The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'file_text'}) This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using gzip://jawiki-20241007-cirrussearch-content.json::hf://datasets/ce-lery/dataset_archive@a85529648f117bcce80a5df31d314ad5f64a88fa/jawiki-20241007-cirrussearch-content.json.gz Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations) Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single writer.write_table(table) File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema) File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema) File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2240, in cast_table_to_schema raise CastError( datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast index: struct<_type: string, _id: string> child 0, _type: string child 1, _id: string template: list<item: string> child 0, item: string content_model: string opening_text: string wiki: string auxiliary_text: list<item: string> child 0, item: string language: string title: string score: double page_id: int64 create_timestamp: timestamp[s] weighted_tags: list<item: string> child 0, item: string text: string defaultsort: string timestamp: timestamp[s] redirect: list<item: struct<namespace: int64, title: string>> child 0, item: struct<namespace: int64, title: string> child 0, namespace: int64 child 1, title: string wikibase_item: string heading: list<item: string> child 0, item: string source_text: string coordinates: list<item: struct<country: string, coord: struct<lon: double, lat: double>, globe: string, dim: int64, type: string, primary: bool, region: string, name: string>> child 0, item: struct<country: string, coord: struct<lon: double, lat: double>, globe: string, dim: int64, type: string, primary: bool, region: string, name: string> child 0, country: string child 1, coord: struct<lon: double, lat: double> child 0, lon: double child 1, lat: double child 2, globe: string child 3, dim: int64 child 4, type: string child 5, primary: bool child 6, region: string child 7, name: string version: int64 external_link: list<item: string> child 0, item: string namespace_text: string namespace: int64 text_bytes: int64 incoming_links: int64 category: list<item: string> child 0, item: string outgoing_link: list<item: string> child 0, item: string popularity_score: double display_title: null file_text: null to {'index': {'_type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), '_id': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}, 'template': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'content_model': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'wiki': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'opening_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'auxiliary_text': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'language': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'title': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'page_id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'create_timestamp': Value(dtype='timestamp[s]', id=None), 'weighted_tags': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'defaultsort': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'timestamp': Value(dtype='timestamp[s]', id=None), 'redirect': [{'namespace': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'title': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}], 'wikibase_item': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'heading': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'source_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'coordinates': [{'country': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'coord': {'lon': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), 'lat': Value(dtype='float64', id=None)}, 'globe': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'name': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'dim': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'primary': Value(dtype='bool', id=None), 'region': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}], 'version': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'external_link': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'namespace_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'namespace': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'text_bytes': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'incoming_links': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'category': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'outgoing_link': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'popularity_score': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), 