
|
1372 |
+
Three O
|
1373 |
+
internally O
|
1374 |
+
consistent O
|
1375 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
1376 |
+
scenarios O
|
1377 |
+
are O
|
1378 |
+
used O
|
1379 |
+
to O
|
1380 |
+
value O
|
1381 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
1382 |
+
benefits I-climate-assets
|
1383 |
+
of O
|
1384 |
+
greenhouse B-climate-mitigations
|
1385 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
1386 |
+
mitigation I-climate-mitigations
|
1387 |
+
policies I-climate-mitigations
|
1388 |
+
specifically O
|
1389 |
+
derived O
|
1390 |
+
from O
|
1391 |
+
slowing O
|
1392 |
+
climate O
|
1393 |
+
change O
|
1394 |
+
. O
|
1395 |
+
|
1396 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c6215701d394cc52b35afd4d1ba4cbff
|
1397 |
+
|
1398 |
+
A O
|
1399 |
+
study O
|
1400 |
+
of O
|
1401 |
+
integrated O
|
1402 |
+
climate O
|
1403 |
+
change O
|
1404 |
+
impact O
|
1405 |
+
assessment O
|
1406 |
+
and O
|
1407 |
+
adaptation O
|
1408 |
+
study O
|
1409 |
+
for O
|
1410 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
1411 |
+
and O
|
1412 |
+
timbering B-climate-assets
|
1413 |
+
activities O
|
1414 |
+
in O
|
1415 |
+
Mackenzie O
|
1416 |
+
Basin O
|
1417 |
+
, O
|
1418 |
+
Canada O
|
1419 |
+
, O
|
1420 |
+
was O
|
1421 |
+
conducted O
|
1422 |
+
through O
|
1423 |
+
development O
|
1424 |
+
/ O
|
1425 |
+
application O
|
1426 |
+
of O
|
1427 |
+
an O
|
1428 |
+
inexact O
|
1429 |
+
dynamic O
|
1430 |
+
optimization O
|
1431 |
+
( O
|
1432 |
+
IDO O
|
1433 |
+
) O
|
1434 |
+
model O
|
1435 |
+
that O
|
1436 |
+
can O
|
1437 |
+
reflect O
|
1438 |
+
complex O
|
1439 |
+
system O
|
1440 |
+
features O
|
1441 |
+
and O
|
1442 |
+
a O
|
1443 |
+
related O
|
1444 |
+
fuzzy O
|
1445 |
+
relation O
|
1446 |
+
analysis O
|
1447 |
+
( O
|
1448 |
+
FRA O
|
1449 |
+
) O
|
1450 |
+
method O
|
1451 |
+
that O
|
1452 |
+
is O
|
1453 |
+
useful O
|
1454 |
+
for O
|
1455 |
+
comprehensive O
|
1456 |
+
assessment O
|
1457 |
+
of O
|
1458 |
+
impact O
|
1459 |
+
patterns O
|
1460 |
+
. O
|
1461 |
+
|
1462 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 29fc371b97724c977fbf79f0f60cb25f
|
1463 |
+
|
1464 |
+
Compared O
|
1465 |
+
to O
|
1466 |
+
CMIP3 B-climate-models
|
1467 |
+
, O
|
1468 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
1469 |
+
scenarios O
|
1470 |
+
show O
|
1471 |
+
higher O
|
1472 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
1473 |
+
and O
|
1474 |
+
wider O
|
1475 |
+
ranges O
|
1476 |
+
of O
|
1477 |
+
changes O
|
1478 |
+
in O
|
1479 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1480 |
+
and O
|
1481 |
+
runoff B-climate-nature
|
1482 |
+
. O
|
1483 |
+
|
1484 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O a80229cef3430a1c5a868c11f2784cc7
|
1485 |
+
|
1486 |
+
Within O
|
1487 |
+
the O
|
1488 |
+
Interreg B-climate-organizations
|
1489 |
+
IVB I-climate-organizations
|
1490 |
+
project I-climate-organizations
|
1491 |
+
AMICE I-climate-organizations
|
1492 |
+
, O
|
1493 |
+
involving O
|
1494 |
+
17 O
|
1495 |
+
European O
|
1496 |
+
partners O
|
1497 |
+
, O
|
1498 |
+
such O
|
1499 |
+
studies O
|
1500 |
+
are O
|
1501 |
+
being O
|
1502 |
+
conducted O
|
1503 |
+
at O
|
1504 |
+
the O
|
1505 |
+
scale O
|
1506 |
+
of O
|
1507 |
+
the O
|
1508 |
+
international O
|
1509 |
+
catchment B-climate-nature
|
1510 |
+
of O
|
1511 |
+
river O
|
1512 |
+
Meuse O
|
1513 |
+
, O
|
1514 |
+
with O
|
1515 |
+
a O
|
1516 |
+
focus O
|
1517 |
+
on O
|
1518 |
+
the O
|
1519 |
+
Vesdre O
|
1520 |
+
reservoirs O
|
1521 |
+
in O
|
1522 |
+
Belgium O
|
1523 |
+
and O
|
1524 |
+
the O
|
1525 |
+
Rur O
|
1526 |
+
reservoirs O
|
1527 |
+
in O
|
1528 |
+
Germany O
|
1529 |
+
. O
|
1530 |
+
|
1531 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7c519e0cf445c8b8223075909e478b77
|
1532 |
+
|
1533 |
+
We O
|
1534 |
+
analyzed O
|
1535 |
+
projected O
|
1536 |
+
climate O
|
1537 |
+
change O
|
1538 |
+
in O
|
1539 |
+
four O
|
1540 |
+
basins B-climate-nature
|
1541 |
+
, O
|
1542 |
+
quantified O
|
1543 |
+
climate O
|
1544 |
+
change O
|
1545 |
+
impact O
|
1546 |
+
on O
|
1547 |
+
annual O
|
1548 |
+
and O
|
1549 |
+
seasonal O
|
1550 |
+
runoff B-climate-nature
|
1551 |
+
based O
|
1552 |
+
on O
|
1553 |
+
the O
|
1554 |
+
Soil B-climate-models
|
1555 |
+
Water I-climate-models
|
1556 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
1557 |
+
Tool I-climate-models
|
1558 |
+
, O
|
1559 |
+
and O
|
1560 |
+
estimated O
|
1561 |
+
the O
|
1562 |
+
uncertainty O
|
1563 |
+
constrained O
|
1564 |
+
by O
|
1565 |
+
the O
|
1566 |
+
global O
|
1567 |
+
circulation O
|
1568 |
+
models O
|
1569 |
+
( O
|
1570 |
+
GCMs O
|
1571 |
+
) O
|
1572 |
+
structure O
|
1573 |
+
and O
|
1574 |
+
the O
|
1575 |
+
Representative O
|
1576 |
+
Concentration O
|
1577 |
+
Pathways O
|
1578 |
+
( O
|
1579 |
+
RCPs O
|
1580 |
+
) O
|
1581 |
+
. O
|
1582 |
+
|
1583 |
+
This O
|
1584 |
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led O
|
1585 |
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to O
|
1586 |
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projected O
|
1587 |
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precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1588 |
+
increase O
|
1589 |
+
by O
|
1590 |
+
about O
|
1591 |
+
2 O
|
1592 |
+
% O
|
1593 |
+
for O
|
1594 |
+
the O
|
1595 |
+
four O
|
1596 |
+
basins B-climate-nature
|
1597 |
+
, O
|
1598 |
+
and O
|
1599 |
+
to O
|
1600 |
+
a O
|
1601 |
+
decrease O
|
1602 |
+
in O
|
1603 |
+
simulated O
|
1604 |
+
annual O
|
1605 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
1606 |
+
of O
|
1607 |
+
8 O
|
1608 |
+
% O
|
1609 |
+
and O
|
1610 |
+
1 O
|
1611 |
+
% O
|
1612 |
+
in O
|
1613 |
+
the O
|
1614 |
+
Shiyang O
|
1615 |
+
and O
|
1616 |
+
Huaihe O
|
1617 |
+
rivers O
|
1618 |
+
, O
|
1619 |
+
respectively O
|
1620 |
+
, O
|
1621 |
+
but O
|
1622 |
+
to O
|
1623 |
+
an O
|
1624 |
+
increase O
|
1625 |
+
of O
|
1626 |
+
4 O
|
1627 |
+
% O
|
1628 |
+
in O
|
1629 |
+
the O
|
1630 |
+
Chaobai O
|
1631 |
+
and O
|
1632 |
+
Fujiang O
|
1633 |
+
rivers O
|
1634 |
+
. O
|
1635 |
+
|
1636 |
+
The O
|
1637 |
+
uncertainty O
|
1638 |
+
in O
|
1639 |
+
projected O
|
1640 |
+
annual B-climate-properties
|
1641 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
1642 |
+
was O
|
1643 |
+
dominated O
|
1644 |
+
by O
|
1645 |
+
the O
|
1646 |
+
GCMs O
|
1647 |
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or O
|
1648 |
+
the O
|
1649 |
+
RCPs O
|
1650 |
+
; O
|
1651 |
+
however O
|
1652 |
+
, O
|
1653 |
+
that O
|
1654 |
+
of O
|
1655 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1656 |
+
was O
|
1657 |
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constrained O
|
1658 |
+
mainly O
|
1659 |
+
by O
|
1660 |
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the O
|
1661 |
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GCM O
|
1662 |
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. O
|
1663 |
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|
1664 |
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|
1665 |
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|
1666 |
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In O
|
1667 |
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the O
|
1668 |
+
second O
|
1669 |
+
, O
|
1670 |
+
the O
|
1671 |
+
existing O
|
1672 |
+
system O
|
1673 |
+
’s O
|
1674 |
+
response O
|
1675 |
+
to O
|
1676 |
+
both O
|
1677 |
+
today O
|
1678 |
+
’s O
|
1679 |
+
and O
|
1680 |
+
future O
|
1681 |
+
design O
|
1682 |
+
storms B-climate-nature
|
1683 |
+
are O
|
1684 |
+
simulated O
|
1685 |
+
by O
|
1686 |
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a O
|
1687 |
+
coarse B-climate-models
|
1688 |
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sewer I-climate-models
|
1689 |
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model I-climate-models
|
1690 |
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setup I-climate-models
|
1691 |
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( O
|
1692 |
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MOUSE B-climate-models
|
1693 |
+
) O
|
1694 |
+
and O
|
1695 |
+
a O
|
1696 |
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detailed B-climate-models
|
1697 |
+
coupled I-climate-models
|
1698 |
+
surface I-climate-models
|
1699 |
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- I-climate-models
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1700 |
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sewer I-climate-models
|
1701 |
+
model I-climate-models
|
1702 |
+
setup I-climate-models
|
1703 |
+
( O
|
1704 |
+
TSR B-climate-models
|
1705 |
+
) O
|
1706 |
+
. O
|
1707 |
+
|
1708 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O b2c46d82be9d48a2af518a7dbc1f0227
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1709 |
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|
1710 |
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In O
|
1711 |
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order O
|
1712 |
+
to O
|
1713 |
+
complete O
|
1714 |
+
the O
|
1715 |
+
analysis O
|
1716 |
+
, O
|
1717 |
+
the O
|
1718 |
+
downscaled O
|
1719 |
+
scenario O
|
1720 |
+
from O
|
1721 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-models
|
1722 |
+
was O
|
1723 |
+
also O
|
1724 |
+
used O
|
1725 |
+
with O
|
1726 |
+
the O
|
1727 |
+
datasets O
|
1728 |
+
of O
|
1729 |
+
49 O
|
1730 |
+
weather O
|
1731 |
+
stations O
|
1732 |
+
from O
|
1733 |
+
FEM B-climate-organizations
|
1734 |
+
and O
|
1735 |
+
the O
|
1736 |
+
“ O
|
1737 |
+
RMAWGEN B-climate-models
|
1738 |
+
” O
|
1739 |
+
packages O
|
1740 |
+
( O
|
1741 |
+
Cordano O
|
1742 |
+
et O
|
1743 |
+
al O
|
1744 |
+
. O
|
1745 |
+
, O
|
1746 |
+
2012 O
|
1747 |
+
) O
|
1748 |
+
created O
|
1749 |
+
for O
|
1750 |
+
this O
|
1751 |
+
project O
|
1752 |
+
in O
|
1753 |
+
R O
|
1754 |
+
statistical O
|
1755 |
+
open O
|
1756 |
+
source O
|
1757 |
+
software O
|
1758 |
+
( O
|
1759 |
+
Gentleman O
|
1760 |
+
et O
|
1761 |
+
al O
|
1762 |
+
. O
|
1763 |
+
, O
|
1764 |
+
1997 O
|
1765 |
+
) O
|
1766 |
+
. O
|
1767 |
+
|
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+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f2ca4b0adb5d8b239b010cd0bcb7ae5f
|
1769 |
+
|
1770 |
+
forced O
|
1771 |
+
with O
|
1772 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
1773 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
1774 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
1775 |
+
and O
|
1776 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
1777 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
1778 |
+
for O
|
1779 |
+
the O
|
1780 |
+
period O
|
1781 |
+
2061 O
|
1782 |
+
- O
|
1783 |
+
2090 O
|
1784 |
+
from O
|
1785 |
+
the O
|
1786 |
+
CMIP3 B-climate-models
|
1787 |
+
HadGEM1 B-climate-models
|
1788 |
+
experiments O
|
1789 |
+
. O
|
1790 |
+
|
1791 |
+
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|
1792 |
+
we O
|
1793 |
+
use O
|
1794 |
+
an O
|
1795 |
+
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|
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+
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|
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+
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|
1798 |
+
km O
|
1799 |
+
resolution O
|
1800 |
+
over O
|
1801 |
+
the O
|
1802 |
+
Arctic O
|
1803 |
+
and O
|
1804 |
+
25 O
|
1805 |
+
km O
|
1806 |
+
over O
|
1807 |
+
Svalbard O
|
1808 |
+
, O
|
1809 |
+
which O
|
1810 |
+
captures O
|
1811 |
+
well O
|
1812 |
+
the O
|
1813 |
+
present O
|
1814 |
+
- O
|
1815 |
+
day O
|
1816 |
+
pattern O
|
1817 |
+
of O
|
1818 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1819 |
+
and O
|
1820 |
+
provides O
|
1821 |
+
a O
|
1822 |
+
detailed O
|
1823 |
+
picture O
|
1824 |
+
of O
|
1825 |
+
the O
|
1826 |
+
projected O
|
1827 |
+
changes O
|
1828 |
+
in O
|
1829 |
+
the O
|
1830 |
+
behaviour O
|
1831 |
+
of O
|
1832 |
+
the O
|
1833 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
1834 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
1835 |
+
atmosphere I-climate-nature
|
1836 |
+
moisture I-climate-nature
|
1837 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
1838 |
+
and O
|
1839 |
+
how O
|
1840 |
+
they O
|
1841 |
+
affect O
|
1842 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1843 |
+
. O
|
1844 |
+
|
1845 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f5160c9383a19e501ba419589d9131af
|
1846 |
+
|
1847 |
+
Aim O
|
1848 |
+
Ixodes B-climate-hazards
|
1849 |
+
scapularis I-climate-hazards
|
1850 |
+
is O
|
1851 |
+
the O
|
1852 |
+
most O
|
1853 |
+
important O
|
1854 |
+
vector O
|
1855 |
+
of O
|
1856 |
+
human O
|
1857 |
+
tick B-climate-hazards
|
1858 |
+
- I-climate-hazards
|
1859 |
+
borne I-climate-hazards
|
1860 |
+
pathogens I-climate-hazards
|
1861 |
+
in O
|
1862 |
+
the O
|
1863 |
+
United O
|
1864 |
+
States O
|
1865 |
+
, O
|
1866 |
+
which O
|
1867 |
+
include O
|
1868 |
+
the O
|
1869 |
+
agents O
|
1870 |
+
of O
|
1871 |
+
Lyme B-climate-impacts
|
1872 |
+
disease I-climate-impacts
|
1873 |
+
, O
|
1874 |
+
human O
|
1875 |
+
babesiosis B-climate-impacts
|
1876 |
+
and O
|
1877 |
+
human O
|
1878 |
+
anaplasmosis B-climate-impacts
|
1879 |
+
, O
|
1880 |
+
among O
|
1881 |
+
others O
|
1882 |
+
. O
|
1883 |
+
|
1884 |
+
The O
|
1885 |
+
density B-climate-properties
|
1886 |
+
of O
|
1887 |
+
host O
|
1888 |
+
- O
|
1889 |
+
seeking O
|
1890 |
+
I. B-climate-hazards
|
1891 |
+
scapularis I-climate-hazards
|
1892 |
+
nymphs O
|
1893 |
+
is O
|
1894 |
+
an O
|
1895 |
+
important O
|
1896 |
+
component O
|
1897 |
+
of O
|
1898 |
+
human O
|
1899 |
+
risk O
|
1900 |
+
for O
|
1901 |
+
acquiring O
|
1902 |
+
Borrelia B-climate-hazards
|
1903 |
+
burgdorferi I-climate-hazards
|
1904 |
+
, O
|
1905 |
+
the O
|
1906 |
+
aetiological O
|
1907 |
+
agent O
|
1908 |
+
of O
|
1909 |
+
Lyme B-climate-impacts
|
1910 |
+
disease I-climate-impacts
|
1911 |
+
. O
|
1912 |
+
|
1913 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O dc537843e218b03825aaeb78140d0107
|
1914 |
+
|
1915 |
+
The O
|
1916 |
+
retrieval O
|
1917 |
+
of O
|
1918 |
+
both O
|
1919 |
+
height B-climate-properties
|
1920 |
+
and O
|
1921 |
+
velocity B-climate-properties
|
1922 |
+
of O
|
1923 |
+
a O
|
1924 |
+
volcanic B-climate-nature
|
1925 |
+
plume I-climate-nature
|
1926 |
+
is O
|
1927 |
+
an O
|
1928 |
+
important O
|
1929 |
+
issue O
|
1930 |
+
in O
|
1931 |
+
volcanology B-climate-hazards
|
1932 |
+
. O
|
1933 |
+
|
1934 |
+
As O
|
1935 |
+
an O
|
1936 |
+
example O
|
1937 |
+
, O
|
1938 |
+
it O
|
1939 |
+
is O
|
1940 |
+
known O
|
1941 |
+
that O
|
1942 |
+
large O
|
1943 |
+
volcanic B-climate-hazards
|
1944 |
+
eruptions I-climate-hazards
|
1945 |
+
can O
|
1946 |
+
temporarily O
|
1947 |
+
alter O
|
1948 |
+
the O
|
1949 |
+
climate O
|
1950 |
+
, O
|
1951 |
+
causing O
|
1952 |
+
global O
|
1953 |
+
cooling O
|
1954 |
+
and O
|
1955 |
+
shifting O
|
1956 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
1957 |
+
patterns O
|
1958 |
+
; O
|
1959 |
+
the O
|
1960 |
+
ash B-climate-nature
|
1961 |
+
/ I-climate-nature
|
1962 |
+
gas I-climate-nature
|
1963 |
+
dispersion I-climate-nature
|
1964 |
+
in O
|
1965 |
+
the O
|
1966 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
1967 |
+
, O
|
1968 |
+
their O
|
1969 |
+
impact O
|
1970 |
+
and O
|
1971 |
+
lifetime B-climate-properties
|
1972 |
+
around O
|
1973 |
+
the O
|
1974 |
+
globe O
|
1975 |
+
, O
|
1976 |
+
greatly O
|
1977 |
+
depends O
|
1978 |
+
on O
|
1979 |
+
the O
|
1980 |
+
injection B-climate-properties
|
1981 |
+
altitude I-climate-properties
|
1982 |
+
. O
|
1983 |
+
|
1984 |
+
Knowing O
|
1985 |
+
the O
|
1986 |
+
plume B-climate-properties
|
1987 |
+
altitude I-climate-properties
|
1988 |
+
is O
|
1989 |
+
also O
|
1990 |
+
important O
|
1991 |
+
to O
|
1992 |
+
get O
|
1993 |
+
the O
|
1994 |
+
correct O
|
1995 |
+
amount O
|
1996 |
+
of O
|
1997 |
+
SO O
|
1998 |
+
2 O
|
1999 |
+
concentration B-climate-properties
|
2000 |
+
from O
|
2001 |
+
dedicated O
|
2002 |
+
spaceborne O
|
2003 |
+
spectrometers O
|
2004 |
+
. O
|
2005 |
+
|
2006 |
+
Satellite O
|
2007 |
+
remote O
|
2008 |
+
sensing O
|
2009 |
+
offers O
|
2010 |
+
a O
|
2011 |
+
comprehensive O
|
2012 |
+
and O
|
2013 |
+
safe O
|
2014 |
+
way O
|
2015 |
+
to O
|
2016 |
+
estimate O
|
2017 |
+
plume B-climate-properties
|
2018 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
2019 |
+
. O
|
2020 |
+
|
2021 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 3cf0b09fe9a344001226ada9481e10b7
|
2022 |
+
|
2023 |
+
Abstract O
|
2024 |
+
Three O
|
2025 |
+
extensive O
|
2026 |
+
global O
|
2027 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
2028 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
2029 |
+
and O
|
2030 |
+
wave B-climate-properties
|
2031 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
2032 |
+
datasets O
|
2033 |
+
( O
|
2034 |
+
altimeter O
|
2035 |
+
, O
|
2036 |
+
radiometer O
|
2037 |
+
, O
|
2038 |
+
model O
|
2039 |
+
reanalysis O
|
2040 |
+
) O
|
2041 |
+
are O
|
2042 |
+
analysed O
|
2043 |
+
to O
|
2044 |
+
investigate O
|
2045 |
+
the O
|
2046 |
+
global O
|
2047 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
2048 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
2049 |
+
and O
|
2050 |
+
wave B-climate-properties
|
2051 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
2052 |
+
climate O
|
2053 |
+
. O
|
2054 |
+
|
2055 |
+
At O
|
2056 |
+
high O
|
2057 |
+
latitudes O
|
2058 |
+
both O
|
2059 |
+
altimeter O
|
2060 |
+
and O
|
2061 |
+
radiometer O
|
2062 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
2063 |
+
are O
|
2064 |
+
biased O
|
2065 |
+
high O
|
2066 |
+
compared O
|
2067 |
+
to O
|
2068 |
+
buoy O
|
2069 |
+
measurements O
|
2070 |
+
. O
|
2071 |
+
|
2072 |
+
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|
2073 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
2074 |
+
have O
|
2075 |
+
a O
|
2076 |
+
diurnal O
|
2077 |
+
variation O
|
2078 |
+
in O
|
2079 |
+
magnitude O
|
2080 |
+
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|
2081 |
+
this O
|
2082 |
+
preferential O
|
2083 |
+
measurement O
|
2084 |
+
time O
|
2085 |
+
can O
|
2086 |
+
also O
|
2087 |
+
bias O
|
2088 |
+
statistical O
|
2089 |
+
values O
|
2090 |
+
obtained O
|
2091 |
+
from O
|
2092 |
+
such O
|
2093 |
+
satellite O
|
2094 |
+
systems O
|
2095 |
+
. O
|
2096 |
+
|
2097 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7e58ae12fa69f0ce7a4a033807fb04a7
|
2098 |
+
|
2099 |
+
An O
|
2100 |
+
intermediate O
|
2101 |
+
complexity O
|
2102 |
+
atmospheric O
|
2103 |
+
general O
|
2104 |
+
circulation O
|
2105 |
+
model O
|
2106 |
+
has O
|
2107 |
+
been O
|
2108 |
+
used O
|
2109 |
+
to O
|
2110 |
+
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|
2111 |
+
the O
|
2112 |
+
influence O
|
2113 |
+
of O
|
2114 |
+
the O
|
2115 |
+
South B-climate-nature
|
2116 |
+
Atlantic I-climate-nature
|
2117 |
+
Ocean I-climate-nature
|
2118 |
+
( I-climate-nature
|
2119 |
+
SAO I-climate-nature
|
2120 |
+
) I-climate-nature
|
2121 |
+
dipole I-climate-nature
|
2122 |
+
( O
|
2123 |
+
SAOD B-climate-nature
|
2124 |
+
) O
|
2125 |
+
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|
2126 |
+
summer O
|
2127 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
2128 |
+
over O
|
2129 |
+
the O
|
2130 |
+
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|
2131 |
+
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|
2132 |
+
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|
2133 |
+
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|
2134 |
+
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|
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+
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|
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|
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+
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|
2138 |
+
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|
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+
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|
2140 |
+
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|
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+
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|
2142 |
+
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|
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+
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|
2144 |
+
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|
2145 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
2146 |
+
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|
2147 |
+
simulated O
|
2148 |
+
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|
2149 |
+
the O
|
2150 |
+
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|
2151 |
+
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|
2152 |
+
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|
2153 |
+
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|
2154 |
+
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|
2155 |
+
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|
2156 |
+
negative O
|
2157 |
+
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|
2158 |
+
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|
2159 |
+
of O
|
2160 |
+
the O
|
2161 |
+
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|
2162 |
+
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|
2163 |
+
|
2164 |
+
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|
2165 |
+
the O
|
2166 |
+
SAOD B-climate-nature
|
2167 |
+
, O
|
2168 |
+
cool O
|
2169 |
+
SST B-climate-properties
|
2170 |
+
anomaly I-climate-properties
|
2171 |
+
in O
|
2172 |
+
the O
|
2173 |
+
extra B-climate-nature
|
2174 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
2175 |
+
tropical I-climate-nature
|
2176 |
+
SAO O
|
2177 |
+
off O
|
2178 |
+
the O
|
2179 |
+
Brazil O
|
2180 |
+
– O
|
2181 |
+
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|
2182 |
+
– O
|
2183 |
+
Argentina O
|
2184 |
+
coast O
|
2185 |
+
gives O
|
2186 |
+
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|
2187 |
+
to O
|
2188 |
+
suppressed O
|
2189 |
+
convection B-climate-nature
|
2190 |
+
and O
|
2191 |
+
mass O
|
2192 |
+
divergence O
|
2193 |
+
. O
|
2194 |
+
|
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+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 9438617e54eba9376866f3b132100bd7
|
2196 |
+
|
2197 |
+
island B-climate-nature
|
2198 |
+
of O
|
2199 |
+
Tenerife O
|
2200 |
+
, O
|
2201 |
+
a O
|
2202 |
+
UNESCO B-climate-organizations
|
2203 |
+
Biosphere B-climate-mitigations
|
2204 |
+
Reserve I-climate-mitigations
|
2205 |
+
in O
|
2206 |
+
the O
|
2207 |
+
Atlantic O
|
2208 |
+
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|
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+
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|
2210 |
+
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|
2211 |
+
to O
|
2212 |
+
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|
2213 |
+
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|
2214 |
+
self O
|
2215 |
+
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|
2216 |
+
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|
2217 |
+
in O
|
2218 |
+
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|
2219 |
+
to O
|
2220 |
+
reduce O
|
2221 |
+
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|
2222 |
+
carbon B-climate-properties
|
2223 |
+
footprint I-climate-properties
|
2224 |
+
. O
|
2225 |
+
|
2226 |
+
To O
|
2227 |
+
accomplish O
|
2228 |
+
this O
|
2229 |
+
goal O
|
2230 |
+
it O
|
2231 |
+
should O
|
2232 |
+
develop O
|
2233 |
+
the O
|
2234 |
+
renewable O
|
2235 |
+
sources O
|
2236 |
+
, O
|
2237 |
+
in O
|
2238 |
+
particular O
|
2239 |
+
wave B-climate-mitigations
|
2240 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
2241 |
+
offshore I-climate-mitigations
|
2242 |
+
wind I-climate-mitigations
|
2243 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
2244 |
+
. O
|
2245 |
+
|
2246 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 0b6944158cf45f4e2eb8b0ba80c9035f
|
2247 |
+
|
2248 |
+
Droughts B-climate-hazards
|
2249 |
+
are O
|
2250 |
+
disproportionately O
|
2251 |
+
impacting O
|
2252 |
+
global O
|
2253 |
+
dryland B-climate-nature
|
2254 |
+
regions O
|
2255 |
+
where O
|
2256 |
+
ecosystem O
|
2257 |
+
health O
|
2258 |
+
and O
|
2259 |
+
function O
|
2260 |
+
are O
|
2261 |
+
tightly O
|
2262 |
+
coupled O
|
2263 |
+
to O
|
2264 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
2265 |
+
availability O
|
2266 |
+
. O
|
2267 |
+
|
2268 |
+
Drought B-climate-hazards
|
2269 |
+
severity O
|
2270 |
+
is O
|
2271 |
+
commonly O
|
2272 |
+
estimated O
|
2273 |
+
using O
|
2274 |
+
algorithms O
|
2275 |
+
such O
|
2276 |
+
as O
|
2277 |
+
the O
|
2278 |
+
standardized B-climate-properties
|
2279 |
+
precipitation I-climate-properties
|
2280 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
2281 |
+
evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
2282 |
+
index I-climate-properties
|
2283 |
+
( O
|
2284 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
2285 |
+
) O
|
2286 |
+
, O
|
2287 |
+
which O
|
2288 |
+
can O
|
2289 |
+
estimate O
|
2290 |
+
climatic O
|
2291 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
2292 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
2293 |
+
impacts O
|
2294 |
+
at O
|
2295 |
+
various O
|
2296 |
+
hydrologic O
|
2297 |
+
scales O
|
2298 |
+
by O
|
2299 |
+
varying O
|
2300 |
+
computational O
|
2301 |
+
length O
|
2302 |
+
. O
|
2303 |
+
|
2304 |
+
In O
|
2305 |
+
this O
|
2306 |
+
study O
|
2307 |
+
, O
|
2308 |
+
we O
|
2309 |
+
tested O
|
2310 |
+
components O
|
2311 |
+
of O
|
2312 |
+
climatic O
|
2313 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
2314 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
2315 |
+
, O
|
2316 |
+
including O
|
2317 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
2318 |
+
and O
|
2319 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
2320 |
+
computation O
|
2321 |
+
lengths O
|
2322 |
+
, O
|
2323 |
+
to O
|
2324 |
+
recreate O
|
2325 |
+
multi O
|
2326 |
+
- O
|
2327 |
+
decadal O
|
2328 |
+
and O
|
2329 |
+
periodic O
|
2330 |
+
soilmoisture B-climate-nature
|
2331 |
+
patterns O
|
2332 |
+
across O
|
2333 |
+
soil O
|
2334 |
+
profiles O
|
2335 |
+
at O
|
2336 |
+
866 O
|
2337 |
+
sites O
|
2338 |
+
in O
|
2339 |
+
the O
|
2340 |
+
western O
|
2341 |
+
United O
|
2342 |
+
States O
|
2343 |
+
. O
|
2344 |
+
|
2345 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8472d27b2066e5fea960c17702d56df9
|
2346 |
+
|
2347 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
2348 |
+
Commission I-climate-organizations
|
2349 |
+
have O
|
2350 |
+
developed O
|
2351 |
+
a O
|
2352 |
+
long O
|
2353 |
+
- O
|
2354 |
+
term O
|
2355 |
+
energy O
|
2356 |
+
strategy O
|
2357 |
+
that O
|
2358 |
+
, O
|
2359 |
+
if O
|
2360 |
+
successful O
|
2361 |
+
, O
|
2362 |
+
will O
|
2363 |
+
result O
|
2364 |
+
in O
|
2365 |
+
net B-climate-mitigations
|
2366 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
2367 |
+
zero I-climate-mitigations
|
2368 |
+
greenhouse I-climate-mitigations
|
2369 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
2370 |
+
emissions I-climate-mitigations
|
2371 |
+
in O
|
2372 |
+
Europe O
|
2373 |
+
. O
|
2374 |
+
|
2375 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of6a9335da7820f8119c7fd81b0e1ce68
|
2376 |
+
|
2377 |
+
Estuaries B-climate-nature
|
2378 |
+
are O
|
2379 |
+
impacted O
|
2380 |
+
by O
|
2381 |
+
multiple O
|
2382 |
+
anthropogenic O
|
2383 |
+
stressors O
|
2384 |
+
from O
|
2385 |
+
eutrophication B-climate-hazards
|
2386 |
+
to O
|
2387 |
+
climate O
|
2388 |
+
change O
|
2389 |
+
. O
|
2390 |
+
|
2391 |
+
Long O
|
2392 |
+
- O
|
2393 |
+
term O
|
2394 |
+
observational O
|
2395 |
+
datasets O
|
2396 |
+
allow O
|
2397 |
+
the O
|
2398 |
+
determination O
|
2399 |
+
of O
|
2400 |
+
trends O
|
2401 |
+
in O
|
2402 |
+
estuarine B-climate-nature
|
2403 |
+
indicators O
|
2404 |
+
and O
|
2405 |
+
the O
|
2406 |
+
prediction O
|
2407 |
+
of O
|
2408 |
+
future O
|
2409 |
+
conditions O
|
2410 |
+
. O
|
2411 |
+
|
2412 |
+
Here O
|
2413 |
+
, O
|
2414 |
+
a O
|
2415 |
+
dataset O
|
2416 |
+
of O
|
2417 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
2418 |
+
quality I-climate-assets
|
2419 |
+
and O
|
2420 |
+
demersal B-climate-organisms
|
2421 |
+
fish I-climate-organisms
|
2422 |
+
community O
|
2423 |
+
composition O
|
2424 |
+
in O
|
2425 |
+
a O
|
2426 |
+
Long O
|
2427 |
+
Island O
|
2428 |
+
Sound O
|
2429 |
+
embayment O
|
2430 |
+
( O
|
2431 |
+
Norwalk O
|
2432 |
+
Harbor O
|
2433 |
+
, O
|
2434 |
+
Connecticut O
|
2435 |
+
) O
|
2436 |
+
from O
|
2437 |
+
1987 O
|
2438 |
+
to O
|
2439 |
+
2016 O
|
2440 |
+
was O
|
2441 |
+
examined O
|
2442 |
+
. O
|
2443 |
+
|
2444 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O35a1108710496848025f53ecd78137f1
|
2445 |
+
|
2446 |
+
The O
|
2447 |
+
aim O
|
2448 |
+
of O
|
2449 |
+
our O
|
2450 |
+
study O
|
2451 |
+
was O
|
2452 |
+
to O
|
2453 |
+
determine O
|
2454 |
+
global O
|
2455 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
2456 |
+
organic I-climate-nature
|
2457 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
2458 |
+
( O
|
2459 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
2460 |
+
) O
|
2461 |
+
change O
|
2462 |
+
patterns O
|
2463 |
+
after O
|
2464 |
+
LUC O
|
2465 |
+
and O
|
2466 |
+
to O
|
2467 |
+
assess O
|
2468 |
+
the O
|
2469 |
+
impacts O
|
2470 |
+
of O
|
2471 |
+
both O
|
2472 |
+
biophysical O
|
2473 |
+
and O
|
2474 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
2475 |
+
factors O
|
2476 |
+
that O
|
2477 |
+
influence O
|
2478 |
+
stocks O
|
2479 |
+
of O
|
2480 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
2481 |
+
after O
|
2482 |
+
LUC O
|
2483 |
+
simultaneously O
|
2484 |
+
. O
|
2485 |
+
|
2486 |
+
However O
|
2487 |
+
, O
|
2488 |
+
also O
|
2489 |
+
, O
|
2490 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
2491 |
+
variables O
|
2492 |
+
such O
|
2493 |
+
as O
|
2494 |
+
indices O
|
2495 |
+
of O
|
2496 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
2497 |
+
, O
|
2498 |
+
population B-climate-problem-origins
|
2499 |
+
growth I-climate-problem-origins
|
2500 |
+
, O
|
2501 |
+
and O
|
2502 |
+
levels O
|
2503 |
+
of O
|
2504 |
+
corruption B-climate-problem-origins
|
2505 |
+
were O
|
2506 |
+
important O
|
2507 |
+
. O
|
2508 |
+
|
2509 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9c20de8788e8d7e01e05d3d8463edbb0
|
2510 |
+
|
2511 |
+
Urban B-climate-hazards
|
2512 |
+
heat I-climate-hazards
|
2513 |
+
island I-climate-hazards
|
2514 |
+
( O
|
2515 |
+
UHI B-climate-hazards
|
2516 |
+
) O
|
2517 |
+
effect O
|
2518 |
+
, O
|
2519 |
+
the O
|
2520 |
+
side O
|
2521 |
+
effect O
|
2522 |
+
of O
|
2523 |
+
rapid O
|
2524 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
2525 |
+
, O
|
2526 |
+
has O
|
2527 |
+
become O
|
2528 |
+
an O
|
2529 |
+
obstacle O
|
2530 |
+
to O
|
2531 |
+
the O
|
2532 |
+
further O
|
2533 |
+
healthy O
|
2534 |
+
development O
|
2535 |
+
of O
|
2536 |
+
the O
|
2537 |
+
city O
|
2538 |
+
. O
|
2539 |
+
|
2540 |
+
For O
|
2541 |
+
this O
|
2542 |
+
purpose O
|
2543 |
+
, O
|
2544 |
+
the O
|
2545 |
+
geographically O
|
2546 |
+
- O
|
2547 |
+
weighted O
|
2548 |
+
regression O
|
2549 |
+
( O
|
2550 |
+
GWR O
|
2551 |
+
) O
|
2552 |
+
approach O
|
2553 |
+
is O
|
2554 |
+
used O
|
2555 |
+
to O
|
2556 |
+
explore O
|
2557 |
+
the O
|
2558 |
+
scale O
|
2559 |
+
effects O
|
2560 |
+
in O
|
2561 |
+
a O
|
2562 |
+
mountainous O
|
2563 |
+
city O
|
2564 |
+
, O
|
2565 |
+
namely O
|
2566 |
+
the O
|
2567 |
+
change O
|
2568 |
+
laws O
|
2569 |
+
and O
|
2570 |
+
characteristics O
|
2571 |
+
of O
|
2572 |
+
the O
|
2573 |
+
relationships O
|
2574 |
+
between O
|
2575 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
2576 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
2577 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
2578 |
+
and O
|
2579 |
+
impact O
|
2580 |
+
factors O
|
2581 |
+
at O
|
2582 |
+
different O
|
2583 |
+
spatial O
|
2584 |
+
resolutions O
|
2585 |
+
( O
|
2586 |
+
30–960 O
|
2587 |
+