'score': Value(dtype='float64', id=None), 'display_title': Value(dtype='null', id=None)} because column names don't match During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1412, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet( File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 988, in stream_convert_to_parquet builder._prepare_split( File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single( File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1872, in _prepare_split_single raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error( datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'file_text'}) This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using gzip://jawiki-20241007-cirrussearch-content.json::hf://datasets/ce-lery/dataset_archive@a85529648f117bcce80a5df31d314ad5f64a88fa/jawiki-20241007-cirrussearch-content.json.gz Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
index
dict | template
sequence | content_model
string | wiki
string | opening_text
string | auxiliary_text
sequence | language
string | title
string | page_id
int64 | create_timestamp
timestamp[us] | weighted_tags
sequence | text
string | defaultsort
string | timestamp
timestamp[us] | redirect
list | wikibase_item
string | heading
sequence | source_text
string | coordinates
list | version
int64 | external_link
sequence | namespace_text
string | namespace
int64 | text_bytes
int64 | incoming_links
int64 | category
sequence | outgoing_link
sequence | popularity_score
float64 | score
null | display_title
null |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{
"_type": "_doc",
"_id": "10"
} | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | [
"Template:ä»®ãªã³ã¯",
"Template:èšèªåŠ",
"Template:Sidebar with heading backgrounds",
"Template:Sidebar",
"Template:Flatlist",
"Template:Icon",
"Template:Hlist/styles.css",
"Template:Sidebar with heading backgrounds/styles.css",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Rellink",
"Template:See/core",
"Template:See also",
"Template:Plainlist",
"Template:PRC",
"Template:Flagicon",
"Template:Country flag alias CHN",
"Template:Country alias CHN",
"Template:ROC",
"Template:Country flag alias ROC",
"Template:Country alias ROC",
"Template:MYS",
"Template:Country flag alias MAS",
"Template:Country alias MAS",
"Template:SIN",
"Template:SGP",
"Template:Country flag alias SGP",
"Template:Country alias SGP",
"Template:Country alias Singapore",
"Template:ESP",
"Template:Country flag alias ESP",
"Template:Country alias ESP",
"Template:MEX",
"Template:Country flag alias MEX",
"Template:Country alias MEX",
"Template:ARG",
"Template:Country flag alias ARG",
"Template:Country alias ARG",
"Template:IND",
"Template:Country flag alias IND",
"Template:Country alias IND",
"Template:FJI",
"Template:Country flag alias FIJ",
"Template:Country alias FIJ",
"Template:USA",
"Template:Country flag alias USA",
"Template:Country alias USA",
"Template:UK",
"Template:GBR",
"Template:Country flag alias GBR",
"Template:Country alias GBR",
"Template:AUS",
"Template:Country flag alias AUS",
"Template:Country alias AUS",
"Template:CAN",
"Template:Country flag alias CAN",
"Template:Country alias CAN",
"Template:POR",
"Template:PRT",
"Template:Country flag alias POR",
"Template:Country alias POR",
"Template:BRA",
"Template:Country flag alias BRA",
"Template:Country alias BRA",
"Template:BAN",
"Template:BGD",
"Template:Country flag alias BAN",
"Template:Country alias BAN",
"Template:EGY",
"Template:æ",
"Template:Flag2",
"Template:Country data ãšãžãã",
"Template:Country data Egypt",
"Template:Country flag2",
"Template:KSA",
"Template:SAU",
"Template:Country flag alias SAU",
"Template:Country alias SAU",
"Template:Country alias Saudi Arabia",
"Template:IRQ",
"Template:Country flag alias IRQ",
"Template:Country alias IRQ",
"Template:FRA",
"Template:Country flag alias FRA",
"Template:Country alias FRA",
"Template:BEL",
"Template:Country flag alias BEL",
"Template:Country alias BEL",
"Template:RUS",
"Template:Country flag alias RUS",
"Template:Country alias RUS",
"Template:GER",
"Template:DEU",
"Template:Country flag alias GER",
"Template:Country alias GER",
"Template:AUT",
"Template:Country data ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢",
"Template:Country data Austria",
"Template:SUI",
"Template:CHE",
"Template:Country flag alias SUI",
"Template:Country alias SUI",
"Template:JPN",
"Template:Country flag alias JPN",
"Template:Country alias JPN",
"Template:PLW",
"Template:Country flag alias PLW",
"Template:Country alias PLW",
"Template:TUR",
"Template:Country flag alias TUR",
"Template:Country alias TUR",
"Template:KOR",
"Template:Country flag alias KOR",
"Template:Country alias KOR",