m O
|
2588 |
+
) O
|
2589 |
+
. O
|
2590 |
+
|
2591 |
+
The O
|
2592 |
+
impact O
|
2593 |
+
factors O
|
2594 |
+
include O
|
2595 |
+
the O
|
2596 |
+
Soil B-climate-datasets
|
2597 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
2598 |
+
adjusted I-climate-datasets
|
2599 |
+
Vegetation I-climate-datasets
|
2600 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
2601 |
+
( O
|
2602 |
+
SAVI B-climate-datasets
|
2603 |
+
) O
|
2604 |
+
, O
|
2605 |
+
the O
|
2606 |
+
Index B-climate-datasets
|
2607 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
2608 |
+
based I-climate-datasets
|
2609 |
+
Built I-climate-datasets
|
2610 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
2611 |
+
up I-climate-datasets
|
2612 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
2613 |
+
( O
|
2614 |
+
IBI B-climate-datasets
|
2615 |
+
) O
|
2616 |
+
, O
|
2617 |
+
and O
|
2618 |
+
the O
|
2619 |
+
Soil B-climate-datasets
|
2620 |
+
Brightness I-climate-datasets
|
2621 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
2622 |
+
( O
|
2623 |
+
NDSI B-climate-datasets
|
2624 |
+
) O
|
2625 |
+
, O
|
2626 |
+
which O
|
2627 |
+
indicate O
|
2628 |
+
the O
|
2629 |
+
coverage O
|
2630 |
+
of O
|
2631 |
+
the O
|
2632 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
2633 |
+
, O
|
2634 |
+
built B-climate-assets
|
2635 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
2636 |
+
up I-climate-assets
|
2637 |
+
, O
|
2638 |
+
and O
|
2639 |
+
bare B-climate-nature
|
2640 |
+
land I-climate-nature
|
2641 |
+
, O
|
2642 |
+
respectively O
|
2643 |
+
. O
|
2644 |
+
|
2645 |
+
Results O
|
2646 |
+
from O
|
2647 |
+
the O
|
2648 |
+
experiment O
|
2649 |
+
exemplified O
|
2650 |
+
by O
|
2651 |
+
Chongqing O
|
2652 |
+
showed O
|
2653 |
+
that O
|
2654 |
+
the O
|
2655 |
+
GWR O
|
2656 |
+
approach O
|
2657 |
+
had O
|
2658 |
+
a O
|
2659 |
+
better O
|
2660 |
+
prediction O
|
2661 |
+
accuracy O
|
2662 |
+
and O
|
2663 |
+
a O
|
2664 |
+
better O
|
2665 |
+
ability O
|
2666 |
+
to O
|
2667 |
+
describe O
|
2668 |
+
spatial O
|
2669 |
+
non O
|
2670 |
+
- O
|
2671 |
+
stationarity O
|
2672 |
+
than O
|
2673 |
+
the O
|
2674 |
+
OLS O
|
2675 |
+
approach O
|
2676 |
+
judged O
|
2677 |
+
by O
|
2678 |
+
the O
|
2679 |
+
analysis O
|
2680 |
+
of O
|
2681 |
+
the O
|
2682 |
+
local O
|
2683 |
+
coefficient O
|
2684 |
+
of O
|
2685 |
+
determination O
|
2686 |
+
( O
|
2687 |
+
R2 O
|
2688 |
+
) O
|
2689 |
+
, O
|
2690 |
+
Corrected O
|
2691 |
+
Akaike O
|
2692 |
+
Information O
|
2693 |
+
Criterion O
|
2694 |
+
( O
|
2695 |
+
AICc O
|
2696 |
+
) O
|
2697 |
+
, O
|
2698 |
+
and O
|
2699 |
+
F O
|
2700 |
+
- O
|
2701 |
+
test O
|
2702 |
+
at O
|
2703 |
+
small O
|
2704 |
+
spatial O
|
2705 |
+
resolution O
|
2706 |
+
( O
|
2707 |
+
< O
|
2708 |
+
240 O
|
2709 |
+
m O
|
2710 |
+
) O
|
2711 |
+
; O
|
2712 |
+
however O
|
2713 |
+
, O
|
2714 |
+
when O
|
2715 |
+
the O
|
2716 |
+
spatial O
|
2717 |
+
scale O
|
2718 |
+
was O
|
2719 |
+
increased O
|
2720 |
+
to O
|
2721 |
+
480 O
|
2722 |
+
m O
|
2723 |
+
, O
|
2724 |
+
this O
|
2725 |
+
advantage O
|
2726 |
+
has O
|
2727 |
+
become O
|
2728 |
+
relatively O
|
2729 |
+
weak O
|
2730 |
+
. O
|
2731 |
+
|
2732 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O0db452927abef4a6d15c93618e068c7a
|
2733 |
+
|
2734 |
+
We O
|
2735 |
+
analyse O
|
2736 |
+
various O
|
2737 |
+
observational O
|
2738 |
+
data O
|
2739 |
+
sets O
|
2740 |
+
in O
|
2741 |
+
order O
|
2742 |
+
to O
|
2743 |
+
assess O
|
2744 |
+
and O
|
2745 |
+
to O
|
2746 |
+
compare O
|
2747 |
+
th O
|
2748 |
+
spatio O
|
2749 |
+
- O
|
2750 |
+
temporal O
|
2751 |
+
characteristics O
|
2752 |
+
and O
|
2753 |
+
intensity B-climate-properties
|
2754 |
+
of O
|
2755 |
+
the O
|
2756 |
+
Sahel O
|
2757 |
+
flood O
|
2758 |
+
in O
|
2759 |
+
2007 O
|
2760 |
+
and O
|
2761 |
+
the O
|
2762 |
+
associated O
|
2763 |
+
rain B-climate-nature
|
2764 |
+
events O
|
2765 |
+
. O
|
2766 |
+
|
2767 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc3c945c3bfd4abaf083821635cdf2025
|
2768 |
+
|
2769 |
+
This O
|
2770 |
+
report O
|
2771 |
+
gives O
|
2772 |
+
a O
|
2773 |
+
summary O
|
2774 |
+
of O
|
2775 |
+
the O
|
2776 |
+
results O
|
2777 |
+
of O
|
2778 |
+
the O
|
2779 |
+
research O
|
2780 |
+
project O
|
2781 |
+
“ O
|
2782 |
+
Future B-climate-organizations
|
2783 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
2784 |
+
Finnish I-climate-organizations
|
2785 |
+
energy I-climate-organizations
|
2786 |
+
business I-climate-organizations
|
2787 |
+
– I-climate-organizations
|
2788 |
+
scenarios I-climate-organizations
|
2789 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
2790 |
+
strategies I-climate-organizations
|
2791 |
+
” O
|
2792 |
+
( O
|
2793 |
+
SALKKU B-climate-organizations
|
2794 |
+
) O
|
2795 |
+
. O
|
2796 |
+
|
2797 |
+
The O
|
2798 |
+
SALKKU B-climate-organizations
|
2799 |
+
research O
|
2800 |
+
was O
|
2801 |
+
carried O
|
2802 |
+
out O
|
2803 |
+
as O
|
2804 |
+
a O
|
2805 |
+
joint O
|
2806 |
+
research O
|
2807 |
+
project O
|
2808 |
+
of O
|
2809 |
+
VTT B-climate-organizations
|
2810 |
+
Technical I-climate-organizations
|
2811 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
2812 |
+
Centre I-climate-organizations
|
2813 |
+
of O
|
2814 |
+
Finland O
|
2815 |
+
( O
|
2816 |
+
VTT B-climate-organizations
|
2817 |
+
) O
|
2818 |
+
and O
|
2819 |
+
MTT B-climate-organizations
|
2820 |
+
Agrifood I-climate-organizations
|
2821 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
2822 |
+
Finland O
|
2823 |
+
( O
|
2824 |
+
MTT B-climate-organizations
|
2825 |
+
) O
|
2826 |
+
. O
|
2827 |
+
|
2828 |
+
The O
|
2829 |
+
demand O
|
2830 |
+
for O
|
2831 |
+
energy O
|
2832 |
+
was O
|
2833 |
+
studied O
|
2834 |
+
on O
|
2835 |
+
a O
|
2836 |
+
global O
|
2837 |
+
, O
|
2838 |
+
an O
|
2839 |
+
EU B-climate-organizations
|
2840 |
+
, O
|
2841 |
+
and O
|
2842 |
+
especially O
|
2843 |
+
on O
|
2844 |
+
an O
|
2845 |
+
Asian O
|
2846 |
+
level O
|
2847 |
+
. O
|
2848 |
+
|
2849 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9057f514442ca720550ed7157ed08eaa
|
2850 |
+
|
2851 |
+
Abstract O
|
2852 |
+
biodiversity B-climate-organisms
|
2853 |
+
in O
|
2854 |
+
the O
|
2855 |
+
Tropical O
|
2856 |
+
Andes O
|
2857 |
+
is O
|
2858 |
+
under O
|
2859 |
+
continuous O
|
2860 |
+
threat O
|
2861 |
+
from O
|
2862 |
+
anthropogenic O
|
2863 |
+
activities O
|
2864 |
+
. O
|
2865 |
+
|
2866 |
+
We O
|
2867 |
+
modeled O
|
2868 |
+
a O
|
2869 |
+
broad O
|
2870 |
+
range O
|
2871 |
+
of O
|
2872 |
+
taxa O
|
2873 |
+
( O
|
2874 |
+
11,012 O
|
2875 |
+
species O
|
2876 |
+
of O
|
2877 |
+
birds B-climate-organisms
|
2878 |
+
and O
|
2879 |
+
vascular B-climate-organisms
|
2880 |
+
plants I-climate-organisms
|
2881 |
+
) O
|
2882 |
+
, O
|
2883 |
+
including O
|
2884 |
+
both O
|
2885 |
+
endemic B-climate-organisms
|
2886 |
+
and O
|
2887 |
+
widespread O
|
2888 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
2889 |
+
and O
|
2890 |
+
provide O
|
2891 |
+
a O
|
2892 |
+
comprehensive O
|
2893 |
+
estimation O
|
2894 |
+
of O
|
2895 |
+
climate O
|
2896 |
+
change O
|
2897 |
+
impacts O
|
2898 |
+
on O
|
2899 |
+
the O
|
2900 |
+
Andes O
|
2901 |
+
. O
|
2902 |
+
|
2903 |
+
While O
|
2904 |
+
some O
|
2905 |
+
areas O
|
2906 |
+
appear O
|
2907 |
+
to O
|
2908 |
+
be O
|
2909 |
+
climatically O
|
2910 |
+
stable B-climate-properties
|
2911 |
+
( O
|
2912 |
+
e.g. O
|
2913 |
+
Pichincha O
|
2914 |
+
and O
|
2915 |
+
Imbabura O
|
2916 |
+
in O
|
2917 |
+
Ecuador O
|
2918 |
+
; O
|
2919 |
+
and O
|
2920 |
+
Narino O
|
2921 |
+
, O
|
2922 |
+
Cauca O
|
2923 |
+
, O
|
2924 |
+
Valle O
|
2925 |
+
del O
|
2926 |
+
Cauca O
|
2927 |
+
and O
|
2928 |
+
Putumayo O
|
2929 |
+
in O
|
2930 |
+
Colombia O
|
2931 |
+
) O
|
2932 |
+
and O
|
2933 |
+
hence O
|
2934 |
+
depict O
|
2935 |
+
little O
|
2936 |
+
diversity B-climate-hazards
|
2937 |
+
loss I-climate-hazards
|
2938 |
+
and/or O
|
2939 |
+
potential O
|
2940 |
+
species O
|
2941 |
+
gains O
|
2942 |
+
, O
|
2943 |
+
major O
|
2944 |
+
negative O
|
2945 |
+
impacts O
|
2946 |
+
were O
|
2947 |
+
also O
|
2948 |
+
observed O
|
2949 |
+
. O
|
2950 |
+
|
2951 |
+
Tropical B-climate-nature
|
2952 |
+
high O
|
2953 |
+
Andean O
|
2954 |
+
grasslands B-climate-nature
|
2955 |
+
( O
|
2956 |
+
paramos B-climate-nature
|
2957 |
+
and O
|
2958 |
+
punas B-climate-nature
|
2959 |
+
) O
|
2960 |
+
and O
|
2961 |
+
evergreen B-climate-nature
|
2962 |
+
montane I-climate-nature
|
2963 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
2964 |
+
, O
|
2965 |
+
two O
|
2966 |
+
key O
|
2967 |
+
ecosystems O
|
2968 |
+
for O
|
2969 |
+
the O
|
2970 |
+
provision O
|
2971 |
+
of O
|
2972 |
+
environmental O
|
2973 |
+
services O
|
2974 |
+
in O
|
2975 |
+
the O
|
2976 |
+
region O
|
2977 |
+
, O
|
2978 |
+
are O
|
2979 |
+
projected O
|
2980 |
+
to O
|
2981 |
+
experience O
|
2982 |
+
negative O
|
2983 |
+
changes O
|
2984 |
+
in O
|
2985 |
+
species O
|
2986 |
+
richness O
|
2987 |
+
and O
|
2988 |
+
high O
|
2989 |
+
rates O
|
2990 |
+
of O
|
2991 |
+
species O
|
2992 |
+
turnover O
|
2993 |
+
. O
|
2994 |
+
|
2995 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oed7cd9a511deddaadd13e3af6655675d
|
2996 |
+
|
2997 |
+
Every O
|
2998 |
+
year O
|
2999 |
+
hundreds O
|
3000 |
+
of O
|
3001 |
+
thousands O
|
3002 |
+
of O
|
3003 |
+
people B-climate-assets
|
3004 |
+
become O
|
3005 |
+
homeless B-climate-impacts
|
3006 |
+
due O
|
3007 |
+
to O
|
3008 |
+
natural O
|
3009 |
+
disasters O
|
3010 |
+
and O
|
3011 |
+
are O
|
3012 |
+
consequently O
|
3013 |
+
in O
|
3014 |
+
need O
|
3015 |
+
of O
|
3016 |
+
temporary O
|
3017 |
+
accommodation O
|
3018 |
+
until O
|
3019 |
+
they O
|
3020 |
+
can O
|
3021 |
+
return O
|
3022 |
+
to O
|
3023 |
+
their O
|
3024 |
+
reconstructed O
|
3025 |
+
homes B-climate-assets
|
3026 |
+
. O
|
3027 |
+
|
3028 |
+
An O
|
3029 |
+
example O
|
3030 |
+
of O
|
3031 |
+
this O
|
3032 |
+
is O
|
3033 |
+
the O
|
3034 |
+
Pakistan O
|
3035 |
+
earthquake B-climate-hazards
|
3036 |
+
in O
|
3037 |
+
2005 O
|
3038 |
+
where O
|
3039 |
+
no O
|
3040 |
+
appropriate O
|
3041 |
+
winterised B-climate-mitigations
|
3042 |
+
tents I-climate-mitigations
|
3043 |
+
were O
|
3044 |
+
available O
|
3045 |
+
and O
|
3046 |
+
thermal O
|
3047 |
+
comfort O
|
3048 |
+
could O
|
3049 |
+
not O
|
3050 |
+
be O
|
3051 |
+
gained O
|
3052 |
+
, O
|
3053 |
+
given O
|
3054 |
+
the O
|
3055 |
+
extremely O
|
3056 |
+
cold O
|
3057 |
+
winter O
|
3058 |
+
conditions O
|
3059 |
+
. O
|
3060 |
+
|
3061 |
+
In O
|
3062 |
+
its O
|
3063 |
+
second O
|
3064 |
+
part O
|
3065 |
+
the O
|
3066 |
+
work O
|
3067 |
+
responds O
|
3068 |
+
to O
|
3069 |
+
the O
|
3070 |
+
pressing O
|
3071 |
+
need O
|
3072 |
+
for O
|
3073 |
+
the O
|
3074 |
+
winterisation B-climate-mitigations
|
3075 |
+
of O
|
3076 |
+
family O
|
3077 |
+
tents O
|
3078 |
+
by O
|
3079 |
+
presenting O
|
3080 |
+
a O
|
3081 |
+
number O
|
3082 |
+
of O
|
3083 |
+
different O
|
3084 |
+
options O
|
3085 |
+
for O
|
3086 |
+
a O
|
3087 |
+
floor O
|
3088 |
+
insulation B-climate-mitigations
|
3089 |
+
. O
|
3090 |
+
|
3091 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc7e5398796e30f616a36d2c48d496b95
|
3092 |
+
|
3093 |
+
This O
|
3094 |
+
study O
|
3095 |
+
considers O
|
3096 |
+
the O
|
3097 |
+
Pan B-climate-models
|
3098 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
3099 |
+
European I-climate-models
|
3100 |
+
Soil I-climate-models
|
3101 |
+
Erosion I-climate-models
|
3102 |
+
Risk I-climate-models
|
3103 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
3104 |
+
- O
|
3105 |
+
Desertification B-climate-models
|
3106 |
+
Mitigation I-climate-models
|
3107 |
+
Cost I-climate-models
|
3108 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
3109 |
+
Effectiveness I-climate-models
|
3110 |
+
modelling O
|
3111 |
+
approach O
|
3112 |
+
to O
|
3113 |
+
capture O
|
3114 |
+
a O
|
3115 |
+
greater O
|
3116 |
+
range O
|
3117 |
+
of O
|
3118 |
+
climatic O
|
3119 |
+
conditions O
|
3120 |
+
to O
|
3121 |
+
assess O
|
3122 |
+
the O
|
3123 |
+
potential O
|
3124 |
+
effect O
|
3125 |
+
of O
|
3126 |
+
an O
|
3127 |
+
improved O
|
3128 |
+
agricultural B-climate-mitigations
|
3129 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
3130 |
+
practice I-climate-mitigations
|
3131 |
+
emerged O
|
3132 |
+
from O
|
3133 |
+
field O
|
3134 |
+
trials O
|
3135 |
+
as O
|
3136 |
+
a O
|
3137 |
+
promising O
|
3138 |
+
strategy O
|
3139 |
+
for O
|
3140 |
+
enhancing O
|
3141 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
3142 |
+
security I-climate-assets
|
3143 |
+
and O
|
3144 |
+
reducing O
|
3145 |
+
soil B-climate-hazards
|
3146 |
+
and I-climate-hazards
|
3147 |
+
land I-climate-hazards
|
3148 |
+
degradation I-climate-hazards
|
3149 |
+
. O
|
3150 |
+
|
3151 |
+
The O
|
3152 |
+
model O
|
3153 |
+
considers O
|
3154 |
+
the O
|
3155 |
+
biophysical O
|
3156 |
+
and O
|
3157 |
+
socio O
|
3158 |
+
- O
|
3159 |
+
economic O
|
3160 |
+
benefits O
|
3161 |
+
of O
|
3162 |
+
the O
|
3163 |
+
improved O
|
3164 |
+
soil B-climate-mitigations
|
3165 |
+
conservation I-climate-mitigations
|
3166 |
+
technique I-climate-mitigations
|
3167 |
+
( O
|
3168 |
+
T3 O
|
3169 |
+
) O
|
3170 |
+
- O
|
3171 |
+
residue B-climate-mitigations
|
3172 |
+
mulch I-climate-mitigations
|
3173 |
+
combined O
|
3174 |
+
with O
|
3175 |
+
pigeon B-climate-mitigations
|
3176 |
+
pea I-climate-mitigations
|
3177 |
+
hedges I-climate-mitigations
|
3178 |
+
and O
|
3179 |
+
an O
|
3180 |
+
organic O
|
3181 |
+
amendment O
|
3182 |
+
, O
|
3183 |
+
against O
|
3184 |
+
a O
|
3185 |
+
local O
|
3186 |
+
baseline O
|
3187 |
+
practice O
|
3188 |
+
( O
|
3189 |
+
T0 O
|
3190 |
+
) O
|
3191 |
+
. O
|
3192 |
+
|
3193 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ocb6cfc0153e7593e9dd9d77c8b532b08
|
3194 |
+
|
3195 |
+
Wind B-climate-mitigations
|
3196 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
3197 |
+
is O
|
3198 |
+
associated O
|
3199 |
+
with O
|
3200 |
+
many O
|
3201 |
+
geographical O
|
3202 |
+
factors O
|
3203 |
+
including O
|
3204 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
3205 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
3206 |
+
, O
|
3207 |
+
climate O
|
3208 |
+
change O
|
3209 |
+
, O
|
3210 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
3211 |
+
topography I-climate-nature
|
3212 |
+
, O
|
3213 |
+
environmental O
|
3214 |
+
impacts O
|
3215 |
+
, O
|
3216 |
+
and O
|
3217 |
+
several O
|
3218 |
+
economic O
|
3219 |
+
factors O
|
3220 |
+
, O
|
3221 |
+
most O
|
3222 |
+
notably O
|
3223 |
+
the O
|
3224 |
+
advancement O
|
3225 |
+
of O
|
3226 |
+
wind B-climate-mitigations
|
3227 |
+
technology I-climate-mitigations
|
3228 |
+
and O
|
3229 |
+
energy B-climate-properties
|
3230 |
+
prices I-climate-properties
|
3231 |
+
. O
|
3232 |
+
|
3233 |
+
Wind B-climate-mitigations
|
3234 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
3235 |
+
generation O
|
3236 |
+
is O
|
3237 |
+
directly O
|
3238 |
+
related O
|
3239 |
+
to O
|
3240 |
+
the O
|
3241 |
+
characteristics O
|
3242 |
+
of O
|
3243 |
+
spatial O
|
3244 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
3245 |
+
. O
|
3246 |
+
|
3247 |
+
In O
|
3248 |
+
Kuwait O
|
3249 |
+
, O
|
3250 |
+
wind B-climate-mitigations
|
3251 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
3252 |
+
is O
|
3253 |
+
an O
|
3254 |
+
appropriate O
|
3255 |
+
choice O
|
3256 |
+
as O
|
3257 |
+
a O
|
3258 |
+
source O
|
3259 |
+
of O
|
3260 |
+
energy O
|
3261 |
+
generation O
|
3262 |
+
. O
|
3263 |
+
|
3264 |
+
Climatic O
|
3265 |
+
data O
|
3266 |
+
were O
|
3267 |
+
attained O
|
3268 |
+
through O
|
3269 |
+
the O
|
3270 |
+
readings O
|
3271 |
+
of O
|
3272 |
+
eight O
|
3273 |
+
distributed O
|
3274 |
+
monitoring O
|
3275 |
+
stations O
|
3276 |
+
affiliated O
|
3277 |
+
with O
|
3278 |
+
Kuwait B-climate-organizations
|
3279 |
+
Institute I-climate-organizations
|
3280 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
3281 |
+
Scientific I-climate-organizations
|
3282 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
3283 |
+
( O
|
3284 |
+
KISR B-climate-organizations
|
3285 |
+
) O
|
3286 |
+
. O
|
3287 |
+
|
3288 |
+
The O
|
3289 |
+
researchers O
|
3290 |
+
applied O
|
3291 |
+
the O
|
3292 |
+
Suitability B-climate-models
|
3293 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
3294 |
+
to O
|
3295 |
+
analyze O
|
3296 |
+
the O
|
3297 |
+
study O
|
3298 |
+
by O
|
3299 |
+
using O
|
3300 |
+
the O
|
3301 |
+
ArcGIS B-climate-models
|
3302 |
+
program O
|
3303 |
+
. O
|
3304 |
+
|
3305 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O75f3b5bbbbe464e1edefdde3d37077f4
|
3306 |
+
|
3307 |
+
To O
|
3308 |
+
compare O
|
3309 |
+
the O
|
3310 |
+
fitness O
|
3311 |
+
of O
|
3312 |
+
five O
|
3313 |
+
stochastic O
|
3314 |
+
differential O
|
3315 |
+
equations O
|
3316 |
+
( O
|
3317 |
+
SDEs O
|
3318 |
+
) O
|
3319 |
+
to O
|
3320 |
+
the O
|
3321 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
3322 |
+
Union I-climate-organizations
|
3323 |
+
allowances O
|
3324 |
+
spot O
|
3325 |
+
price O
|
3326 |
+
, O
|
3327 |
+
we O
|
3328 |
+
apply O
|
3329 |
+
regression O
|
3330 |
+
theory O
|
3331 |
+
to O
|
3332 |
+
obtain O
|
3333 |
+
the O
|
3334 |
+
point O
|
3335 |
+
and O
|
3336 |
+
interval O
|
3337 |
+
estimations O
|
3338 |
+
for O
|
3339 |
+
the O
|
3340 |
+
parameters O
|
3341 |
+
of O
|
3342 |
+
the O
|
3343 |
+
SDEs O
|
3344 |
+
. O
|
3345 |
+
|
3346 |
+
An O
|
3347 |
+
empirical O
|
3348 |
+
evaluation O
|
3349 |
+
demonstrates O
|
3350 |
+
that O
|
3351 |
+
the O
|
3352 |
+
mean O
|
3353 |
+
reverting O
|
3354 |
+
square O
|
3355 |
+
root O
|
3356 |
+
process O
|
3357 |
+
( O
|
3358 |
+
MRSRP O
|
3359 |
+
) O
|
3360 |
+
has O
|
3361 |
+
the O
|
3362 |
+
best O
|
3363 |
+
fitness O
|
3364 |
+
of O
|
3365 |
+
five O
|
3366 |
+
SDEs O
|
3367 |
+
to O
|
3368 |
+
forecast O
|
3369 |
+
the O
|
3370 |
+
spot O
|
3371 |
+
price O
|
3372 |
+
. O
|
3373 |
+
|
3374 |
+
To O
|
3375 |
+
reduce O
|
3376 |
+
the O
|
3377 |
+
degree O
|
3378 |
+
of O
|
3379 |
+
smog B-climate-nature
|
3380 |
+
, O
|
3381 |
+
we O
|
3382 |
+
develop O
|
3383 |
+
a O
|
3384 |
+
new O
|
3385 |
+
trading B-climate-mitigations
|
3386 |
+
scheme I-climate-mitigations
|
3387 |
+
in O
|
3388 |
+
which O
|
3389 |
+
firms O
|
3390 |
+
have O
|
3391 |
+
to O
|
3392 |
+
hand O
|
3393 |
+
many O
|
3394 |
+
more O
|
3395 |
+
allowances O
|
3396 |
+
to O
|
3397 |
+
the O
|
3398 |
+
government O
|
3399 |
+
when O
|
3400 |
+
they O
|
3401 |
+
emit O
|
3402 |
+
one O
|
3403 |
+
unit O
|
3404 |
+
of O
|
3405 |
+
air B-climate-hazards
|
3406 |
+
pollution I-climate-hazards
|
3407 |
+
on O
|
3408 |
+
heavy O
|
3409 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
3410 |
+
days O
|
3411 |
+
, O
|
3412 |
+
versus O
|
3413 |
+
one O
|
3414 |
+
allowance O
|
3415 |
+
on O
|
3416 |
+
clean O
|
3417 |
+
days O
|
3418 |
+
. O
|
3419 |
+
|
3420 |
+
Thus O
|
3421 |
+
, O
|
3422 |
+
we O
|
3423 |
+
set O
|
3424 |
+
up O
|
3425 |
+
the O
|
3426 |
+
SDE O
|
3427 |
+
MRSRP O
|
3428 |
+
model O
|
3429 |
+
with O
|
3430 |
+
Markovian O
|
3431 |
+
switching O
|
3432 |
+
to O
|
3433 |
+
analyse O
|
3434 |
+
the O
|
3435 |
+
evolution O
|
3436 |
+
of O
|
3437 |
+
the O
|
3438 |
+
spot O
|
3439 |
+
price O
|
3440 |
+
in O
|
3441 |
+
such O
|
3442 |
+
a O
|
3443 |
+
scheme O
|
3444 |
+
. O
|
3445 |
+
|
3446 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ode7dfd0d31a3dd297aa778527f48929d
|
3447 |
+
|
3448 |
+
In O
|
3449 |
+
a O
|
3450 |
+
large O
|
3451 |
+
scale O
|
3452 |
+
, O
|
3453 |
+
forest B-climate-nature
|
3454 |
+
productivity O
|
3455 |
+
is O
|
3456 |
+
primarily O
|
3457 |
+
driven O
|
3458 |
+
by O
|
3459 |
+
two O
|
3460 |
+
large O
|
3461 |
+
fluxes O
|
3462 |
+
, O
|
3463 |
+
gross B-climate-properties
|
3464 |
+
primary I-climate-properties
|
3465 |
+
production I-climate-properties
|
3466 |
+
( O
|
3467 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
3468 |
+
) O
|
3469 |
+
, O
|
3470 |
+
which O
|
3471 |
+
is O
|
3472 |
+
the O
|
3473 |
+
source O
|
3474 |
+
for O
|
3475 |
+
all O
|
3476 |
+
carbon O
|
3477 |
+
in O
|
3478 |
+
forest B-climate-nature
|
3479 |
+
ecosystems O
|
3480 |
+
, O
|
3481 |
+
and O
|
3482 |
+
heterotrophic B-climate-properties
|
3483 |
+
respiration I-climate-properties
|
3484 |
+
. O
|
3485 |
+
|
3486 |
+
Here O
|
3487 |
+
we O
|
3488 |
+
show O
|
3489 |
+
how O
|
3490 |
+
uncertainty O
|
3491 |
+
of O
|
3492 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
3493 |
+
projections O
|
3494 |
+
of O
|
3495 |
+
Finnish O
|
3496 |
+
boreal B-climate-nature
|
3497 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
3498 |
+
divides O
|
3499 |
+
between O
|
3500 |
+
input O
|
3501 |
+
, O
|
3502 |
+
mechanistic O
|
3503 |
+
and O
|
3504 |
+
parametric O
|
3505 |
+
uncertainty O
|
3506 |
+
. O
|
3507 |
+
|
3508 |
+
We O
|
3509 |
+
used O
|
3510 |
+
the O
|
3511 |
+
simple O
|
3512 |
+
semi O
|
3513 |
+
- O
|
3514 |
+
empirical O
|
3515 |
+
stand O
|
3516 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
3517 |
+
and O
|
3518 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
3519 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
3520 |
+
model O
|
3521 |
+
PRELES B-climate-models
|
3522 |
+
with O
|
3523 |
+
an O
|
3524 |
+
ensemble O
|
3525 |
+
of O
|
3526 |
+
downscaled O
|
3527 |
+
global O
|
3528 |
+
circulation O
|
3529 |
+
model O
|
3530 |
+
( O
|
3531 |
+
GCM O
|
3532 |
+
) O
|
3533 |
+
projections O
|
3534 |
+
for O
|
3535 |
+
the O
|
3536 |
+
21st O
|
3537 |
+
century O
|
3538 |
+
under O
|
3539 |
+
different O
|
3540 |
+
emissions O
|
3541 |
+
and O
|
3542 |
+
forcing O
|
3543 |
+
scenarios O
|
3544 |
+
( O
|
3545 |
+
both O
|
3546 |
+
RCP O
|
3547 |
+
and O
|
3548 |
+
SRES O
|
3549 |
+
) O
|
3550 |
+
. O
|
3551 |
+
|
3552 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O11a48067ce25ab1e08b9865cb2337130
|
3553 |
+
|
3554 |
+
The O
|
3555 |
+
dynamic O
|
3556 |
+
changes O
|
3557 |
+
of O
|
3558 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
3559 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
3560 |
+
events O
|
3561 |
+
are O
|
3562 |
+
due O
|
3563 |
+
to O
|
3564 |
+
the O
|
3565 |
+
swing O
|
3566 |
+
of O
|
3567 |
+
climate O
|
3568 |
+
parameter O
|
3569 |
+
. O
|
3570 |
+
|
3571 |
+
Geospatial O
|
3572 |
+
technology O
|
3573 |
+
has O
|
3574 |
+
strong O
|
3575 |
+
capability O
|
3576 |
+
to O
|
3577 |
+
analyze O
|
3578 |
+
various O
|
3579 |
+
thematic O
|
3580 |
+
datasets O
|
3581 |
+
towards O
|
3582 |
+
visualization O
|
3583 |
+
of O
|
3584 |
+
spatial O
|
3585 |
+
/ O
|
3586 |
+
temporal O
|
3587 |
+
pattern O
|
3588 |
+
and O
|
3589 |
+
plays O
|
3590 |
+
a O
|
3591 |
+
vital O
|
3592 |
+
role O
|
3593 |
+
in O
|
3594 |
+
fire B-climate-mitigations
|
3595 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
3596 |
+
efforts O
|
3597 |
+
. O
|
3598 |
+
|
3599 |
+
This O
|
3600 |
+
paper O
|
3601 |
+
aims O
|
3602 |
+
to O
|
3603 |
+
analyze O
|
3604 |
+
the O
|
3605 |
+
climate O
|
3606 |
+
and O
|
3607 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
3608 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
3609 |
+
trend O
|
3610 |
+
using O
|
3611 |
+
Geospatial O
|
3612 |
+
technology O
|
3613 |
+
in O
|
3614 |
+
the O
|
3615 |
+
state O
|
3616 |
+
of O
|
3617 |
+
Orissa O
|
3618 |
+
of O
|
3619 |
+
India O
|
3620 |
+
. O
|
3621 |
+
|
3622 |
+
The O
|
3623 |
+
84.5 O
|
3624 |
+
% O
|
3625 |
+
of O
|
3626 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
3627 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
3628 |
+
events O
|
3629 |
+
are O
|
3630 |
+
observed O
|
3631 |
+
in O
|
3632 |
+
the O
|
3633 |
+
month O
|
3634 |
+
of O
|
3635 |
+
March O
|
3636 |
+
and O
|
3637 |
+
April O
|
3638 |
+
and O
|
3639 |
+
it O
|
3640 |
+
is O
|
3641 |
+
significantly O
|
3642 |
+
high O
|
3643 |
+
in O
|
3644 |
+
the O
|
3645 |
+
south O
|
3646 |
+
of O
|
3647 |
+
Kandhamal O
|
3648 |
+
, O
|
3649 |
+
east O
|
3650 |
+
of O
|
3651 |
+
Kalahandi O
|
3652 |
+
, O
|
3653 |
+
north O
|
3654 |
+
of O
|
3655 |
+
Rayagada O
|
3656 |
+
and O
|
3657 |
+
north O
|
3658 |
+
of O
|
3659 |
+
Gajapati O
|
3660 |
+
district O
|
3661 |
+
. O
|
3662 |
+
|
3663 |
+
The O
|
3664 |
+
solar B-climate-properties
|
3665 |
+
radiation I-climate-properties
|
3666 |
+
increased O
|
3667 |
+
to O
|
3668 |
+
144 O
|
3669 |
+
% O
|
3670 |
+
in O
|
3671 |
+
the O
|
3672 |
+
month O
|
3673 |
+
of O
|
3674 |
+
March O
|
3675 |
+
when O
|
3676 |
+
compared O
|
3677 |
+
with O
|
3678 |
+
preceding O
|
3679 |
+
month O
|
3680 |
+
whereas O
|
3681 |
+
relative B-climate-properties
|
3682 |
+
humidity I-climate-properties
|
3683 |
+
was O
|
3684 |
+
decreased O
|
3685 |
+
to O
|
3686 |
+
64 O
|
3687 |
+
% O
|
3688 |
+
in O
|
3689 |
+
the O
|
3690 |
+
same O
|
3691 |
+
month O
|
3692 |
+
. O
|
3693 |
+
|
3694 |
+
The O
|
3695 |
+
evaluation O
|
3696 |
+
of O
|
3697 |
+
Cramer O
|
3698 |
+
V O
|
3699 |
+
coefficient O
|
3700 |
+
values O
|
3701 |
+
of O
|
3702 |
+
minimum B-climate-properties
|
3703 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
3704 |
+
, O
|
3705 |
+
solar B-climate-properties
|
3706 |
+
radiation I-climate-properties
|
3707 |
+
, O
|
3708 |
+
maximum B-climate-properties
|
3709 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
3710 |
+
and O
|
3711 |
+
relative B-climate-properties
|
3712 |
+
humidity I-climate-properties
|
3713 |
+
are O
|
3714 |
+
found O
|
3715 |
+
to O
|
3716 |
+
be O
|
3717 |
+
0.302 O
|
3718 |
+
, O
|
3719 |
+
0.327 O
|
3720 |
+
, O
|
3721 |
+
0.366 O
|
3722 |
+
and O
|
3723 |
+
0.482 O
|
3724 |
+
respectively O
|
3725 |
+
. O
|
3726 |
+
|
3727 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9fb2a34d46502970d8704fd344f3b7e5
|
3728 |
+
|
3729 |
+
study O
|
3730 |
+
was O
|
3731 |
+
set O
|
3732 |
+
to O
|
3733 |
+
investigate O
|
3734 |
+
the O
|
3735 |
+
impact O
|
3736 |
+
of O
|
3737 |
+
climate O
|
3738 |
+
change O
|
3739 |
+
on O
|
3740 |
+
rural B-climate-assets
|
3741 |
+
livelihoods I-climate-assets
|
3742 |
+
in O
|
3743 |
+
the O
|
3744 |
+
North O
|
3745 |
+
Nguu O
|
3746 |
+
Mountains O
|
3747 |
+
in O
|
3748 |
+
Kilindi O
|
3749 |
+
District O
|
3750 |
+
, O
|
3751 |
+
Tanzania O
|
3752 |
+
. O
|
3753 |
+
|
3754 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc2168e1bd2c3ba97a5864b542281b438
|
3755 |
+
|
3756 |
+
We O
|
3757 |
+
combine O
|
3758 |
+
these O
|
3759 |
+
climate O
|
3760 |
+
impact O
|
3761 |
+
estimates O
|
3762 |
+
with O
|
3763 |
+
the O
|
3764 |
+
GTAP B-climate-models
|
3765 |
+
model O
|
3766 |
+
of O
|
3767 |
+
global B-climate-assets
|
3768 |
+
trade I-climate-assets
|
3769 |
+
in O
|
3770 |
+
order O
|
3771 |
+
to O
|
3772 |
+
estimate O
|
3773 |
+
the O
|
3774 |
+
national B-climate-assets
|
3775 |
+
welfare I-climate-assets
|
3776 |
+
changes O
|
3777 |
+
which O
|
3778 |
+
are O
|
3779 |
+
decomposed O
|
3780 |
+
into O
|
3781 |
+
three O
|
3782 |
+
components O
|
3783 |
+
|
3784 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Obfd3e2021e8c3ca8391aecc6350a8c38
|
3785 |
+
|
3786 |
+
Using O
|
3787 |
+
mathematical O
|
3788 |
+
modelling O
|
3789 |
+
tools O
|
3790 |
+
, O
|
3791 |
+
we O
|
3792 |
+
assessed O
|
3793 |
+
the O
|
3794 |
+
potential O
|
3795 |
+
for O
|
3796 |
+
land B-climate-problem-origins
|
3797 |
+
use I-climate-problem-origins
|
3798 |
+
change I-climate-problem-origins
|
3799 |
+
( O
|
3800 |
+
LUC B-climate-problem-origins
|
3801 |
+
) O
|
3802 |
+
associated O
|
3803 |
+
with O
|
3804 |
+
the O
|
3805 |
+
Intergovernmental B-climate-organizations
|
3806 |
+
Panel I-climate-organizations
|
3807 |
+
on I-climate-organizations
|
3808 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
3809 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
3810 |
+
low- O
|
3811 |
+
and O
|
3812 |
+
high O
|
3813 |
+
- O
|
3814 |
+
end O
|
3815 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
3816 |
+
scenario O
|
3817 |
+
( O
|
3818 |
+
RCP2.6 B-climate-datasets
|
3819 |
+
and O
|
3820 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
3821 |
+
) O
|
3822 |
+
to O
|
3823 |
+
impact O
|
3824 |
+
malaria B-climate-impacts
|
3825 |
+
transmission O
|
3826 |
+
in O
|
3827 |
+
Africa O
|
3828 |
+
. O
|
3829 |
+
|
3830 |
+
To O
|
3831 |
+
drive O
|
3832 |
+
a O
|
3833 |
+
spatially O
|
3834 |
+
explicit O
|
3835 |
+
, O
|
3836 |
+
dynamical O
|
3837 |
+
malaria B-climate-impacts
|
3838 |
+
model O
|
3839 |
+
, O
|
3840 |
+
data O
|
3841 |
+
from O
|
3842 |
+
the O
|
3843 |
+
four O
|
3844 |
+
available O
|
3845 |
+
earth O
|
3846 |
+
system O
|
3847 |
+
models O
|
3848 |
+
( O
|
3849 |
+
ESMs O
|
3850 |
+
) O
|
3851 |
+
that O
|
3852 |
+
contributed O
|
3853 |
+
to O
|
3854 |
+
the O
|
3855 |
+
LUC B-climate-problem-origins
|
3856 |
+
experiment O
|
3857 |
+
of O
|
3858 |
+
the O
|
3859 |
+
Fifth B-climate-models
|
3860 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
3861 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
3862 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
3863 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
3864 |
+
are O
|
3865 |
+
used O
|
3866 |
+
. O
|
3867 |
+
|
3868 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od047956e63de201932620ea0ef938b72
|
3869 |
+
|
3870 |
+
Statistically O
|
3871 |
+
significant O
|
3872 |
+
changes O
|
3873 |
+
in O
|
3874 |
+
tropopause B-climate-nature
|
3875 |
+
fold I-climate-nature
|
3876 |
+
frequencies O
|
3877 |
+
are O
|
3878 |
+
identified O
|
3879 |
+
in O
|
3880 |
+
both O
|
3881 |
+
Hemispheres O
|
3882 |
+
, O
|
3883 |
+
occasionally O
|
3884 |
+
exceeding O
|
3885 |
+
3 O
|
3886 |
+
% O
|
3887 |
+
, O
|
3888 |
+
which O
|
3889 |
+
are O
|
3890 |
+
associated O
|
3891 |
+
with O
|
3892 |
+
the O
|
3893 |
+
projected O
|
3894 |
+
changes O
|
3895 |
+
in O
|
3896 |
+
the O
|
3897 |
+
position O
|
3898 |
+
and O
|
3899 |
+
intensity B-climate-properties
|
3900 |
+
of O
|
3901 |
+
the O
|
3902 |
+
subtropical B-climate-nature
|
3903 |
+
jet B-climate-nature
|
3904 |
+
streams I-climate-nature
|
3905 |
+
. O
|
3906 |
+
|
3907 |
+
A O
|
3908 |
+
strengthening O
|
3909 |
+
of O
|
3910 |
+
ozone O
|
3911 |
+
STT B-climate-nature
|
3912 |
+
is O
|
3913 |
+
projected O
|
3914 |
+
for O
|
3915 |
+
future O
|
3916 |
+
at O
|
3917 |
+
both O
|
3918 |
+
Hemispheres O
|
3919 |
+
, O
|
3920 |
+
with O
|
3921 |
+
an O
|
3922 |
+
induced O
|
3923 |
+
increase O
|
3924 |
+
of O
|
3925 |
+
transported O
|
3926 |
+
stratospheric B-climate-nature
|
3927 |
+
ozone O
|
3928 |
+
tracer O
|
3929 |
+
throughout O
|
3930 |
+
the O
|
3931 |
+
whole O
|
3932 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
3933 |
+
, O
|
3934 |
+
reaching O
|
3935 |
+
up O
|
3936 |
+
to O
|
3937 |
+
10 O
|
3938 |
+
nmol O
|
3939 |
+
/ O
|
3940 |
+
mol O
|
3941 |
+
in O
|
3942 |
+
the O
|
3943 |
+
upper O
|
3944 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
3945 |
+
, O
|
3946 |
+
8 O
|
3947 |
+
nmol O
|
3948 |
+
/ O
|
3949 |
+
mol O
|
3950 |
+
in O
|
3951 |
+
the O
|
3952 |
+
middle O
|
3953 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
3954 |
+
and O
|
3955 |
+
3 O
|
3956 |
+
nmol O
|
3957 |
+
/ O
|
3958 |
+
mol O
|
3959 |
+
near O
|
3960 |
+
the O
|
3961 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
3962 |
+
. O
|
3963 |
+
|
3964 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O2702c371a58dd1a390f788e3cd6c9240
|
3965 |
+
|
3966 |
+
Understanding O
|
3967 |
+
the O
|
3968 |
+
impact O
|
3969 |
+
of O
|
3970 |
+
various O
|
3971 |
+
climate O
|
3972 |
+
features O
|
3973 |
+
on O
|
3974 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
3975 |
+
climate O
|
3976 |
+
is O
|
3977 |
+
important O
|
3978 |
+
for O
|
3979 |
+
effective O
|
3980 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
3981 |
+
climate O
|
3982 |
+
adaptation O
|
3983 |
+
and O
|
3984 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
3985 |
+
strategy I-climate-mitigations
|
3986 |
+
planning O
|
3987 |
+
. O
|
3988 |
+
|
3989 |
+
In O
|
3990 |
+
the O
|
3991 |
+
present O
|
3992 |
+
study O
|
3993 |
+
, O
|
3994 |
+
the O
|
3995 |
+
effect O
|
3996 |
+
of O
|
3997 |
+
tropical B-climate-nature
|
3998 |
+
and O
|
3999 |
+
extra B-climate-nature
|
4000 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
4001 |
+