"Template:PRK",
"Template:Country flag alias PRK",
"Template:Country alias PRK",
"Template:IDN",
"Template:Country flag alias IDN",
"Template:Country alias IDN",
"Template:Country alias Indonesia",
"Template:PAK",
"Template:Country flag alias PAK",
"Template:Country alias PAK",
"Template:Seealso",
"Template:è泚ãã«ã",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Ifempty",
"Template:Column-count",
"Template:Column-width",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Accessdate",
"Template:Accessdate/core",
"Template:ISO dateJA",
"Template:ISO date/ymd",
"Template:Ill2",
"Template:Wiktionary",
"Template:Sister",
"Template:Side box",
"Template:Commons",
"Template:Plainlink",
"Template:è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž",
"Template:En icon",
"Template:Languageicon",
"Template:ISO639èšèªå",
"Template:ãªã³ã¯åã",
"Template:Fix",
"Template:Fix/title",
"Template:Checkdate",
"Template:DMC/core",
"Template:ãªã³ã¯åã/dateHandler",
"Template:Kotobank",
"Template:PAGENAMEBASE",
"Template:Spedia",
"Template:Normdaten",
"Template:Tooltip",
"Template:Abbr",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:ä»®ãªã³ã¯",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:ä»®ãªã³ã¯/link",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Wikipediaèšèªå",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Sidebar",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Sidebar/configuration",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Arguments",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Icon",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Icon/data",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Navbar",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Navbar/configuration",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Navbar/styles.css",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Sidebar/styles.css",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:See/core",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:IsValidPageName",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:If empty",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Side box",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Yesno",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Side box/styles.css",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:ISO639èšèªå",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:String",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Authority control",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Authority control/config",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Navbox",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:EditAtWikidata",
"ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Check for unknown parameters"
] | wikitext | jawiki | èšèªïŒãããïŒã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããæããåºçŸ©ã«ã¯verbalãªïŒèšèã«è¡šãïŒãã®ãšnon-verbalãªïŒèšèãšããŠè¡šãããªãïŒãã®ïŒåçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžçïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ãŸãããæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ãç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãå€ãã åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã 人éãé³å£°ãæåãçšããŠææ³ã»ææ
ã»æå¿çã
ãäŒéããããã«çšããèšå·äœç³»ãããã³ãããçšããè¡çºïŒåºèŸèïŒãé³å£°ãæåã«ãã£ãŠã人ã®æå¿ã»ææ³ã»ææ
ãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãè¡šçŸãããäŒéããããããã¯ä»è
ã®ãããåãå
¥ããç解ããããã®çŽæã»èŠåãããã³ãããããèšå·ã®äœç³»ïŒå€§èŸæ³ïŒã ããç¹å®ã®éå£ãçšãããé³ãæåã«ããäºæ
ã®äŒéæ段ïŒåå¥èšèªã®ããšã§ãè±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»æ¥æ¬èªãªã©ã®ããšïŒã ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®çšèªãlangue ã©ã³ã°ãã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã®èš³èªã æ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžã§ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã ãèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããã 倧è³ã®èšèªäžæ¢ïŒè±èªçïŒã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããã æœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããã | [
"ã¡ãã·ã³ãããªãã£ã¯ã«ã³ã®å£ç»ïŒ2äžçŽé ïŒãå£ããã¹ããŒãã象城ããã¹ããŒãã®å·»ç©ïŒè±èªçïŒãçºãã人ç©ãæãããŠããã",
"äžçã®èšèªååžå³",
"äžçã®èšèªã®ååžå³",
"èšèªåŠ åºç€åé é³å£°åŠ é³é»è« 圢æ
è« çµ±èªè« æå³è« èªçšè« åå¥èšèªåŠ èšèªã®å€åãšå€ç° æŽå²èšèªåŠ æ¯èŒèšèªåŠ èšèªå°çåŠ èšèªç³»çµ±è« èšèªå¹Žä»£åŠ èšèªé¡åè« ç€ŸäŒèšèªåŠ æ¹èšåŠ çè« çæèšèªåŠ èªç¥èšèªåŠ å¿çšåé å¿çšèšèªåŠ 察ç
§èšèªåŠ èšèªäººé¡åŠ å¿çèšèªåŠ ç¥çµèšèªåŠ çç©èšèªåŠ èšç®èšèªåŠ èšéèšèªåŠ LGBTQèšèªåŠ æ³èšèªåŠ èšèªç²åŸ èšèªã®èµ·æº é¢é£é
ç® èšèª èšèªåŠè
ããŒã¿ã« ã«ããŽãª è¡š 話 ç·š æŽ",