tropical I-climate-nature
|
4002 |
+
climate O
|
4003 |
+
modes O
|
4004 |
+
such O
|
4005 |
+
as O
|
4006 |
+
Indian B-climate-nature
|
4007 |
+
Ocean I-climate-nature
|
4008 |
+
Dipole I-climate-nature
|
4009 |
+
( O
|
4010 |
+
IOD B-climate-nature
|
4011 |
+
) O
|
4012 |
+
, O
|
4013 |
+
El B-climate-nature
|
4014 |
+
Niño I-climate-nature
|
4015 |
+
Southern I-climate-nature
|
4016 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
4017 |
+
( O
|
4018 |
+
ENSO B-climate-nature
|
4019 |
+
) O
|
4020 |
+
and O
|
4021 |
+
Southern B-climate-nature
|
4022 |
+
Annular I-climate-nature
|
4023 |
+
Mode I-climate-nature
|
4024 |
+
( O
|
4025 |
+
SAM B-climate-nature
|
4026 |
+
) O
|
4027 |
+
on O
|
4028 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
4029 |
+
- O
|
4030 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
4031 |
+
climate O
|
4032 |
+
of O
|
4033 |
+
the O
|
4034 |
+
Indian O
|
4035 |
+
Ocean O
|
4036 |
+
( O
|
4037 |
+
IO O
|
4038 |
+
) O
|
4039 |
+
is O
|
4040 |
+
studied O
|
4041 |
+
using O
|
4042 |
+
multiple O
|
4043 |
+
linear O
|
4044 |
+
regression O
|
4045 |
+
of O
|
4046 |
+
individual O
|
4047 |
+
climate O
|
4048 |
+
indices O
|
4049 |
+
on O
|
4050 |
+
relevant O
|
4051 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
4052 |
+
- O
|
4053 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
4054 |
+
parameters O
|
4055 |
+
. O
|
4056 |
+
|
4057 |
+
There O
|
4058 |
+
are O
|
4059 |
+
two O
|
4060 |
+
regions O
|
4061 |
+
of O
|
4062 |
+
importance O
|
4063 |
+
for O
|
4064 |
+
swell B-climate-nature
|
4065 |
+
generation O
|
4066 |
+
in O
|
4067 |
+
the O
|
4068 |
+
Indian O
|
4069 |
+
Ocean O
|
4070 |
+
- O
|
4071 |
+
a O
|
4072 |
+
region O
|
4073 |
+
between O
|
4074 |
+
40 O
|
4075 |
+
° O
|
4076 |
+
and O
|
4077 |
+
60 O
|
4078 |
+
° O
|
4079 |
+
S O
|
4080 |
+
in O
|
4081 |
+
the O
|
4082 |
+
Southern O
|
4083 |
+
Ocean O
|
4084 |
+
( O
|
4085 |
+
SO O
|
4086 |
+
) O
|
4087 |
+
and O
|
4088 |
+
another O
|
4089 |
+
region O
|
4090 |
+
in O
|
4091 |
+
the O
|
4092 |
+
Eastern O
|
4093 |
+
Tropical O
|
4094 |
+
Indian O
|
4095 |
+
Ocean O
|
4096 |
+
( O
|
4097 |
+
ETIO O
|
4098 |
+
; O
|
4099 |
+
10 O
|
4100 |
+
° O
|
4101 |
+
–30 O
|
4102 |
+
° O
|
4103 |
+
S O
|
4104 |
+
, O
|
4105 |
+
60 O
|
4106 |
+
° O
|
4107 |
+
–100 O
|
4108 |
+
° O
|
4109 |
+
E O
|
4110 |
+
) O
|
4111 |
+
. O
|
4112 |
+
|
4113 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oab16dc9a50f63c96ff6d0d58e3b146dc
|
4114 |
+
|
4115 |
+
As O
|
4116 |
+
a O
|
4117 |
+
result O
|
4118 |
+
, O
|
4119 |
+
state O
|
4120 |
+
forestry B-climate-assets
|
4121 |
+
authorities O
|
4122 |
+
should O
|
4123 |
+
take O
|
4124 |
+
precautions O
|
4125 |
+
against O
|
4126 |
+
this O
|
4127 |
+
bark B-climate-hazards
|
4128 |
+
beetle I-climate-hazards
|
4129 |
+
species O
|
4130 |
+
in O
|
4131 |
+
the O
|
4132 |
+
pine B-climate-organisms
|
4133 |
+
stands O
|
4134 |
+
of O
|
4135 |
+
northern O
|
4136 |
+
Turkey O
|
4137 |
+
in O
|
4138 |
+
the O
|
4139 |
+
future O
|
4140 |
+
. O
|
4141 |
+
|
4142 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O71aeba3d171884648fca991b73d2eba2
|
4143 |
+
|
4144 |
+
As O
|
4145 |
+
global O
|
4146 |
+
climate O
|
4147 |
+
change O
|
4148 |
+
alters O
|
4149 |
+
many O
|
4150 |
+
aspects O
|
4151 |
+
of O
|
4152 |
+
seasonal O
|
4153 |
+
variability O
|
4154 |
+
, O
|
4155 |
+
including O
|
4156 |
+
extreme O
|
4157 |
+
events O
|
4158 |
+
and O
|
4159 |
+
changes O
|
4160 |
+
in O
|
4161 |
+
mean O
|
4162 |
+
conditions O
|
4163 |
+
, O
|
4164 |
+
organisms B-climate-organisms
|
4165 |
+
must O
|
4166 |
+
respond O
|
4167 |
+
appropriately O
|
4168 |
+
or O
|
4169 |
+
go O
|
4170 |
+
extinct B-climate-hazards
|
4171 |
+
. O
|
4172 |
+
|
4173 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc0a6e55943b44425126281fbda78c9c4
|
4174 |
+
|
4175 |
+
my O
|
4176 |
+
Erasmus O
|
4177 |
+
year O
|
4178 |
+
in O
|
4179 |
+
La O
|
4180 |
+
Coruna O
|
4181 |
+
( O
|
4182 |
+
Spain O
|
4183 |
+
) O
|
4184 |
+
, O
|
4185 |
+
I O
|
4186 |
+
was O
|
4187 |
+
lucky O
|
4188 |
+
enough O
|
4189 |
+
to O
|
4190 |
+
make O
|
4191 |
+
friends O
|
4192 |
+
with O
|
4193 |
+
a O
|
4194 |
+
person O
|
4195 |
+
who O
|
4196 |
+
has O
|
4197 |
+
joined O
|
4198 |
+
the O
|
4199 |
+
humanitarian O
|
4200 |
+
missions O
|
4201 |
+
in O
|
4202 |
+
the O
|
4203 |
+
southern O
|
4204 |
+
Philippines O
|
4205 |
+
in O
|
4206 |
+
support O
|
4207 |
+
of O
|
4208 |
+
the O
|
4209 |
+
victims O
|
4210 |
+
of O
|
4211 |
+
Typhoon O
|
4212 |
+
Bopha O
|
4213 |
+
, O
|
4214 |
+
who O
|
4215 |
+
has O
|
4216 |
+
instilled O
|
4217 |
+
in O
|
4218 |
+
me O
|
4219 |
+
a O
|
4220 |
+
great O
|
4221 |
+
interest O
|
4222 |
+
for O
|
4223 |
+
the O
|
4224 |
+
Filipino O
|
4225 |
+
culture O
|
4226 |
+
and O
|
4227 |
+
their O
|
4228 |
+
relationship O
|
4229 |
+
with O
|
4230 |
+
nature O
|
4231 |
+
, O
|
4232 |
+
the O
|
4233 |
+
climate O
|
4234 |
+
and O
|
4235 |
+
natural O
|
4236 |
+
disasters O
|
4237 |
+
, O
|
4238 |
+
and O
|
4239 |
+
I O
|
4240 |
+
promised O
|
4241 |
+
myself O
|
4242 |
+
to O
|
4243 |
+
take O
|
4244 |
+
part O
|
4245 |
+
in O
|
4246 |
+
humanitarian O
|
4247 |
+
action O
|
4248 |
+
once O
|
4249 |
+
concluded O
|
4250 |
+
the O
|
4251 |
+
university O
|
4252 |
+
studies O
|
4253 |
+
. O
|
4254 |
+
|
4255 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O1062ef7b930c8c5dca09e5e1ac12bdd3
|
4256 |
+
|
4257 |
+
Climate O
|
4258 |
+
warming O
|
4259 |
+
increases O
|
4260 |
+
vulnerability O
|
4261 |
+
to O
|
4262 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
4263 |
+
in O
|
4264 |
+
Mediterranean O
|
4265 |
+
water O
|
4266 |
+
- O
|
4267 |
+
limited O
|
4268 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
4269 |
+
. O
|
4270 |
+
|
4271 |
+
However O
|
4272 |
+
, O
|
4273 |
+
we O
|
4274 |
+
still O
|
4275 |
+
lack O
|
4276 |
+
knowledge O
|
4277 |
+
of O
|
4278 |
+
the O
|
4279 |
+
long O
|
4280 |
+
- O
|
4281 |
+
term O
|
4282 |
+
physiological O
|
4283 |
+
responses O
|
4284 |
+
of O
|
4285 |
+
coexisting O
|
4286 |
+
pine B-climate-organisms
|
4287 |
+
species O
|
4288 |
+
in O
|
4289 |
+
these O
|
4290 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
4291 |
+
regarding O
|
4292 |
+
their O
|
4293 |
+
ability O
|
4294 |
+
to O
|
4295 |
+
cope O
|
4296 |
+
with O
|
4297 |
+
warming O
|
4298 |
+
- O
|
4299 |
+
induced O
|
4300 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
4301 |
+
stress O
|
4302 |
+
. O
|
4303 |
+
|
4304 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3af18f42ec58c39993cbbb5a444aaa6c
|
4305 |
+
|
4306 |
+
Transport B-climate-assets
|
4307 |
+
infrastructure I-climate-assets
|
4308 |
+
networks I-climate-assets
|
4309 |
+
are O
|
4310 |
+
increasingly O
|
4311 |
+
vulnerable O
|
4312 |
+
to O
|
4313 |
+
disruption B-climate-impacts
|
4314 |
+
from O
|
4315 |
+
extreme B-climate-hazards
|
4316 |
+
rainfall I-climate-hazards
|
4317 |
+
events O
|
4318 |
+
due O
|
4319 |
+
to O
|
4320 |
+
increasing O
|
4321 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
4322 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
4323 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
4324 |
+
from O
|
4325 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
4326 |
+
and O
|
4327 |
+
changes O
|
4328 |
+
in O
|
4329 |
+
climate O
|
4330 |
+
. O
|
4331 |
+
|
4332 |
+
Impacts O
|
4333 |
+
from O
|
4334 |
+
such O
|
4335 |
+
disruptions B-climate-impacts
|
4336 |
+
typically O
|
4337 |
+
extend O
|
4338 |
+
far O
|
4339 |
+
beyond O
|
4340 |
+
the O
|
4341 |
+
flood B-climate-impacts
|
4342 |
+
footprint I-climate-impacts
|
4343 |
+
, O
|
4344 |
+
because O
|
4345 |
+
of O
|
4346 |
+
the O
|
4347 |
+
interconnection O
|
4348 |
+
and O
|
4349 |
+
spatial O
|
4350 |
+
extent O
|
4351 |
+
of O
|
4352 |
+
modern O
|
4353 |
+
infrastructure B-climate-assets
|
4354 |
+
. O
|
4355 |
+
|
4356 |
+
An O
|
4357 |
+
integrated O
|
4358 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
4359 |
+
risk O
|
4360 |
+
assessment O
|
4361 |
+
couples O
|
4362 |
+
high O
|
4363 |
+
resolution O
|
4364 |
+
information O
|
4365 |
+
on O
|
4366 |
+
depth B-climate-properties
|
4367 |
+
and O
|
4368 |
+
velocity B-climate-properties
|
4369 |
+
from O
|
4370 |
+
the O
|
4371 |
+
CityCAT B-climate-models
|
4372 |
+
urban B-climate-hazards
|
4373 |
+
flood I-climate-hazards
|
4374 |
+
model O
|
4375 |
+
with O
|
4376 |
+
empirical O
|
4377 |
+
analysis O
|
4378 |
+
of O
|
4379 |
+
vehicle B-climate-assets
|
4380 |
+
speeds O
|
4381 |
+
in O
|
4382 |
+
different O
|
4383 |
+
depths B-climate-properties
|
4384 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
4385 |
+
flood I-climate-properties
|
4386 |
+
water I-climate-properties
|
4387 |
+
, O
|
4388 |
+
to O
|
4389 |
+
perturb O
|
4390 |
+
a O
|
4391 |
+
transport O
|
4392 |
+
accessibility O
|
4393 |
+
model O
|
4394 |
+
and O
|
4395 |
+
determine O
|
4396 |
+
the O
|
4397 |
+
impact O
|
4398 |
+
of O
|
4399 |
+
a O
|
4400 |
+
given O
|
4401 |
+
event O
|
4402 |
+
on O
|
4403 |
+
journey O
|
4404 |
+
times O
|
4405 |
+
across O
|
4406 |
+
the O
|
4407 |
+
urban O
|
4408 |
+
area O
|
4409 |
+
. O
|
4410 |
+
|
4411 |
+
A O
|
4412 |
+
case O
|
4413 |
+
study O
|
4414 |
+
in O
|
4415 |
+
Newcastle O
|
4416 |
+
- O
|
4417 |
+
upon O
|
4418 |
+
- O
|
4419 |
+
Tyne O
|
4420 |
+
( O
|
4421 |
+
UK O
|
4422 |
+
) O
|
4423 |
+
shows O
|
4424 |
+
that O
|
4425 |
+
even O
|
4426 |
+
minor O
|
4427 |
+
flooding B-climate-hazards
|
4428 |
+
associate O
|
4429 |
+
with O
|
4430 |
+
a O
|
4431 |
+
1 O
|
4432 |
+
in O
|
4433 |
+
10 O
|
4434 |
+
year O
|
4435 |
+
event O
|
4436 |
+
can O
|
4437 |
+
cause O
|
4438 |
+
traffic B-climate-impacts
|
4439 |
+
disruptions I-climate-impacts
|
4440 |
+
of O
|
4441 |
+
nearly O
|
4442 |
+
half O
|
4443 |
+
an O
|
4444 |
+
hour O
|
4445 |
+
. O
|
4446 |
+
|
4447 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8b951ff3cd22c0ae3bbed7effdeacc6d
|
4448 |
+
|
4449 |
+
Earth O
|
4450 |
+
's O
|
4451 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
4452 |
+
CO I-climate-properties
|
4453 |
+
2 I-climate-properties
|
4454 |
+
level I-climate-properties
|
4455 |
+
has O
|
4456 |
+
increased O
|
4457 |
+
beyond O
|
4458 |
+
400 O
|
4459 |
+
ppm O
|
4460 |
+
and O
|
4461 |
+
still O
|
4462 |
+
continuing O
|
4463 |
+
to O
|
4464 |
+
rise O
|
4465 |
+
. O
|
4466 |
+
|
4467 |
+
In O
|
4468 |
+
fact O
|
4469 |
+
, O
|
4470 |
+
this O
|
4471 |
+
is O
|
4472 |
+
the O
|
4473 |
+
highest O
|
4474 |
+
level O
|
4475 |
+
in O
|
4476 |
+
the O
|
4477 |
+
last O
|
4478 |
+
2 O
|
4479 |
+
million O
|
4480 |
+
years O
|
4481 |
+
. O
|
4482 |
+
|
4483 |
+
One O
|
4484 |
+
core O
|
4485 |
+
strategies O
|
4486 |
+
in O
|
4487 |
+
the O
|
4488 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
4489 |
+
mix O
|
4490 |
+
are O
|
4491 |
+
negative O
|
4492 |
+
emissions O
|
4493 |
+
technologies O
|
4494 |
+
( O
|
4495 |
+
NETs O
|
4496 |
+
) O
|
4497 |
+
which O
|
4498 |
+
are O
|
4499 |
+
also O
|
4500 |
+
explicitly O
|
4501 |
+
described O
|
4502 |
+
as O
|
4503 |
+
important O
|
4504 |
+
options O
|
4505 |
+
in O
|
4506 |
+
many O
|
4507 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
4508 |
+
( O
|
4509 |
+
AR5 B-climate-datasets
|
4510 |
+
) O
|
4511 |
+
CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
4512 |
+
2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
4513 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
4514 |
+
scenarios O
|
4515 |
+
. O
|
4516 |
+
|
4517 |
+
Among O
|
4518 |
+
others O
|
4519 |
+
, O
|
4520 |
+
BioEnergy O
|
4521 |
+
with O
|
4522 |
+
Carbon O
|
4523 |
+
Capture O
|
4524 |
+
and O
|
4525 |
+
Storage O
|
4526 |
+
( O
|
4527 |
+
BECCS O
|
4528 |
+
) O
|
4529 |
+
are O
|
4530 |
+
shown O
|
4531 |
+
their O
|
4532 |
+
potential O
|
4533 |
+
for O
|
4534 |
+
CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
4535 |
+
2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
4536 |
+
removable O
|
4537 |
+
from O
|
4538 |
+
the O
|
4539 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
4540 |
+
. O
|
4541 |
+
|
4542 |
+
BECCS O
|
4543 |
+
as O
|
4544 |
+
the O
|
4545 |
+
NETs O
|
4546 |
+
are O
|
4547 |
+
most O
|
4548 |
+
widely O
|
4549 |
+
selected O
|
4550 |
+
by O
|
4551 |
+
integrated O
|
4552 |
+
assessment O
|
4553 |
+
models O
|
4554 |
+
( O
|
4555 |
+
IAMs O
|
4556 |
+
) O
|
4557 |
+
to O
|
4558 |
+
meet O
|
4559 |
+
the O
|
4560 |
+
requirements O
|
4561 |
+
of O
|
4562 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
4563 |
+
limits O
|
4564 |
+
of O
|
4565 |
+
2 O
|
4566 |
+
° O
|
4567 |
+
and O
|
4568 |
+
below O
|
4569 |
+
. O
|
4570 |
+
|
4571 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O488090e1b7cc93816587443585c8aa54
|
4572 |
+
|
4573 |
+
The O
|
4574 |
+
parameters O
|
4575 |
+
that O
|
4576 |
+
had O
|
4577 |
+
a O
|
4578 |
+
significant O
|
4579 |
+
impact O
|
4580 |
+
on O
|
4581 |
+
shoreline B-climate-hazards
|
4582 |
+
erosion I-climate-hazards
|
4583 |
+
were O
|
4584 |
+
: O
|
4585 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
4586 |
+
flat O
|
4587 |
+
width B-climate-properties
|
4588 |
+
, O
|
4589 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
4590 |
+
flat O
|
4591 |
+
depth B-climate-properties
|
4592 |
+
, O
|
4593 |
+
island B-climate-nature
|
4594 |
+
width B-climate-properties
|
4595 |
+
, O
|
4596 |
+
and O
|
4597 |
+
atoll B-climate-nature
|
4598 |
+
diameter B-climate-properties
|
4599 |
+
. O
|
4600 |
+
|
4601 |
+
Atolls B-climate-nature
|
4602 |
+
with O
|
4603 |
+
narrower O
|
4604 |
+
, O
|
4605 |
+
deeper O
|
4606 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
4607 |
+
flats O
|
4608 |
+
, O
|
4609 |
+
narrower O
|
4610 |
+
islands B-climate-nature
|
4611 |
+
, O
|
4612 |
+
and O
|
4613 |
+
smaller O
|
4614 |
+
diameters B-climate-properties
|
4615 |
+
were O
|
4616 |
+
most O
|
4617 |
+
susceptible O
|
4618 |
+
to O
|
4619 |
+
shoreline B-climate-hazards
|
4620 |
+
instability I-climate-hazards
|
4621 |
+
with O
|
4622 |
+
sea B-climate-hazards
|
4623 |
+
level I-climate-hazards
|
4624 |
+
rise I-climate-hazards
|
4625 |
+
. O
|
4626 |
+
|
4627 |
+
Windward B-climate-nature
|
4628 |
+
islands I-climate-nature
|
4629 |
+
are O
|
4630 |
+
projected O
|
4631 |
+
to O
|
4632 |
+
lengthen O
|
4633 |
+
and O
|
4634 |
+
migrate O
|
4635 |
+
toward O
|
4636 |
+
the O
|
4637 |
+
lagoon B-climate-nature
|
4638 |
+
, O
|
4639 |
+
leeward B-climate-nature
|
4640 |
+
islands I-climate-nature
|
4641 |
+
are O
|
4642 |
+
projected O
|
4643 |
+
to O
|
4644 |
+
lengthen O
|
4645 |
+
and O
|
4646 |
+
migrate O
|
4647 |
+
toward O
|
4648 |
+
the O
|
4649 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
4650 |
+
rim O
|
4651 |
+
, O
|
4652 |
+
and O
|
4653 |
+
oblique O
|
4654 |
+
islands B-climate-nature
|
4655 |
+
are O
|
4656 |
+
projected O
|
4657 |
+
to O
|
4658 |
+
migrate O
|
4659 |
+
leeward O
|
4660 |
+
and O
|
4661 |
+
toward O
|
4662 |
+
the O
|
4663 |
+
lagoon B-climate-nature
|
4664 |
+
. O
|
4665 |
+
|
4666 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3d2f30d4b7abc7b927a634190241d89b
|
4667 |
+
|
4668 |
+
Global O
|
4669 |
+
navigation O
|
4670 |
+
satellite O
|
4671 |
+
systems O
|
4672 |
+
( O
|
4673 |
+
GNSSs O
|
4674 |
+
) O
|
4675 |
+
have O
|
4676 |
+
become O
|
4677 |
+
an O
|
4678 |
+
important O
|
4679 |
+
tool O
|
4680 |
+
to O
|
4681 |
+
derive O
|
4682 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
4683 |
+
products O
|
4684 |
+
, O
|
4685 |
+
such O
|
4686 |
+
as O
|
4687 |
+
the O
|
4688 |
+
total O
|
4689 |
+
zenith B-climate-properties
|
4690 |
+
tropospheric I-climate-properties
|
4691 |
+
delay I-climate-properties
|
4692 |
+
( O
|
4693 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
4694 |
+
) O
|
4695 |
+
and O
|
4696 |
+
precipitable B-climate-properties
|
4697 |
+
water I-climate-properties
|
4698 |
+
vapor I-climate-properties
|
4699 |
+
( O
|
4700 |
+
PWV B-climate-properties
|
4701 |
+
) O
|
4702 |
+
for O
|
4703 |
+
weather O
|
4704 |
+
and O
|
4705 |
+
climate O
|
4706 |
+
studies O
|
4707 |
+
. O
|
4708 |
+
|
4709 |
+
The O
|
4710 |
+
ocean B-climate-properties
|
4711 |
+
tide I-climate-properties
|
4712 |
+
loading I-climate-properties
|
4713 |
+
( O
|
4714 |
+
OTL B-climate-properties
|
4715 |
+
) O
|
4716 |
+
effect O
|
4717 |
+
is O
|
4718 |
+
one O
|
4719 |
+
of O
|
4720 |
+
the O
|
4721 |
+
primary O
|
4722 |
+
errors O
|
4723 |
+
that O
|
4724 |
+
affects O
|
4725 |
+
the O
|
4726 |
+
accuracy O
|
4727 |
+
of O
|
4728 |
+
GNSS O
|
4729 |
+
- O
|
4730 |
+
derived O
|
4731 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
4732 |
+
/ O
|
4733 |
+
PWV B-climate-properties
|
4734 |
+
, O
|
4735 |
+
which O
|
4736 |
+
means O
|
4737 |
+
the O
|
4738 |
+
study O
|
4739 |
+
and O
|
4740 |
+
choice O
|
4741 |
+
of O
|
4742 |
+
the O
|
4743 |
+
OTL B-climate-properties
|
4744 |
+
model O
|
4745 |
+
is O
|
4746 |
+
an O
|
4747 |
+
important O
|
4748 |
+
issue O
|
4749 |
+
for O
|
4750 |
+
high O
|
4751 |
+
- O
|
4752 |
+
accuracy O
|
4753 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
4754 |
+
estimation O
|
4755 |
+
. O
|
4756 |
+
|
4757 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Obae06f77125e4e185730842d66e29a73
|
4758 |
+
|
4759 |
+
Mesoamerica O
|
4760 |
+
and O
|
4761 |
+
the O
|
4762 |
+
Caribbean O
|
4763 |
+
are O
|
4764 |
+
low O
|
4765 |
+
- O
|
4766 |
+
latitude O
|
4767 |
+
regions O
|
4768 |
+
at O
|
4769 |
+
risk O
|
4770 |
+
for O
|
4771 |
+
the O
|
4772 |
+
effects O
|
4773 |
+
of O
|
4774 |
+
climate O
|
4775 |
+
change O
|
4776 |
+
. O
|
4777 |
+
|
4778 |
+
Global O
|
4779 |
+
climate O
|
4780 |
+
models O
|
4781 |
+
provide O
|
4782 |
+
large O
|
4783 |
+
- O
|
4784 |
+
scale O
|
4785 |
+
assessment O
|
4786 |
+
of O
|
4787 |
+
climate O
|
4788 |
+
drivers O
|
4789 |
+
, O
|
4790 |
+
but O
|
4791 |
+
, O
|
4792 |
+
at O
|
4793 |
+
a O
|
4794 |
+
horizontal O
|
4795 |
+
resolution O
|
4796 |
+
of O
|
4797 |
+
100 O
|
4798 |
+
km O
|
4799 |
+
, O
|
4800 |
+
can O
|
4801 |
+
not O
|
4802 |
+
resolve O
|
4803 |
+
the O
|
4804 |
+
effects O
|
4805 |
+
of O
|
4806 |
+
topography B-climate-nature
|
4807 |
+
and O
|
4808 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
4809 |
+
use I-climate-properties
|
4810 |
+
as O
|
4811 |
+
they O
|
4812 |
+
impact O
|
4813 |
+
the O
|
4814 |
+
local O
|
4815 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
4816 |
+
and O
|
4817 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
4818 |
+
that O
|
4819 |
+
are O
|
4820 |
+
keys O
|
4821 |
+
to O
|
4822 |
+
climate O
|
4823 |
+
impacts O
|
4824 |
+
. O
|
4825 |
+
|
4826 |
+
We O
|
4827 |
+
developed O
|
4828 |
+
a O
|
4829 |
+
robust O
|
4830 |
+
dynamical O
|
4831 |
+
downscaling O
|
4832 |
+
strategy O
|
4833 |
+
that O
|
4834 |
+
used O
|
4835 |
+
the O
|
4836 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
4837 |
+
regional O
|
4838 |
+
climate O
|
4839 |
+
model O
|
4840 |
+
to O
|
4841 |
+
downscale O
|
4842 |
+
at O
|
4843 |
+
4 O
|
4844 |
+
- O
|
4845 |
+
12 O
|
4846 |
+
km O
|
4847 |
+
resolution O
|
4848 |
+
GCM O
|
4849 |
+
results O
|
4850 |
+
. O
|
4851 |
+
|
4852 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Annotation of "everything" up to here
|
4853 |
+
|
4854 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Next a chronologic subselection
|
4855 |
+
|
4856 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O26334055e107cf4a78da272c01811a7a
|
4857 |
+
|
4858 |
+
We O
|
4859 |
+
use O
|
4860 |
+
a O
|
4861 |
+
combination O
|
4862 |
+
of O
|
4863 |
+
an O
|
4864 |
+
integrated O
|
4865 |
+
environmental O
|
4866 |
+
model O
|
4867 |
+
( O
|
4868 |
+
IMAGE B-climate-models
|
4869 |
+
) O
|
4870 |
+
and O
|
4871 |
+
climate O
|
4872 |
+
envelope O
|
4873 |
+
models O
|
4874 |
+
for O
|
4875 |
+
European O
|
4876 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
4877 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
4878 |
+
for O
|
4879 |
+
several O
|
4880 |
+
climate O
|
4881 |
+
change O
|
4882 |
+
scenarios O
|
4883 |
+
to O
|
4884 |
+
estimate O
|
4885 |
+
changes O
|
4886 |
+
in O
|
4887 |
+
mean B-climate-properties
|
4888 |
+
stable I-climate-properties
|
4889 |
+
area I-climate-properties
|
4890 |
+
of O
|
4891 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
4892 |
+
and O
|
4893 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
4894 |
+
turnover O
|
4895 |
+
. O
|
4896 |
+
|
4897 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O1258005cc451776c7081b32a38f671f8
|
4898 |
+
|
4899 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ode5713a54da8e93af5ecb699a2623c61
|
4900 |
+
|
4901 |
+
Our O
|
4902 |
+
research O
|
4903 |
+
is O
|
4904 |
+
based O
|
4905 |
+
on O
|
4906 |
+
field O
|
4907 |
+
data O
|
4908 |
+
collected O
|
4909 |
+
in O
|
4910 |
+
the O
|
4911 |
+
Northern O
|
4912 |
+
Brazilian O
|
4913 |
+
Amazon O
|
4914 |
+
in O
|
4915 |
+
2009 O
|
4916 |
+
within O
|
4917 |
+
the O
|
4918 |
+
Small O
|
4919 |
+
Grant O
|
4920 |
+
research O
|
4921 |
+
programme O
|
4922 |
+
of O
|
4923 |
+
the O
|
4924 |
+
German B-climate-organizations
|
4925 |
+
Federal I-climate-organizations
|
4926 |
+
Ministry I-climate-organizations
|
4927 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
4928 |
+
Economic I-climate-organizations
|
4929 |
+
Cooperation I-climate-organizations
|
4930 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
4931 |
+
Development I-climate-organizations
|
4932 |
+
( O
|
4933 |
+
BMZ B-climate-organizations
|
4934 |
+
) O
|
4935 |
+
. O
|
4936 |
+
|
4937 |
+
Based O
|
4938 |
+
on O
|
4939 |
+
these O
|
4940 |
+
data O
|
4941 |
+
, O
|
4942 |
+
we O
|
4943 |
+
show O
|
4944 |
+
how O
|
4945 |
+
dynamic O
|
4946 |
+
discrete O
|
4947 |
+
time O
|
4948 |
+
models O
|
4949 |
+
can O
|
4950 |
+
be O
|
4951 |
+
developed O
|
4952 |
+
and O
|
4953 |
+
implemented O
|
4954 |
+
using O
|
4955 |
+
the O
|
4956 |
+
dynamic O
|
4957 |
+
simulation O
|
4958 |
+
software O
|
4959 |
+
STELLA B-climate-models
|
4960 |
+
. O
|
4961 |
+
|
4962 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc8a1087a5ebab8abee2e609aa884aa63
|
4963 |
+
|
4964 |
+
One O
|
4965 |
+
of O
|
4966 |
+
the O
|
4967 |
+
ways O
|
4968 |
+
to O
|
4969 |
+
reducing O
|
4970 |
+
greenhouse O
|
4971 |
+
gas O
|
4972 |
+
emission O
|
4973 |
+
is O
|
4974 |
+
by O
|
4975 |
+
assessing O
|
4976 |
+
the O
|
4977 |
+
environmental O
|
4978 |
+
impact O
|
4979 |
+
associated O
|
4980 |
+
with O
|
4981 |
+
food B-climate-problem-origins
|
4982 |
+
production I-climate-problem-origins
|
4983 |
+
, O
|
4984 |
+
and O
|
4985 |
+
one O
|
4986 |
+
of O
|
4987 |
+
the O
|
4988 |
+
well O
|
4989 |
+
- O
|
4990 |
+
known O
|
4991 |
+
methodologies O
|
4992 |
+
used O
|
4993 |
+
for O
|
4994 |
+
environmental O
|
4995 |
+
impact O
|
4996 |
+
evaluation O
|
4997 |
+
is O
|
4998 |
+
life O
|
4999 |
+
cycle O
|
5000 |
+
assessment O
|
5001 |
+
model O
|
5002 |
+
( O
|
5003 |
+
LCA O
|
5004 |
+
) O
|
5005 |
+
. O
|
5006 |
+
|
5007 |
+
This O
|
5008 |
+
paper O
|
5009 |
+
presents O
|
5010 |
+
the O
|
5011 |
+
results O
|
5012 |
+
of O
|
5013 |
+
LCA O
|
5014 |
+
analysis O
|
5015 |
+
of O
|
5016 |
+
cassava B-climate-assets
|
5017 |
+
flour O
|
5018 |
+
production O
|
5019 |
+
in O
|
5020 |
+
Southwestern O
|
5021 |
+
Nigeria O
|
5022 |
+
. O
|
5023 |
+
|
5024 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O248fbab473537819c48428ef707953eb
|
5025 |
+
|
5026 |
+
In O
|
5027 |
+
the O
|
5028 |
+
semiarid B-climate-nature
|
5029 |
+
interior O
|
5030 |
+
of O
|
5031 |
+
the O
|
5032 |
+
Iberian O
|
5033 |
+
Peninsula O
|
5034 |
+
, O
|
5035 |
+
the O
|
5036 |
+
topographic O
|
5037 |
+
insulation B-climate-mitigations
|
5038 |
+
from O
|
5039 |
+
the O
|
5040 |
+
surrounding O
|
5041 |
+
seas B-climate-nature
|
5042 |
+
promotes O
|
5043 |
+
the O
|
5044 |
+
role O
|
5045 |
+
of O
|
5046 |
+
internal O
|
5047 |
+
sources O
|
5048 |
+
of O
|
5049 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
5050 |
+
and O
|
5051 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
5052 |
+
recycling I-climate-mitigations
|
5053 |
+
in O
|
5054 |
+
the O
|
5055 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
5056 |
+
regime O
|
5057 |
+
. O
|
5058 |
+
|
5059 |
+
In O
|
5060 |
+
inland O
|
5061 |
+
Iberia O
|
5062 |
+
, O
|
5063 |
+
the O
|
5064 |
+
annual O
|
5065 |
+
cycle O
|
5066 |
+
of O
|
5067 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
5068 |
+
often O
|
5069 |
+
has O
|
5070 |
+
a O
|
5071 |
+
distinctive O
|
5072 |
+
peak O
|
5073 |
+
in O
|
5074 |
+
the O
|
5075 |
+
springtime O
|
5076 |
+
, O
|
5077 |
+
when O
|
5078 |
+
evapotranspiration B-climate-nature
|
5079 |
+
( O
|
5080 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
5081 |
+
) O
|
5082 |
+
is O
|
5083 |
+
the O
|
5084 |
+
highest O
|
5085 |
+
, O
|
5086 |
+
in O
|
5087 |
+
contrast O
|
5088 |
+
to O
|
5089 |
+
the O
|
5090 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
5091 |
+
areas I-climate-nature
|
5092 |
+
, O
|
5093 |
+
where O
|
5094 |
+
it O
|
5095 |
+
is O
|
5096 |
+
more O
|
5097 |
+
closely O
|
5098 |
+
related O
|
5099 |
+
to O
|
5100 |
+
the O
|
5101 |
+
external O
|
5102 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
5103 |
+
availability O
|
5104 |
+
and O
|
5105 |
+
synoptic O
|
5106 |
+
forcing O
|
5107 |
+
, O
|
5108 |
+
with O
|
5109 |
+
a O
|
5110 |
+
maximum O
|
5111 |
+
in O
|
5112 |
+
winter O
|
5113 |
+
- O
|
5114 |
+
autumn O
|
5115 |
+
and O
|
5116 |
+
a O
|
5117 |
+
pronounced O
|
5118 |
+
minimum O
|
5119 |
+
in O
|
5120 |
+
the O
|
5121 |
+
summer O
|
5122 |
+
. O
|
5123 |
+
|
5124 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8b5ffca44eacad5306caf10322dbdd3b
|
5125 |
+
|
5126 |
+
In O
|
5127 |
+
large O
|
5128 |
+
mountainous B-climate-nature
|
5129 |
+
catchments B-climate-nature
|
5130 |
+
, O
|
5131 |
+
shallow O
|
5132 |
+
unconfined O
|
5133 |
+
alluvial B-climate-nature
|
5134 |
+
aquifers B-climate-nature
|
5135 |
+
play O
|
5136 |
+
an O
|
5137 |
+
important O
|
5138 |
+
role O
|
5139 |
+
in O
|
5140 |
+
conveying O
|
5141 |
+
subsurface B-climate-nature
|
5142 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
5143 |
+
to O
|
5144 |
+
the O
|
5145 |
+
foreland O
|
5146 |
+
. O
|
5147 |
+
|
5148 |
+
Here O
|
5149 |
+
, O
|
5150 |
+
an O
|
5151 |
+
approach O
|
5152 |
+
to O
|
5153 |
+
overcome O
|
5154 |
+
this O
|
5155 |
+
discrepancy O
|
5156 |
+
is O
|
5157 |
+
discussed O
|
5158 |
+
using O
|
5159 |
+
the O
|
5160 |
+
example O
|
5161 |
+
of O
|
5162 |
+
the O
|
5163 |
+
German O
|
5164 |
+
- O
|
5165 |
+
Austrian O
|
5166 |
+
Upper O
|
5167 |
+
Danube O
|
5168 |
+
catchment O
|
5169 |
+
, O
|
5170 |
+
where O
|
5171 |
+
a O
|
5172 |
+
coarse O
|
5173 |
+
ground B-climate-nature
|
5174 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
5175 |
+
flow O
|
5176 |
+
model O
|
5177 |
+
was O
|
5178 |
+
developed O
|
5179 |
+
using O
|
5180 |
+
MODFLOW B-climate-models
|
5181 |
+
. O
|
5182 |
+
|
5183 |
+
In O
|
5184 |
+
order O
|
5185 |
+
to O
|
5186 |
+
show O
|
5187 |
+
the O
|
5188 |
+
efficiency O
|
5189 |
+
of O
|
5190 |
+
the O
|
5191 |
+
developed O
|
5192 |
+
method O
|
5193 |
+
, O
|
5194 |
+
it O
|
5195 |
+
was O
|
5196 |
+
tested O
|
5197 |
+
and O
|
5198 |
+
compared O
|
5199 |
+
to O
|
5200 |
+
a O
|
5201 |
+
finely O
|
5202 |
+
discretized O
|
5203 |
+
ground B-climate-nature
|
5204 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
5205 |
+
model O
|
5206 |
+
of O
|
5207 |
+
the O
|
5208 |
+
Ammer O
|
5209 |
+
subcatchment O
|
5210 |
+
. O
|
5211 |
+
|
5212 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc66519cefc848756ba96da04af61061c
|
5213 |
+
|
5214 |
+
Smallholder B-climate-assets
|
5215 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
5216 |
+
produce O
|
5217 |
+
about O
|
5218 |
+
70 O
|
5219 |
+
% O
|
5220 |
+
of O
|
5221 |
+
Africa O
|
5222 |
+
’s O
|
5223 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
5224 |
+
supply I-climate-assets
|
5225 |
+
. O
|
5226 |
+
|
5227 |
+
These O
|
5228 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
5229 |
+
are O
|
5230 |
+
vulnerable O
|
5231 |
+
to O
|
5232 |
+
a O
|
5233 |
+
number O
|
5234 |
+
of O
|
5235 |
+
risks O
|
5236 |
+
, O
|
5237 |
+
mainly O
|
5238 |
+
climate O
|
5239 |
+
related O
|
5240 |
+
, O
|
5241 |
+
which O
|
5242 |
+
have O
|
5243 |
+
a O
|
5244 |
+
tremendous O
|
5245 |
+
impact O
|
5246 |
+
on O
|
5247 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
5248 |
+
security I-climate-assets
|
5249 |
+
and O
|
5250 |
+
thus O
|
5251 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
5252 |
+
. O
|
5253 |
+
|
5254 |
+
This O
|
5255 |
+
paper O
|
5256 |
+
describes O
|
5257 |
+
crops B-climate-assets
|
5258 |
+
, O
|
5259 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5260 |
+
and O
|
5261 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
5262 |
+
services O
|
5263 |
+
that O
|
5264 |
+
are O
|
5265 |
+
being O
|
5266 |
+
developed O
|
5267 |
+
in O
|
5268 |
+
the O
|
5269 |
+
AfriCultuReS B-climate-organizations
|
5270 |
+
project O
|
5271 |
+
. O
|
5272 |
+
|
5273 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O08b7c23a0b109945fb9d1204dc36b0b2
|
5274 |
+
|
5275 |
+
Urmia O
|
5276 |
+
Lake O
|
5277 |
+
, O
|
5278 |
+
the O
|
5279 |
+
largest O
|
5280 |
+
lake B-climate-nature
|
5281 |
+
in O
|
5282 |
+
Iran O
|
5283 |
+
, O
|
5284 |
+
is O
|
5285 |
+
an O
|
5286 |
+
important O
|
5287 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5288 |
+
body O
|
5289 |
+
and O
|
5290 |
+
habitat B-climate-organisms
|
5291 |
+
for O
|
5292 |
+
a O
|
5293 |
+
variety O
|
5294 |
+
of O
|
5295 |
+
different O
|
5296 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
5297 |
+
. O
|
5298 |
+
|
5299 |
+
Subsequently O
|
5300 |
+
these O
|
5301 |
+
values O
|
5302 |
+
were O
|
5303 |
+
introduced O
|
5304 |
+
to O
|
5305 |
+
the O
|
5306 |
+
Long B-climate-models
|
5307 |
+
Ashton I-climate-models
|
5308 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
5309 |
+
Station I-climate-models
|
5310 |
+
Weather I-climate-models
|
5311 |
+
Generator I-climate-models
|
5312 |
+
model O
|
5313 |
+
( O
|
5314 |
+
LARS B-climate-models
|
5315 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5316 |
+
WG I-climate-models
|
5317 |
+
) O
|
5318 |
+
to O
|
5319 |
+
downscale O
|
5320 |
+
and O
|
5321 |
+
produce O
|
5322 |
+
time O
|
5323 |
+
series O
|
5324 |
+
of O
|
5325 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
5326 |
+
and O
|
5327 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
5328 |
+
in O
|
5329 |
+
the O
|
5330 |
+
future O
|
5331 |
+
, O
|
5332 |
+
subject O
|
5333 |
+
to O
|
5334 |
+
the O
|
5335 |
+
uncertainty O
|
5336 |
+
of O
|
5337 |
+
climate O
|
5338 |
+
models O
|
5339 |
+
. O
|
5340 |
+
|
5341 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob8a294ed94386b38464f9e122ee2e91d
|
5342 |
+
|
5343 |
+
LDAS B-climate-models
|
5344 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5345 |
+
Monde I-climate-models
|
5346 |
+
ingests O
|
5347 |
+
satellite O
|
5348 |
+
- O
|
5349 |
+
derived O
|
5350 |
+
surface B-climate-properties
|
5351 |
+
soil I-climate-properties
|
5352 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
5353 |
+
( O
|
5354 |
+
SSM B-climate-properties
|
5355 |
+
) O
|
5356 |
+
and O
|
5357 |
+
leaf B-climate-properties
|
5358 |
+
area I-climate-properties
|
5359 |
+
index I-climate-properties
|
5360 |
+
( O
|
5361 |
+
LAI B-climate-properties
|
5362 |
+
) O
|
5363 |
+
estimates O
|
5364 |
+
to O
|
5365 |
+
constrain O
|
5366 |
+
the O
|
5367 |
+
interactions O
|
5368 |
+
between O
|
5369 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
5370 |
+
, O
|
5371 |
+
biosphere B-climate-nature
|
5372 |
+
, O
|
5373 |
+
and O
|
5374 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
5375 |
+
( O
|
5376 |
+
ISBA B-climate-models
|
5377 |
+
) O
|
5378 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
5379 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
5380 |
+
model O
|
5381 |
+
( O
|
5382 |
+
LSM O
|
5383 |
+
) O
|
5384 |
+
coupled O
|
5385 |
+
with O
|
5386 |
+
the O
|
5387 |
+
CNRM B-climate-organizations
|
5388 |
+
( O
|
5389 |
+
Centre B-climate-organizations
|
5390 |
+
National I-climate-organizations
|
5391 |
+
de I-climate-organizations
|
5392 |
+
Recherches I-climate-organizations
|
5393 |
+