"1äœ äžåœèª 13å人 äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœ äžè¯æ°åœ ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã« 2äœ ã¹ãã€ã³èª 5å7700äžäºº ã¹ãã€ã³ ã¡ãã·ã³ ã¢ã«ãŒã³ãã³ãªã© 3äœ ãã³ãã£ãŒèª 4å9000äžäºº ã€ã³ã ãã£ãžãŒ 4äœ è±èª 3å3500äžäºº ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœ ã€ã®ãªã¹ ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ ã«ãããªã© 5äœ ãã«ãã¬ã«èª 2å5000äžäºº ãã«ãã¬ã« ãã©ãžã«ãªã© 6äœ ãã³ã¬ã«èª 2å4300äžäºº ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ ã€ã³ã 7äœ ã¢ã©ãã¢èª 2å3500äžäºº  ãšãžãã ãµãŠãžã¢ã©ã㢠ã€ã©ã¯ãªã© 8äœ ãã©ã³ã¹èª 2å3000äžäºº ãã©ã³ã¹ ãã«ã®ãŒãªã© 9äœ ãã·ã¢èª 1å8000äžäºº ãã·ã¢ãªã© 10äœ ãã€ãèª 1å3000äžäºº ãã€ã  ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢ ã¹ã€ã¹ãªã© 11äœ æ¥æ¬èª 1å2700äžäºº æ¥æ¬ ãã©ãª 12äœ ãã«ã³èª 8800äžäºº ãã«ã³ãªã© 13äœ æé®®èª 8250äžäºº éåœ åæé®® äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœ (延蟺) 14äœ ãžã£ã¯èª 7500äžäºº ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ãªã© 15äœ ã©ãã³ããŒèª 4200äžäºº ããã¹ã¿ã³ãªã©",
"å
žæ 管çããŒã¿ããŒã¹: åœç«å³æžé€š ãã©ã³ã¹ BnF data ãã€ã ã€ã¹ã©ãšã« ã¢ã¡ãªã« ã©ãã㢠æ¥æ¬ ãã§ã³ 2",
"詳现ã¯ãã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ã差延ããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãèšèªé¡åè«ããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ã人工èšèªããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãèšèªã®èµ·æºããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãèšèªå€åããåç
§",
"ãèšèªã®äžèŠ§ãããèªæã®äžèŠ§ããããã³ãèªæããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®æ°ãå€ãèšèªã®äžèŠ§ããåç
§",
"ãå
¬çšèªã®äžèŠ§ããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãå¿çèšèªåŠããåç
§",
"詳现ã¯ãç¥çµèšèªåŠããåç
§"
] | ja | èšèª | 10 | 2002-09-10T19:25:48 | [
"classification.ores.articletopic/Culture.Linguistics|989",
"recommendation.image_section/exists|1"
] | èšèªïŒãããïŒã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããæããåºçŸ©ã«ã¯verbalãªïŒèšèã«è¡šãïŒãã®ãšnon-verbalãªïŒèšèãšããŠè¡šãããªãïŒãã®ïŒåçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžçïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ãŸãããæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ãç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãå€ãã åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã 人éãé³å£°ãæåãçšããŠææ³ã»ææ
ã»æå¿çã
ãäŒéããããã«çšããèšå·äœç³»ãããã³ãããçšããè¡çºïŒåºèŸèïŒãé³å£°ãæåã«ãã£ãŠã人ã®æå¿ã»ææ³ã»ææ
ãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãè¡šçŸãããäŒéããããããã¯ä»è
ã®ãããåãå
¥ããç解ããããã®çŽæã»èŠåãããã³ãããããèšå·ã®äœç³»ïŒå€§èŸæ³ïŒã ããç¹å®ã®éå£ãçšãããé³ãæåã«ããäºæ
ã®äŒéæ段ïŒåå¥èšèªã®ããšã§ãè±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»æ¥æ¬èªãªã©ã®ããšïŒã ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®çšèªãlangue ã©ã³ã°ãã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã®èš³èªã æ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžã§ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã ãèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããã 倧è³ã®èšèªäžæ¢ïŒè±èªçïŒã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããã æœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããã èšèªã¯ã人éãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒéå£å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸãããæå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããšããæœè±¡çãªæèãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åãæåç掻åãæ¯ããŠãããèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³äººæ Œã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªãã ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèªäœç³»ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue ã©ã³ã°ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole ãããŒã«ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããã ãé³é»ã ãš ãæå³ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ããã èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªããæœè±¡èšå·ã«ã¯æåè¡šçŸãšéæåè¡šçŸïŒç©åèšå·ããé³èšå·ãªã©ïŒããããæåè¡šçŸã¯èšèªè¡šçŸãšæåèšå·ã«åãããããèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠãããèªïŒwordïŒã§ãªããã®ããããååŠåŒH2Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãããååŠåŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠããã ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªããšãããäžè¬ã«ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩ã®ä»£è¡šçå²åŠè
ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠãããã©ã³ã¹ã®å²åŠè