Météorologiques I-climate-organizations
|
5394 |
+
) O
|
5395 |
+
version O
|
5396 |
+
of O
|
5397 |
+
the O
|
5398 |
+
total B-climate-models
|
5399 |
+
runoff I-climate-models
|
5400 |
+
integrating I-climate-models
|
5401 |
+
pathways I-climate-models
|
5402 |
+
( O
|
5403 |
+
CTRIP B-climate-models
|
5404 |
+
) O
|
5405 |
+
continental O
|
5406 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
5407 |
+
system O
|
5408 |
+
( O
|
5409 |
+
ISBA B-climate-models
|
5410 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5411 |
+
CTRIP I-climate-models
|
5412 |
+
) O
|
5413 |
+
. O
|
5414 |
+
|
5415 |
+
LDAS B-climate-models
|
5416 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5417 |
+
Monde I-climate-models
|
5418 |
+
is O
|
5419 |
+
forced O
|
5420 |
+
by O
|
5421 |
+
the O
|
5422 |
+
ERA-5 B-climate-models
|
5423 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
5424 |
+
reanalysis O
|
5425 |
+
from O
|
5426 |
+
the O
|
5427 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
5428 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
5429 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
5430 |
+
Medium I-climate-organizations
|
5431 |
+
Range I-climate-organizations
|
5432 |
+
Weather I-climate-organizations
|
5433 |
+
Forecast I-climate-organizations
|
5434 |
+
( O
|
5435 |
+
ECMWF B-climate-organizations
|
5436 |
+
) O
|
5437 |
+
from O
|
5438 |
+
2010 O
|
5439 |
+
to O
|
5440 |
+
2016 O
|
5441 |
+
leading O
|
5442 |
+
to O
|
5443 |
+
a O
|
5444 |
+
seven O
|
5445 |
+
- O
|
5446 |
+
year O
|
5447 |
+
, O
|
5448 |
+
quarter O
|
5449 |
+
degree O
|
5450 |
+
spatial O
|
5451 |
+
resolution O
|
5452 |
+
offline O
|
5453 |
+
reanalysis O
|
5454 |
+
of O
|
5455 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
5456 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
5457 |
+
variables O
|
5458 |
+
( O
|
5459 |
+
LSVs O
|
5460 |
+
) O
|
5461 |
+
over O
|
5462 |
+
CONUS O
|
5463 |
+
. O
|
5464 |
+
|
5465 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8986db15c45f03fde7360524ad9dce0a
|
5466 |
+
|
5467 |
+
Over O
|
5468 |
+
Arctic O
|
5469 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
5470 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
5471 |
+
, O
|
5472 |
+
pressure B-climate-properties
|
5473 |
+
ridges O
|
5474 |
+
and O
|
5475 |
+
floe B-climate-nature
|
5476 |
+
and O
|
5477 |
+
melt B-climate-nature
|
5478 |
+
pond I-climate-nature
|
5479 |
+
edges O
|
5480 |
+
all O
|
5481 |
+
introduce O
|
5482 |
+
discrete O
|
5483 |
+
obstructions O
|
5484 |
+
to O
|
5485 |
+
the O
|
5486 |
+
flow O
|
5487 |
+
of O
|
5488 |
+
air B-climate-nature
|
5489 |
+
or O
|
5490 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
5491 |
+
past O
|
5492 |
+
the O
|
5493 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
5494 |
+
and O
|
5495 |
+
are O
|
5496 |
+
a O
|
5497 |
+
source O
|
5498 |
+
of O
|
5499 |
+
form B-climate-properties
|
5500 |
+
drag I-climate-properties
|
5501 |
+
. O
|
5502 |
+
|
5503 |
+
The O
|
5504 |
+
drag B-climate-nature
|
5505 |
+
coefficients O
|
5506 |
+
are O
|
5507 |
+
incorporated O
|
5508 |
+
into O
|
5509 |
+
the O
|
5510 |
+
Los B-climate-models
|
5511 |
+
Alamos I-climate-models
|
5512 |
+
Sea I-climate-models
|
5513 |
+
Ice I-climate-models
|
5514 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5515 |
+
( O
|
5516 |
+
CICE B-climate-models
|
5517 |
+
) O
|
5518 |
+
and O
|
5519 |
+
show O
|
5520 |
+
the O
|
5521 |
+
influence O
|
5522 |
+
of O
|
5523 |
+
the O
|
5524 |
+
new O
|
5525 |
+
drag B-climate-nature
|
5526 |
+
parameterization O
|
5527 |
+
on O
|
5528 |
+
the O
|
5529 |
+
motion O
|
5530 |
+
and O
|
5531 |
+
state O
|
5532 |
+
of O
|
5533 |
+
the O
|
5534 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
5535 |
+
cover I-climate-nature
|
5536 |
+
, O
|
5537 |
+
with O
|
5538 |
+
the O
|
5539 |
+
most O
|
5540 |
+
noticeable O
|
5541 |
+
being O
|
5542 |
+
a O
|
5543 |
+
depletion O
|
5544 |
+
of O
|
5545 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
5546 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
5547 |
+
over O
|
5548 |
+
the O
|
5549 |
+
west O
|
5550 |
+
boundary O
|
5551 |
+
of O
|
5552 |
+
the O
|
5553 |
+
Arctic O
|
5554 |
+
Ocean O
|
5555 |
+
and O
|
5556 |
+
over O
|
5557 |
+
the O
|
5558 |
+
Beaufort O
|
5559 |
+
Sea O
|
5560 |
+
. O
|
5561 |
+
|
5562 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3770f1a827feac49cfbecead9eceecd2
|
5563 |
+
|
5564 |
+
Water B-climate-hazards
|
5565 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
5566 |
+
affects O
|
5567 |
+
large O
|
5568 |
+
parts O
|
5569 |
+
of O
|
5570 |
+
the O
|
5571 |
+
world O
|
5572 |
+
. O
|
5573 |
+
|
5574 |
+
Despite O
|
5575 |
+
recent O
|
5576 |
+
studies O
|
5577 |
+
that O
|
5578 |
+
analyze O
|
5579 |
+
the O
|
5580 |
+
effect O
|
5581 |
+
of O
|
5582 |
+
climate O
|
5583 |
+
change O
|
5584 |
+
on O
|
5585 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
5586 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
5587 |
+
, O
|
5588 |
+
e.g. O
|
5589 |
+
using O
|
5590 |
+
climate O
|
5591 |
+
projections O
|
5592 |
+
under O
|
5593 |
+
representative O
|
5594 |
+
concentration O
|
5595 |
+
pathways O
|
5596 |
+
( O
|
5597 |
+
RCP O
|
5598 |
+
) O
|
5599 |
+
of O
|
5600 |
+
the O
|
5601 |
+
fifth B-climate-datasets
|
5602 |
+
assessment I-climate-datasets
|
5603 |
+
report I-climate-datasets
|
5604 |
+
of O
|
5605 |
+
the O
|
5606 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
5607 |
+
( O
|
5608 |
+
AR5 B-climate-datasets
|
5609 |
+
) O
|
5610 |
+
, O
|
5611 |
+
decision O
|
5612 |
+
support O
|
5613 |
+
for O
|
5614 |
+
closing O
|
5615 |
+
the O
|
5616 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
5617 |
+
gap I-climate-hazards
|
5618 |
+
between O
|
5619 |
+
now O
|
5620 |
+
and O
|
5621 |
+
2100 O
|
5622 |
+
does O
|
5623 |
+
not O
|
5624 |
+
exist O
|
5625 |
+
at O
|
5626 |
+
a O
|
5627 |
+
meaningful O
|
5628 |
+
scale O
|
5629 |
+
and O
|
5630 |
+
with O
|
5631 |
+
a O
|
5632 |
+
global O
|
5633 |
+
coverage O
|
5634 |
+
. O
|
5635 |
+
|
5636 |
+
Water B-climate-assets
|
5637 |
+
supply I-climate-assets
|
5638 |
+
was O
|
5639 |
+
computed O
|
5640 |
+
using O
|
5641 |
+
the O
|
5642 |
+
PCR B-climate-models
|
5643 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5644 |
+
GLOBWB I-climate-models
|
5645 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
5646 |
+
and O
|
5647 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
5648 |
+
resources I-climate-assets
|
5649 |
+
model O
|
5650 |
+
, O
|
5651 |
+
parameterized O
|
5652 |
+
at O
|
5653 |
+
5 O
|
5654 |
+
arcminutes O
|
5655 |
+
for O
|
5656 |
+
the O
|
5657 |
+
whole O
|
5658 |
+
globe O
|
5659 |
+
. O
|
5660 |
+
|
5661 |
+
We O
|
5662 |
+
ran O
|
5663 |
+
PCR B-climate-models
|
5664 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5665 |
+
GLOBWB I-climate-models
|
5666 |
+
with O
|
5667 |
+
a O
|
5668 |
+
daily O
|
5669 |
+
forcing O
|
5670 |
+
derived O
|
5671 |
+
from O
|
5672 |
+
five O
|
5673 |
+
different O
|
5674 |
+
GCM O
|
5675 |
+
models O
|
5676 |
+
from O
|
5677 |
+
the O
|
5678 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
5679 |
+
( O
|
5680 |
+
GFDL B-climate-models
|
5681 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5682 |
+
ESM2 I-climate-models
|
5683 |
+
M I-climate-models
|
5684 |
+
, O
|
5685 |
+
Hadgem2 B-climate-models
|
5686 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5687 |
+
ES I-climate-models
|
5688 |
+
, O
|
5689 |
+
IPSL B-climate-models
|
5690 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5691 |
+
CMA5 I-climate-models
|
5692 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5693 |
+
LR I-climate-models
|
5694 |
+
, O
|
5695 |
+
MIROC B-climate-models
|
5696 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5697 |
+
ESM I-climate-models
|
5698 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5699 |
+
CHEM I-climate-models
|
5700 |
+
, O
|
5701 |
+
NorESM1 B-climate-models
|
5702 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5703 |
+
M I-climate-models
|
5704 |
+
) O
|
5705 |
+
that O
|
5706 |
+
were O
|
5707 |
+
bias O
|
5708 |
+
corrected O
|
5709 |
+
using O
|
5710 |
+
observation O
|
5711 |
+
- O
|
5712 |
+
based O
|
5713 |
+
WATCH B-climate-datasets
|
5714 |
+
data O
|
5715 |
+
between O
|
5716 |
+
1960 O
|
5717 |
+
- O
|
5718 |
+
1999 O
|
5719 |
+
. O
|
5720 |
+
|
5721 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O569437d00ead7080f5c75040e171931c
|
5722 |
+
|
5723 |
+
SEAREG B-climate-organizations
|
5724 |
+
analyses O
|
5725 |
+
socio O
|
5726 |
+
- O
|
5727 |
+
economic O
|
5728 |
+
and O
|
5729 |
+
environmental O
|
5730 |
+
effects O
|
5731 |
+
of O
|
5732 |
+
climate O
|
5733 |
+
and O
|
5734 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
5735 |
+
level I-climate-properties
|
5736 |
+
changes I-climate-properties
|
5737 |
+
in O
|
5738 |
+
the O
|
5739 |
+
Baltic O
|
5740 |
+
Sea O
|
5741 |
+
Region O
|
5742 |
+
( O
|
5743 |
+
BSR O
|
5744 |
+
) O
|
5745 |
+
. O
|
5746 |
+
|
5747 |
+
Within O
|
5748 |
+
the O
|
5749 |
+
project O
|
5750 |
+
, O
|
5751 |
+
the O
|
5752 |
+
Swedish B-climate-organizations
|
5753 |
+
Meteorological I-climate-organizations
|
5754 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
5755 |
+
Hydrological I-climate-organizations
|
5756 |
+
Institute I-climate-organizations
|
5757 |
+
( O
|
5758 |
+
SMHI B-climate-organizations
|
5759 |
+
) O
|
5760 |
+
develops O
|
5761 |
+
scenarios O
|
5762 |
+
of O
|
5763 |
+
future O
|
5764 |
+
climate O
|
5765 |
+
and O
|
5766 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
5767 |
+
level I-climate-nature
|
5768 |
+
for O
|
5769 |
+
the O
|
5770 |
+
year O
|
5771 |
+
2100 O
|
5772 |
+
which O
|
5773 |
+
will O
|
5774 |
+
then O
|
5775 |
+
be O
|
5776 |
+
connected O
|
5777 |
+
with O
|
5778 |
+
regional O
|
5779 |
+
data O
|
5780 |
+
. O
|
5781 |
+
|
5782 |
+
Coastal B-climate-nature
|
5783 |
+
dynamics O
|
5784 |
+
was O
|
5785 |
+
estimated O
|
5786 |
+
for O
|
5787 |
+
the O
|
5788 |
+
next O
|
5789 |
+
100 O
|
5790 |
+
years O
|
5791 |
+
, O
|
5792 |
+
considering O
|
5793 |
+
the O
|
5794 |
+
island O
|
5795 |
+
of O
|
5796 |
+
Usedom O
|
5797 |
+
as O
|
5798 |
+
an O
|
5799 |
+
example O
|
5800 |
+
. O
|
5801 |
+
|
5802 |
+
Data O
|
5803 |
+
of O
|
5804 |
+
the O
|
5805 |
+
different O
|
5806 |
+
SMHI B-climate-organizations
|
5807 |
+
climate O
|
5808 |
+
scenarios O
|
5809 |
+
were O
|
5810 |
+
used O
|
5811 |
+
for O
|
5812 |
+
this O
|
5813 |
+
calculation O
|
5814 |
+
. O
|
5815 |
+
|
5816 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oee2139dbea88f78d6f98b2eb6225939b
|
5817 |
+
|
5818 |
+
By O
|
5819 |
+
comparing O
|
5820 |
+
the O
|
5821 |
+
predicted O
|
5822 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5823 |
+
PM2.5 B-climate-hazards
|
5824 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
5825 |
+
from O
|
5826 |
+
the O
|
5827 |
+
interpretable O
|
5828 |
+
ML O
|
5829 |
+
model O
|
5830 |
+
with O
|
5831 |
+
the O
|
5832 |
+
Global B-climate-datasets
|
5833 |
+
Fire I-climate-datasets
|
5834 |
+
Emissions I-climate-datasets
|
5835 |
+
Database I-climate-datasets
|
5836 |
+
( O
|
5837 |
+
GFED B-climate-datasets
|
5838 |
+
) O
|
5839 |
+
observations O
|
5840 |
+
and O
|
5841 |
+
predictions O
|
5842 |
+
from O
|
5843 |
+
process O
|
5844 |
+
- O
|
5845 |
+
based O
|
5846 |
+
models O
|
5847 |
+
in O
|
5848 |
+
the O
|
5849 |
+
Fire B-climate-models
|
5850 |
+
Modeling I-climate-models
|
5851 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
5852 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
5853 |
+
( O
|
5854 |
+
FireMIP B-climate-models
|
5855 |
+
) O
|
5856 |
+
, O
|
5857 |
+
the O
|
5858 |
+
ML O
|
5859 |
+
model O
|
5860 |
+
is O
|
5861 |
+
also O
|
5862 |
+
used O
|
5863 |
+
to O
|
5864 |
+
diagnose O
|
5865 |
+
the O
|
5866 |
+
process O
|
5867 |
+
- O
|
5868 |
+
based O
|
5869 |
+
models O
|
5870 |
+
to O
|
5871 |
+
inform O
|
5872 |
+
future O
|
5873 |
+
development O
|
5874 |
+
. O
|
5875 |
+
|
5876 |
+
Results O
|
5877 |
+
show O
|
5878 |
+
promising O
|
5879 |
+
performance O
|
5880 |
+
for O
|
5881 |
+
the O
|
5882 |
+
ML O
|
5883 |
+
model O
|
5884 |
+
, O
|
5885 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
5886 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
5887 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
5888 |
+
( O
|
5889 |
+
CLM B-climate-models
|
5890 |
+
) O
|
5891 |
+
, O
|
5892 |
+
and O
|
5893 |
+
Joint B-climate-models
|
5894 |
+
UK I-climate-models
|
5895 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
5896 |
+
environment I-climate-models
|
5897 |
+
Simulator I-climate-models
|
5898 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5899 |
+
Interactive I-climate-models
|
5900 |
+
Fire I-climate-models
|
5901 |
+
And I-climate-models
|
5902 |
+
Emission I-climate-models
|
5903 |
+
Algorithm I-climate-models
|
5904 |
+
For I-climate-models
|
5905 |
+
Natural I-climate-models
|
5906 |
+
Environments I-climate-models
|
5907 |
+
( O
|
5908 |
+
JULES B-climate-models
|
5909 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5910 |
+
INFERNO I-climate-models
|
5911 |
+
) O
|
5912 |
+
in O
|
5913 |
+
reproducing O
|
5914 |
+
the O
|
5915 |
+
spatial O
|
5916 |
+
distributions O
|
5917 |
+
, O
|
5918 |
+
seasonality O
|
5919 |
+
, O
|
5920 |
+
and O
|
5921 |
+
interannual O
|
5922 |
+
variability O
|
5923 |
+
of O
|
5924 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
5925 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
5926 |
+
over O
|
5927 |
+
CONUS O
|
5928 |
+
. O
|
5929 |
+
|
5930 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O2339c8dabadce81d70167959a015f8d5
|
5931 |
+
|
5932 |
+
In O
|
5933 |
+
the O
|
5934 |
+
present O
|
5935 |
+
study O
|
5936 |
+
, O
|
5937 |
+
the O
|
5938 |
+
dynamical O
|
5939 |
+
downscaling O
|
5940 |
+
technique O
|
5941 |
+
was O
|
5942 |
+
applied O
|
5943 |
+
in O
|
5944 |
+
the O
|
5945 |
+
Advanced B-climate-models
|
5946 |
+
Weather I-climate-models
|
5947 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
5948 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
5949 |
+
Forecasting I-climate-models
|
5950 |
+
numerical O
|
5951 |
+
model O
|
5952 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
5953 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
5954 |
+
ARW I-climate-models
|
5955 |
+
, O
|
5956 |
+
to O
|
5957 |
+
investigate O
|
5958 |
+
and O
|
5959 |
+
validate O
|
5960 |
+
the O
|
5961 |
+
performance O
|
5962 |
+
of O
|
5963 |
+
different O
|
5964 |
+
physics O
|
5965 |
+
parameterizations O
|
5966 |
+
. O
|
5967 |
+
|
5968 |
+
The O
|
5969 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
5970 |
+
model O
|
5971 |
+
, O
|
5972 |
+
was O
|
5973 |
+
forced O
|
5974 |
+
by O
|
5975 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
5976 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
5977 |
+
INTERIM I-climate-datasets
|
5978 |
+
reanalysis O
|
5979 |
+
data O
|
5980 |
+
, O
|
5981 |
+
for O
|
5982 |
+
a O
|
5983 |
+
short O
|
5984 |
+
period O
|
5985 |
+
of O
|
5986 |
+
one O
|
5987 |
+
year O
|
5988 |
+
( O
|
5989 |
+
January O
|
5990 |
+
2002 O
|
5991 |
+
– O
|
5992 |
+
December O
|
5993 |
+
2002 O
|
5994 |
+
) O
|
5995 |
+
, O
|
5996 |
+
over O
|
5997 |
+
the O
|
5998 |
+
area O
|
5999 |
+
of O
|
6000 |
+
the O
|
6001 |
+
MED B-climate-models
|
6002 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
6003 |
+
CORDEX I-climate-models
|
6004 |
+
domain O
|
6005 |
+
of O
|
6006 |
+
20 O
|
6007 |
+
km O
|
6008 |
+
horizontal O
|
6009 |
+
resolution O
|
6010 |
+
, O
|
6011 |
+
downscaled O
|
6012 |
+
to O
|
6013 |
+
the O
|
6014 |
+
domain O
|
6015 |
+
of O
|
6016 |
+
Greece O
|
6017 |
+
with O
|
6018 |
+
grid O
|
6019 |
+
spacing O
|
6020 |
+
of O
|
6021 |
+
5 O
|
6022 |
+
km O
|
6023 |
+
. O
|
6024 |
+
|
6025 |
+
The O
|
6026 |
+
results O
|
6027 |
+
of O
|
6028 |
+
the O
|
6029 |
+
model O
|
6030 |
+
simulations O
|
6031 |
+
have O
|
6032 |
+
been O
|
6033 |
+
compared O
|
6034 |
+
with O
|
6035 |
+
all O
|
6036 |
+
available O
|
6037 |
+
station O
|
6038 |
+
measurements O
|
6039 |
+
from O
|
6040 |
+
the O
|
6041 |
+