ã¯ããã声ããåºç€ãšãæåããã®ä»£æ¿ãšããçºæ³ãèšèªåŠã«ååšããããšäž»åŒµããããã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãæããããç«å Žã䞻匵ããã èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ããããå£èªãå£é èšèªãæžèšèšèªãæèªããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸãå±æèªã»è çèªã»å€ç«èªãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ããã æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ãèŠèŠèšèªããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ãããããæ¥æ¬æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯é³å£°èšèªãæåèšèªãšã¯ç°ãªããèŠèŠèšèªããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã 以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªãèªç¶èšèªãã®ã»ããè¿ä»£ä»¥éããšã¹ãã©ã³ããªã©ã®ã人工èšèªããå€æ°äœãããã人工èšèªã¯ãèªç¶èšèªã®å¯ŸçŸ©èªã§ããã åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯æ»èªãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸãããã©ã€èªã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªããæç« èªãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãããã¬ã¹ããã«ç§»äœãããŠãã€äººãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«å»ºåœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ããå€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã©ãã³èªãå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšãããããæå
žãå®æè¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ãå
žç€Œèšèªãååšããã è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãå±æ©èšèªãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ãäžçã®äžäœåãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåãã©ãžãªã»ãã¬ããšãã£ããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠããããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯è±èªã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ãããããè±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã èšèªæ¶æ»
ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãããããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããªå
é²åœå
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ãããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšããããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã2010幎ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ããä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºããããã äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯èšèªã®äžèŠ§ãåç
§ã èšèªããã€ã©ã®ããã«çãŸããã®ãåãã£ãŠããããè€æ°ã®ä»®èª¬ãååšãããäŸãã°ãã³ããŒã¯ã®èšèªåŠè
ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªä»®èª¬ãåæããŠããã ããŒããŒèª¬("Pooh-pooh" theory) æããåºã声ããææ
ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã çç¬ãã"laugh"ããããããã·ã§ãŠïŒç¬ïŒããå«ã声ãã"hate"ããããããã±ã³ïŒå«ïŒããªã©ã ã¯ã³ã¯ã³èª¬("Bow Bow" theory) 鳎ã声ããåç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã ãã¢ãŠïœããã"cow"ãããããã®ã¥ãŠïŒçïŒãããã¯ãªïœã³ããã"wolf"ããããã¿ããã㊠ïŒçŒïŒããªã©ã ãã³ãã³èª¬("Ding-dong" theory) é³é¿ããèªç¶ç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã ããã«ãïŒãŽããŽãããã"thunder"ããã¿ãªãããã©ã€ïŒé·ïŒãããã¶ãŒãâŠããã"water"ãã¿ãããã¹ã€ïŒæ°ŽïŒããªã©ã ãšã€ã€ã³ãŒã©èª¬("Yo-he-ho" theory) ãã声ããè¡åã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã åæ¢ãä¿ã声ãã"stop"ããšãŸããããã€ïŒåïŒããåãæã®å£°ãã"work"ãã¯ãããããããŠïŒåŽïŒããªã©ã ãã®èª¬ã¯ãéå£è¡åããšãæã®æå³ã®ç¡ãã¯ããæããäžçåå°ã«æ®ã£ãŠããäºãããè£ä»ããããã ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã çç©åŠçãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®ååçç©åŠçç 究ã«ããã°ãFOXP2ãšåã¥ããããŠããéºäŒåã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããããããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯çŸç人é¡ãšãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äººãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãããçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠãããçããŠããåç³ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãã«ãŒããã¢èªãã¢ã«ããã¢èªãã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èªçããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠãã€ãèªãã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªãã®ãªã·ã£èªãã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸããã«ãèªæŽŸããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèªçããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®ç¥èªããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒããèªæãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«èªæŽŸãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªãå€ç«ããèšèªãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯èšèªé£åãšåŒã°ããã åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±éèªåœããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçããããããèšèªæ¥è§Šãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšããåçšèªãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠããæ··æèšèªãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯ããžã³èšèªãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ãææ³ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéããæ¯èªè©±è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ããã äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ãæèªãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯äžäžãšãŒãããã«ãããã©ãã³èªã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®å
±éèªãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠå°å·è¡ã®çºå±ãå®ææ¹é©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãããååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ãåœæ°åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ãã æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ããã«ã©ã°ã¢ã®åäŸéã®éã§1970幎代åŸåã«çºçããããã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã1939幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€ïŒen:Louis Herbert GrayïŒã¯èæž Foundations of Language[1] ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã1979幎ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠãããäžçå ã®ãèšèªåŠå€§èŸå
žããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠããã ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããããããšãã°ãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã«å±ããŠããã»ã«ãã¢ãã¯ãã¢ãã¢ããã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãããã¢ã³ããã°ãã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã§ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäºã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšãããããç¬ç«èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªããã»ã«ãã¢èªãã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªããã¹ãã¢èªã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ããããã«2006幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ãããç¬ç«ãããšãã¢ã³ããã°ãèªãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšãè€æ°äžå¿å°èšèªãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯å京èªããããå
ã«æç«ããæ®é話ãšãäžæµ·èªãåºæ±èªãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠäžåœèªå
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠããã åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåçã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšãããæšæºèªã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æãŠãŒã°æã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã西éšãŠãŒã°èªãæ±éšãŠãŒã°èªãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯æŒ¢æ°æã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯æŒ¢èªã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ããã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæã®èšé«èªãšããŠæ±ãããã 䜿çšããæåã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸãææ³ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ãããããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæåãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããã³ãã£ãŒèªãšãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæåãçšããããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã¯ããã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèªãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãããšã¹ãããŒã°ç¬¬21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯äžåœèªã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœãšäžè¯æ°åœãããã«ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ããæ®é話ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯ã¹ãã€ã³èªã§ãããããã¯ãšãŒããã倧éžã®ã¹ãã€ã³ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã17äžçŽã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ããæ°å€§éžã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã³åã¢ã¡ãªã«åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®ãã«ãã¬ã«èªåãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã äžèšã®è³æã§è±èªã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã17äžçŽãã19äžçŽãŸã§è¥¿æŽã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ããã©ã³ã¹èªãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã 話è
æ°7äœã®ã¢ã©ãã¢èªãåºãå
±éèšèªåãæã€èšèªã§ãããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³ã®èšèªãšããŠã€ã¹ã©ã åå
šåã«äœ¿çšè
ãããããšãã«åã¢ããªã«ããäžæ±ã«ãããŠæ¯èªè©±è
ãå€ãããå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯23ã«åœã«ã®ãŒã£ãŠããŠãã²ãšã€ã®ã¢ã©ãæååã圢æããŠããããã ããããæèªã§ãããã¹ããŒãšå£èªã§ããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã«åãããŠãããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã¯ããã«å€æ°ã®æ¹èšã«ããããŠããã åœé£ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªããã·ã¢èªãäžåœèªãã¹ãã€ã³èªãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ããã èšèªã¯åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããã«ããã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãããã«ã®ãŒã«ããããªã©ã³ãèªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°èšèªæŠäºãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªããæ±ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®ããã«ã西ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠãã³ã¬ã«èªãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸãããã ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯1970幎ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœããã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœããã€ãèªå
±åäœã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ããå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯ã¹ã€ã¹ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§ãã€ãèªã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã1848幎ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªããããã«1938幎ã«ã¯ããã³ã·ã¥èªãåœèªãšãããããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã§ããã1956幎以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠããã åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ãå
¬çšèª-å
±éèª-æ°æèªïŒéšæèªãæ¹èšïŒã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã æ¥æ¬ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšãããããæšæºèªã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ãããã¢ããªã«å€§éžã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§å®äž»åœã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡æè²ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠãããéŠéœãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšããã èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåããè³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°ç 究ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã å€å
žçãªãããŒã«é åããŠã§ã«ããã±é åã®ã»ããã·ã«ãŽã£ãŠã¹è£ãå²ãåºãç¯å²ïŒçžäžåãè§åãäžæ¬¡ã»äºæ¬¡èŽèŠéãäžæ¬¡éåéãäœæ§æèŠéãå·Šåé åéãå·ŠäžåŽé åïŒã«ããã£ãŠãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§åéšãæå·ããããšãããããéã£ãã¿ã€ãã®å€±èªãåºçŸãããäŸãã°å·Šåé åéä»è¿ã®æå·ã§çãããããŒã«å€±èªã¯éå倱èªã§ãããèªçºèªã¯éæµæ¢æ§ãšãªã埩å±ãæžåãé害ããããå·ŠåŽé èä»è¿ã®é害ã§çãããŠã§ã«ããã±å€±èªã¯æèŠå€±èªã§ããèªçºèªã¯æµæ¢ã§ããããèšèªç解ã埩å±ãé害ãããæåã«ããèšèªç解ãäžè¯ã§ããã ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯å·Šåçåªäœã§ãããããã声ã®ææïŒãããœãã£ïŒã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯å³åçåªäœã§ãããšèšãããŠããã æåã®èªèã«ã¯å·ŠçŽ¡éç¶åãäžã»äžåŸé åãé¢äžãããã挢åïŒè¡šææåïŒãšã²ãããªïŒè¡šé³æåïŒã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ãèªåé害ããŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀ãèªéçãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšããçåŸè«ãšããèããååšããã æè¿ã®è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã [è泚ã®äœ¿ãæ¹] ^ èªç¶èšèªã®æã€ããã€ãã®æ§è³ªãå
šãåãã ã圢åŒèšèªãšããŠèšèšãããŠãã人工èšèªãäžéšã«ã¯ããïŒãã°ã©ã³ãªã©ïŒã ^ ïŒèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠïŒãåç©ã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®äœç³»ãããèšèªããšåŒã¶ããšãããããšãã䞻匵ãããããããããã§ã ã¹ããŒçè«ã§ã¯ãæ®éææ³ããªã©ã®æŠå¿µã«ãããŠãèšèªã¯äººéã®ãã®ãšãã倧åæããããã©ãããæå³ã§ãèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠããªã®ãã¯äžæ確ã§ããã ^ a b c d e f g å±±æ¬ æ. âæ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒç¬¬6åç ç©¶å ±åäŒè¬æŒè«æé å°éã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ãããèšèªãšéèšèªã»ã¿ãŒããããžãŒã®èŠç¹ããâ. æ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒ. 2022幎4æ5æ¥é²èŠ§ã ^ a b c d e åºèŸèã第å
çããããïŒèšèªïŒã ^ 倧èŸæ³ããããïŒèšèªïŒã ^ ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãïŒããããã«ïŒãèšèª ^ a b c d ããªã¿ãã«çŸç§äºå
žãèšèªã ^ ãç©èªããšã«ãµã¬ã ã®æŽå²ãp166ãç¬å·åäžãäžå€®å
¬è«æ°ç€Ÿã2010幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡ ^ a b ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp108-111ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡ ^ https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3024935ããçµæžæé·ã§å°æ°èšèªã倱ããããç 究ãAFPBBã2014幎09æ03æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§ ^ https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2691446?pid=5282181ããæåŸã®è©±è
ãæ»äº¡ãæ¶æ»
å±æ©èšèªã絶æ»
ã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã®ãèªãAFPBBã2010幎02æ06æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§ ^ https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2783379ãããžã£ã©ã¯æãå亡ã®å±æ©ãã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ãAFPBBã2011幎01æ26æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§ ^ Nature. 413(6855):519-23. ^ Current Biology 17:1908â1912 ^ ããã©ã³ã¹èªåŠæŠè«ãp40-41ãé«é圊ã»å·å³¶æµ©äžéã»æž¡éæ·³ä¹èã駿河å°åºç瀟ã2010幎4æ1æ¥åççºè¡ ^ a b ãæå人é¡åŠããŒã¯ãŒããp97ãå±±äžæåžã»è¹æ³å»ºå€«ç·šãææé£ã1997幎9æ30æ¥åç第1å· ^ å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp40 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560 ^ åç䜰倪éã»æŸåŽå¯ããæ¥æ¬èªãããããã®èšèªåŠããè¬è«ç€Ÿã1995幎ãp.22 ^ ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp12-13ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡ ^ ã人é¡ã®æŽå²ãå€ãã8ã€ã®ã§ãããš1ãèšèªã»å®æã»èŸ²èã»ãéç·šãp30-31ãç淳平ã岩波ãžã¥ãã¢æ°æžã2012幎4æ20æ¥ç¬¬1å· ^ ãäžåœã®å°å瀟äŒãšæšæºèªãåäžåœãäžå¿ã«ãp19ãé³æŒè¯ãäžå
瀟ã2005幎2æ23æ¥åç第1å· ^ ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp196ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡ ^ ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp209-210ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡ ^ 倧æ©æ£æãæå±±çåŒç·šèã2003幎8æ8æ¥åç第1å·ãããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãç¥ãããã®60ç« ãp58ãæç³æžåº ^ ãç©èªããã«ã®ãŒã®æŽå²ãp179ãæŸå°Ÿç§åãäžå