European O
|
6042 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
6043 |
+
Assessment I-climate-datasets
|
6044 |
+
and I-climate-datasets
|
6045 |
+
Dataset I-climate-datasets
|
6046 |
+
( O
|
6047 |
+
ECA&D B-climate-datasets
|
6048 |
+
) O
|
6049 |
+
for O
|
6050 |
+
the O
|
6051 |
+
daily B-climate-properties
|
6052 |
+
precipitation I-climate-properties
|
6053 |
+
and O
|
6054 |
+
2 O
|
6055 |
+
- O
|
6056 |
+
m O
|
6057 |
+
air B-climate-properties
|
6058 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
6059 |
+
, O
|
6060 |
+
through O
|
6061 |
+
the O
|
6062 |
+
computation O
|
6063 |
+
of O
|
6064 |
+
statistical O
|
6065 |
+
metrics O
|
6066 |
+
. O
|
6067 |
+
|
6068 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe3dc4c0ede0ce8da36307bc1e0650485
|
6069 |
+
|
6070 |
+
Halogenated O
|
6071 |
+
organic O
|
6072 |
+
compounds O
|
6073 |
+
are O
|
6074 |
+
naturally O
|
6075 |
+
produced O
|
6076 |
+
in O
|
6077 |
+
the O
|
6078 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
6079 |
+
and O
|
6080 |
+
emitted O
|
6081 |
+
to O
|
6082 |
+
the O
|
6083 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
6084 |
+
. O
|
6085 |
+
|
6086 |
+
The O
|
6087 |
+
halogenated O
|
6088 |
+
very O
|
6089 |
+
short O
|
6090 |
+
- O
|
6091 |
+
lived O
|
6092 |
+
substances O
|
6093 |
+
( O
|
6094 |
+
VSLS O
|
6095 |
+
) O
|
6096 |
+
, O
|
6097 |
+
such O
|
6098 |
+
as O
|
6099 |
+
bromoform O
|
6100 |
+
, O
|
6101 |
+
have O
|
6102 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
6103 |
+
lifetimes I-climate-properties
|
6104 |
+
of O
|
6105 |
+
less O
|
6106 |
+
than O
|
6107 |
+
half O
|
6108 |
+
a O
|
6109 |
+
year O
|
6110 |
+
. O
|
6111 |
+
|
6112 |
+
When O
|
6113 |
+
VSLS O
|
6114 |
+
reach O
|
6115 |
+
the O
|
6116 |
+
stratosphere B-climate-nature
|
6117 |
+
, O
|
6118 |
+
they O
|
6119 |
+
enhance O
|
6120 |
+
ozone B-climate-hazards
|
6121 |
+
depletion I-climate-hazards
|
6122 |
+
and O
|
6123 |
+
thus O
|
6124 |
+
impact O
|
6125 |
+
the O
|
6126 |
+
climate O
|
6127 |
+
. O
|
6128 |
+
|
6129 |
+
During O
|
6130 |
+
the O
|
6131 |
+
research B-climate-observations
|
6132 |
+
cruises I-climate-observations
|
6133 |
+
SO234 I-climate-observations
|
6134 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
6135 |
+
2 I-climate-observations
|
6136 |
+
and O
|
6137 |
+
SO235 B-climate-observations
|
6138 |
+
in O
|
6139 |
+
July O
|
6140 |
+
- O
|
6141 |
+
August O
|
6142 |
+
2014 O
|
6143 |
+
onboard O
|
6144 |
+
RV B-climate-observations
|
6145 |
+
SONNE I-climate-observations
|
6146 |
+
, O
|
6147 |
+
we O
|
6148 |
+
measured O
|
6149 |
+
oceanic B-climate-properties
|
6150 |
+
and I-climate-properties
|
6151 |
+
atmospheric I-climate-properties
|
6152 |
+
concentrations I-climate-properties
|
6153 |
+
of O
|
6154 |
+
bromoform O
|
6155 |
+
( O
|
6156 |
+
tropical B-climate-properties
|
6157 |
+
lifetime I-climate-properties
|
6158 |
+
at O
|
6159 |
+
10 O
|
6160 |
+
km O
|
6161 |
+
= O
|
6162 |
+
17 O
|
6163 |
+
days O
|
6164 |
+
) O
|
6165 |
+
, O
|
6166 |
+
dibromomethane O
|
6167 |
+
( O
|
6168 |
+
150 O
|
6169 |
+
days O
|
6170 |
+
) O
|
6171 |
+
and O
|
6172 |
+
methyl O
|
6173 |
+
iodide O
|
6174 |
+
( O
|
6175 |
+
3.5 O
|
6176 |
+
days O
|
6177 |
+
) O
|
6178 |
+
in O
|
6179 |
+
the O
|
6180 |
+
subtropical B-climate-nature
|
6181 |
+
and O
|
6182 |
+
tropical B-climate-nature
|
6183 |
+
West O
|
6184 |
+
Indian O
|
6185 |
+
Ocean O
|
6186 |
+
and O
|
6187 |
+
calculated O
|
6188 |
+
their O
|
6189 |
+
emission O
|
6190 |
+
strengths O
|
6191 |
+
. O
|
6192 |
+
|
6193 |
+
We O
|
6194 |
+
use O
|
6195 |
+
the O
|
6196 |
+
Langrangian O
|
6197 |
+
transport O
|
6198 |
+
model O
|
6199 |
+
FLEXPART I-climate-models
|
6200 |
+
driven O
|
6201 |
+
by O
|
6202 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
6203 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6204 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
6205 |
+
meteorological O
|
6206 |
+
fields O
|
6207 |
+
to O
|
6208 |
+
investigate O
|
6209 |
+
the O
|
6210 |
+
transport O
|
6211 |
+
of O
|
6212 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
6213 |
+
emissions I-climate-nature
|
6214 |
+
in O
|
6215 |
+
the O
|
6216 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
6217 |
+
. O
|
6218 |
+
|
6219 |
+
Furthermore O
|
6220 |
+
, O
|
6221 |
+
we O
|
6222 |
+
investigate O
|
6223 |
+
the O
|
6224 |
+
connection O
|
6225 |
+
between O
|
6226 |
+
the O
|
6227 |
+
Asian B-climate-nature
|
6228 |
+
monsoon I-climate-nature
|
6229 |
+
anticyclone I-climate-nature
|
6230 |
+
and O
|
6231 |
+
the O
|
6232 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
6233 |
+
source O
|
6234 |
+
regions O
|
6235 |
+
using O
|
6236 |
+
backward O
|
6237 |
+
trajectories O
|
6238 |
+
. O
|
6239 |
+
|
6240 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/85808f0cb1cb020d8ad0c40822992dc6cdd371ca
|
6241 |
+
|
6242 |
+
This O
|
6243 |
+
paper O
|
6244 |
+
presents O
|
6245 |
+
a O
|
6246 |
+
new O
|
6247 |
+
approach O
|
6248 |
+
to O
|
6249 |
+
long O
|
6250 |
+
- O
|
6251 |
+
term O
|
6252 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
6253 |
+
risk O
|
6254 |
+
assessment O
|
6255 |
+
in O
|
6256 |
+
accordance O
|
6257 |
+
with O
|
6258 |
+
the O
|
6259 |
+
UK B-climate-datasets
|
6260 |
+
Foresight I-climate-datasets
|
6261 |
+
Future I-climate-datasets
|
6262 |
+
Flooding I-climate-datasets
|
6263 |
+
Report I-climate-datasets
|
6264 |
+
|
6265 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8c19cb08726b1111a44034d5129c56e13804616b
|
6266 |
+
|
6267 |
+
Quantifying O
|
6268 |
+
the O
|
6269 |
+
reliability O
|
6270 |
+
of O
|
6271 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6272 |
+
datasets O
|
6273 |
+
for O
|
6274 |
+
monitoring O
|
6275 |
+
large‐scale O
|
6276 |
+
East O
|
6277 |
+
Asian O
|
6278 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6279 |
+
variations O
|
6280 |
+
. O
|
6281 |
+
|
6282 |
+
Early O
|
6283 |
+
detection O
|
6284 |
+
of O
|
6285 |
+
extreme O
|
6286 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
6287 |
+
and O
|
6288 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
6289 |
+
events O
|
6290 |
+
either O
|
6291 |
+
over O
|
6292 |
+
the O
|
6293 |
+
whole O
|
6294 |
+
globe O
|
6295 |
+
or O
|
6296 |
+
a O
|
6297 |
+
broad O
|
6298 |
+
geographical O
|
6299 |
+
region O
|
6300 |
+
, O
|
6301 |
+
and O
|
6302 |
+
timely O
|
6303 |
+
dissemination O
|
6304 |
+
of O
|
6305 |
+
this O
|
6306 |
+
information O
|
6307 |
+
, O
|
6308 |
+
is O
|
6309 |
+
indispensable O
|
6310 |
+
for O
|
6311 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
6312 |
+
and O
|
6313 |
+
disaster B-climate-mitigations
|
6314 |
+
preparedness I-climate-mitigations
|
6315 |
+
. O
|
6316 |
+
|
6317 |
+
Recently O
|
6318 |
+
, O
|
6319 |
+
the O
|
6320 |
+
APEC B-climate-organizations
|
6321 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
6322 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
6323 |
+
( O
|
6324 |
+
APCC B-climate-organizations
|
6325 |
+
) O
|
6326 |
+
has O
|
6327 |
+
launched O
|
6328 |
+
a O
|
6329 |
+
global O
|
6330 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6331 |
+
variation O
|
6332 |
+
monitoring O
|
6333 |
+
product O
|
6334 |
+
based O
|
6335 |
+
on O
|
6336 |
+
the O
|
6337 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
6338 |
+
Anomaly I-climate-datasets
|
6339 |
+
Monitoring I-climate-datasets
|
6340 |
+
System I-climate-datasets
|
6341 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6342 |
+
Outgoing I-climate-datasets
|
6343 |
+
Longwave I-climate-datasets
|
6344 |
+
Radiation I-climate-datasets
|
6345 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
6346 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
6347 |
+
( O
|
6348 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
6349 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6350 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
6351 |
+
) O
|
6352 |
+
data O
|
6353 |
+
. O
|
6354 |
+
|
6355 |
+
Here O
|
6356 |
+
we O
|
6357 |
+
quantify O
|
6358 |
+
the O
|
6359 |
+
reliability O
|
6360 |
+
of O
|
6361 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
6362 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6363 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
6364 |
+
, O
|
6365 |
+
as O
|
6366 |
+
well O
|
6367 |
+
as O
|
6368 |
+
other O
|
6369 |
+
gauge O
|
6370 |
+
- O
|
6371 |
+
satellite O
|
6372 |
+
- O
|
6373 |
+
merged O
|
6374 |
+
and O
|
6375 |
+
reanalysis O
|
6376 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6377 |
+
datasets O
|
6378 |
+
, O
|
6379 |
+
for O
|
6380 |
+
the O
|
6381 |
+
purpose O
|
6382 |
+
of O
|
6383 |
+
monitoring O
|
6384 |
+
large O
|
6385 |
+
- O
|
6386 |
+
scale O
|
6387 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6388 |
+
variability O
|
6389 |
+
in O
|
6390 |
+
East O
|
6391 |
+
Asia O
|
6392 |
+
. O
|
6393 |
+
|
6394 |
+
The O
|
6395 |
+
ground O
|
6396 |
+
truth O
|
6397 |
+
is O
|
6398 |
+
the O
|
6399 |
+
newly O
|
6400 |
+
available O
|
6401 |
+
gauge O
|
6402 |
+
- O
|
6403 |
+
based O
|
6404 |
+
data O
|
6405 |
+
from O
|
6406 |
+
the O
|
6407 |
+
project O
|
6408 |
+
titled O
|
6409 |
+
' O
|
6410 |
+
Asian B-climate-datasets
|
6411 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
6412 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6413 |
+
Highly I-climate-datasets
|
6414 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6415 |
+
Resolved I-climate-datasets
|
6416 |
+
Observational I-climate-datasets
|
6417 |
+
Data I-climate-datasets
|
6418 |
+
Integration I-climate-datasets
|
6419 |
+
Towards I-climate-datasets
|
6420 |
+
Evaluation I-climate-datasets
|
6421 |
+
( O
|
6422 |
+
APHRODITE B-climate-datasets
|
6423 |
+
) O
|
6424 |
+
of O
|
6425 |
+
the O
|
6426 |
+
Water B-climate-nature
|
6427 |
+
Resources I-climate-nature
|
6428 |
+
' O
|
6429 |
+
. O
|
6430 |
+
|
6431 |
+
It O
|
6432 |
+
is O
|
6433 |
+
found O
|
6434 |
+
that O
|
6435 |
+
the O
|
6436 |
+
seasonal O
|
6437 |
+
- O
|
6438 |
+
to O
|
6439 |
+
- O
|
6440 |
+
interannual O
|
6441 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
6442 |
+
deficit O
|
6443 |
+
and O
|
6444 |
+
surplus O
|
6445 |
+
given O
|
6446 |
+
by O
|
6447 |
+
various O
|
6448 |
+
reanalysis O
|
6449 |
+
systems O
|
6450 |
+
sometimes O
|
6451 |
+
do O
|
6452 |
+
not O
|
6453 |
+
match O
|
6454 |
+
the O
|
6455 |
+
spatial O
|
6456 |
+
patterns O
|
6457 |
+
seen O
|
6458 |
+
in O
|
6459 |
+
the O
|
6460 |
+
APHRODITE B-climate-datasets
|
6461 |
+
data O
|
6462 |
+
. O
|
6463 |
+
|
6464 |
+
Moreover O
|
6465 |
+
, O
|
6466 |
+
maps O
|
6467 |
+
showing O
|
6468 |
+
the O
|
6469 |
+
Standardized B-climate-properties
|
6470 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-properties
|
6471 |
+
Index I-climate-properties
|
6472 |
+
( O
|
6473 |
+
SPI B-climate-properties
|
6474 |
+
) O
|
6475 |
+
become O
|
6476 |
+
less O
|
6477 |
+
and O
|
6478 |
+
less O
|
6479 |
+
reliable O
|
6480 |
+
as O
|
6481 |
+
the O
|
6482 |
+
time O
|
6483 |
+
scale O
|
6484 |
+
based O
|
6485 |
+
on O
|
6486 |
+
which O
|
6487 |
+
values O
|
6488 |
+
are O
|
6489 |
+
calculated O
|
6490 |
+
increases O
|
6491 |
+
. O
|
6492 |
+
|
6493 |
+
Overall O
|
6494 |
+
, O
|
6495 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
6496 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
6497 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
6498 |
+
is O
|
6499 |
+
found O
|
6500 |
+
to O
|
6501 |
+
be O
|
6502 |
+
reliable O
|
6503 |
+
for O
|
6504 |
+
monitoring O
|
6505 |
+
large O
|
6506 |
+
- O
|
6507 |
+
scale O
|
6508 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
6509 |
+
variations O
|
6510 |
+
over O
|
6511 |
+
the O
|
6512 |
+
East O
|
6513 |
+
Asian O
|
6514 |
+
sector O
|
6515 |
+
. O
|
6516 |
+
|
6517 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c34681d4a74dfb6e02ec9d7e28bfaf70d27c000
|
6518 |
+
|
6519 |
+
Current O
|
6520 |
+
and O
|
6521 |
+
Future O
|
6522 |
+
Impacts O
|
6523 |
+
of O
|
6524 |
+
Extreme O
|
6525 |
+
Flood B-climate-hazards
|
6526 |
+
Events O
|
6527 |
+
. O
|
6528 |
+
|
6529 |
+
Inadequate B-climate-problem-origins
|
6530 |
+
timber I-climate-problem-origins
|
6531 |
+
extraction I-climate-problem-origins
|
6532 |
+
management O
|
6533 |
+
of O
|
6534 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
6535 |
+
, O
|
6536 |
+
cattle B-climate-problem-origins
|
6537 |
+
farming O
|
6538 |
+
, O
|
6539 |
+
abusive B-climate-problem-origins
|
6540 |
+
recreational I-climate-problem-origins
|
6541 |
+
practices I-climate-problem-origins
|
6542 |
+
, O
|
6543 |
+
and O
|
6544 |
+
rapid O
|
6545 |
+
urban B-climate-problem-origins
|
6546 |
+
expansion I-climate-problem-origins
|
6547 |
+
are O
|
6548 |
+
all O
|
6549 |
+
factors O
|
6550 |
+
that O
|
6551 |
+
create O
|
6552 |
+
significant O
|
6553 |
+
problems O
|
6554 |
+
in O
|
6555 |
+
the O
|
6556 |
+
Cantabrian O
|
6557 |
+
area O
|
6558 |
+
watershed B-climate-nature
|
6559 |
+
for O
|
6560 |
+
the O
|
6561 |
+
sustainable O
|
6562 |
+
management O
|
6563 |
+
of O
|
6564 |
+
the O
|
6565 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
6566 |
+
ecosystem O
|
6567 |
+
services O
|
6568 |
+
. O
|
6569 |
+
|
6570 |
+
In O
|
6571 |
+
this O
|
6572 |
+
chapter O
|
6573 |
+
, O
|
6574 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-organizations
|
6575 |
+
RT3 O
|
6576 |
+
climate O
|
6577 |
+
model O
|
6578 |
+
outputs O
|
6579 |
+
are O
|
6580 |
+
analysed O
|
6581 |
+
and O
|
6582 |
+
calibrated O
|
6583 |
+
with O
|
6584 |
+
local O
|
6585 |
+
observation O
|
6586 |
+
data O
|
6587 |
+
recorded O
|
6588 |
+
daily O
|
6589 |
+
. O
|
6590 |
+
|
6591 |
+
The O
|
6592 |
+
hydrological O
|
6593 |
+
/ O
|
6594 |
+
hydraulic O
|
6595 |
+
coupling O
|
6596 |
+
model O
|
6597 |
+
( O
|
6598 |
+
MikeShe B-climate-models
|
6599 |
+
- O
|
6600 |
+
Mike11 B-climate-models
|
6601 |
+
) O
|
6602 |
+
is O
|
6603 |
+
applied O
|
6604 |
+
by O
|
6605 |
+
forcing O
|
6606 |
+
the O
|
6607 |
+
validated O
|
6608 |
+
model O
|
6609 |
+
output O
|
6610 |
+
. O
|
6611 |
+
|
6612 |
+
According O
|
6613 |
+
to O
|
6614 |
+
the O
|
6615 |
+
results O
|
6616 |
+
, O
|
6617 |
+
under O
|
6618 |
+
the O
|
6619 |
+
medium O
|
6620 |
+
greenhouse O
|
6621 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
6622 |
+
scenario O
|
6623 |
+
( O
|
6624 |
+
A1B B-climate-datasets
|
6625 |
+
) O
|
6626 |
+
, O
|
6627 |
+
the O
|
6628 |
+
Regional O
|
6629 |
+
Climate O
|
6630 |
+
Models O
|
6631 |
+
HIRHAM I-climate-models
|
6632 |
+
( O
|
6633 |
+
2001–2050 O
|
6634 |
+
) O
|
6635 |
+
and O
|
6636 |
+
RACMO B-climate-models
|
6637 |
+
( O
|
6638 |
+
2051–2100 O
|
6639 |
+
) O
|
6640 |
+
show O
|
6641 |
+
an O
|
6642 |
+
increase O
|
6643 |
+
in O
|
6644 |
+
extreme B-climate-hazards
|
6645 |
+
precipitation I-climate-hazards
|
6646 |
+
. O
|
6647 |
+
|
6648 |
+
The O
|
6649 |
+
expected O
|
6650 |
+
changes O
|
6651 |
+
show O
|
6652 |
+
spatial O
|
6653 |
+
variability O
|
6654 |
+
depending O
|
6655 |
+
on O
|
6656 |
+
local O
|
6657 |
+
characteristics O
|
6658 |
+
( O
|
6659 |
+
topography B-climate-nature
|
6660 |
+
, O
|
6661 |
+
proximity O
|
6662 |
+
to O
|
6663 |
+
the O
|
6664 |
+
coast B-climate-nature
|
6665 |
+
, O
|
6666 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
6667 |
+
, O
|
6668 |
+
etc O
|
6669 |
+
. O
|
6670 |
+
) O
|
6671 |
+
and O
|
6672 |
+
ranging O
|
6673 |
+
between O
|
6674 |
+
6–26 O
|
6675 |
+
% O
|
6676 |
+
for O
|
6677 |
+
HIRHAM B-climate-models
|
6678 |
+
and O
|
6679 |
+
11–12 O
|
6680 |
+
% O
|
6681 |
+
for O
|
6682 |
+
RACMO B-climate-models
|
6683 |
+
. O
|
6684 |
+
|
6685 |
+
An O
|
6686 |
+
increase O
|
6687 |
+
of O
|
6688 |
+
22 O
|
6689 |
+
± O
|
6690 |
+
2 O
|
6691 |
+
% O
|
6692 |
+
is O
|
6693 |
+
expected O
|
6694 |
+
in O
|
6695 |
+
the O
|
6696 |
+
HIRHAM B-climate-models
|
6697 |
+
climatic O
|
6698 |
+
model O
|
6699 |
+
for O
|
6700 |
+
upstream O
|
6701 |
+
peak O
|
6702 |
+
discharge B-climate-properties
|
6703 |
+
with O
|
6704 |
+
a O
|
6705 |
+
return O
|
6706 |
+
period O
|
6707 |
+
exceeding O
|
6708 |
+
50 O
|
6709 |
+
years O
|
6710 |
+
. O
|
6711 |
+
|