¬æ°æžã2014幎8æ25æ¥ ^ ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp86ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡ ^ a b 森ç°å®äžãç©èªãã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãäžå
¬æ°æžãp198ã2000幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡ ^ ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp111ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡ ^ å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp123 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560 ^ ãã¢ããªã«ã®ããšã°ãšç€ŸäŒãå€èšèªç¶æ³ãçãããšããããšãpp18-21ã梶èæš¹ã»ç é幞çšç·šèãäžå
瀟ã2009幎4æ30æ¥åç第1å· ãèšèªããå«ãèšäºåã®äžèŠ§ èšè èšèªåŠ çè«èšèªåŠ - 瀟äŒèšèªåŠã»Category:瀟äŒèšèªåŠ - é³å£°åŠ æŽå²èšèªåŠã»Category:æŽå²èšèªåŠ å¿çšèšèªåŠ åå¥èšèªåŠ èšèªå èšèéã³ èšèªèŽèŠçæ³ åç©ã®èšèªïŒè±èªçïŒ ãŠã£ã¯ã·ã§ããªãŒã«é¢é£ã®èŸæžé
ç®ããããŸãã èšèª ãŠã£ãã¡ãã£ã¢ã»ã³ã¢ã³ãºã«ã¯ãèšèªã«é¢é£ããã¡ãã£ã¢ããããŸãã èšèª - è³ç§åŠèŸå
žãç¥çµç§åŠã®ç«å Žããã®è§£èª¬ã èšèªèµ·æº - è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž èšèªé²å - è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž MSN Encarta â Multimedia â Language - ãŠã§ã€ããã¯ãã·ã³ïŒ2009幎10æ30æ¥ã¢ãŒã«ã€ãåïŒïŒè±èªïŒ CIA â The World Factbook â Field Listing â Languages[ãªã³ã¯åã]ïŒè±èªïŒ Ethnologue, Languages of the WorldïŒè±èªïŒ ãèšèªã - ã³ããã³ã¯ Language ïŒè±èªïŒ - ã¹ã«ã©ãŒããã£ã¢çŸç§äºå
žãèšèªãã®é
ç®ã | ããã | 2024-10-02T09:43:18 | [
{
"namespace": 0,
"title": "ã©ã³ã²ãŒãž"
},
{
"namespace": 0,
"title": "ååœèª"
},
{
"namespace": 0,
"title": "åäžèšèª"
}
] | Q315 | [
"æŠèª¬",
"åé¡",
"èšèªã®å€é·",
"æŽå²",
"èµ·æº",
"å€å",
"äžçã®èšèª",
"話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ",
"æ¯èªè©±è
çµ±èšã§èŠã話è
æ°",
"æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ãšç·è©±è
æ°ã®å·®",
"èšèªãšåœå®¶",
"å
¬çšèªãå
±éèªãæ°æèª",
"èšèªã®çç©åŠ",
"èšèªã«é¢ããè³ã®é å",
"ããã®çºéã«ãããèšèªæ©èœã®ç²åŸ",
"è泚",
"泚é",
"åºå
ž",
"é¢é£é
ç®",
"å€éšãªã³ã¯"
] | [[File:Tepantitla mural, Ballplayer A (Daquella manera).jpg|thumb|[[ã¡ãã·ã³]]ã[[ããªãã£ã¯ã«ã³]]ã®[[å£ç»]]ïŒ[[2äžçŽ]]é ïŒãå£ãã[[ã¹ããŒã]]ã象城ãã{{ä»®ãªã³ã¯|ã¹ããŒãã®å·»ç©|en|Speech scroll}}ãçºãã人ç©ãæãããŠããã]]
'''èšèª'''ïŒãããïŒã¯ã[[ç矩]]ã«ã¯ã[[声]]ã«ãã[[èšå·]]ã®[[äœç³»]]ããæã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã[[åºçŸ©]]ã«ã¯verbalãªïŒ[[èšè]]ã«è¡šãïŒãã®ãšnon-verbalãªïŒèšèãšããŠè¡šãããªãïŒãã®ïŒåçš®èšå·ã[[ã¢ã€ã³ã³]]ã[[å³åœ¢]]ã[[ããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãž]]çïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ãŸãããæ¥åžžã®[[ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³]]ã§ã¯ãç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãå€ã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
[[åºèŸè]]ã[[倧èŸæ³]]ã«ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠãã<ref name="koujien">åºèŸèã第å
çããããïŒèšèªïŒã</ref>ã
*[[人é]]ã[[é³å£°]]ã[[æå]]ãçšããŠ[[ææ³]]ã»[[ææ
]]ã»[[æå¿]]çã
ãäŒéããããã«çšããèšå·äœç³»<ref name="koujien" />ãããã³ãããçšãã[[è¡çº]]ïŒåºèŸè<ref name="koujien" />ïŒãé³å£°ãæåã«ãã£ãŠã人ã®æå¿ã»ææ³ã»ææ
ãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãè¡šçŸãããäŒéããããããã¯ä»è
ã®ãããåãå
¥ããç解ããããã®çŽæã»[[èŠå]]ãããã³ãããããèšå·ã®äœç³»ïŒå€§èŸæ³<ref name="daijisen">倧èŸæ³ããããïŒèšèªïŒã</ref>ïŒã
*ããç¹å®ã®[[éå£]]ãçšãããé³ãæåã«ããäºæ
ã®äŒéæ段<ref name="koujien" />ïŒ[[åå¥èšèª]]ã®ããšã§ã[[è±èª]]ã»[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã»[[æ¥æ¬èª]]ãªã©ã®ããš<ref name="koujien" />ïŒã
*[[ãã§ã«ãã£ãã³ã»ãã»ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«|ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«]]ã®çšèªãlangue [[ã©ã³ã°]]ãã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã®èš³èªã
[[æ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæž]]ã§ã¯ã次ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠãã<ref name="nipponnica">ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãïŒããããã«ïŒãèšèª</ref>ã
*ãèšèªããšããèªã¯<u>å€çŸ©ã§ãã</u>ã
*[[倧è³]]ã®{{ä»®ãªã³ã¯|èšèªäžæ¢|en|Language center}}ã«èããããã[[èªåœ]]ãš[[ææ³]]èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšãã[[èœå]]ãšããŠãšãããããšãããã
*[[æœè±¡å|æœè±¡]]çã«ã[[人é¡|ãã¹ãŠã®äººé]]ãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããã
== æŠèª¬ ==
{{èšèªåŠ}}
èšèªã¯ã[[人é]]ãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒ[[éå£]]å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸããã[[ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³|æå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããš]]ããæœè±¡çãª[[æè]]ãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åã[[æå]]ç掻åãæ¯ããŠãã<ref name="britanica">ããªã¿ãã«çŸç§äºå
žãèšèªã</ref>ãèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³[[äººæ Œ]]ã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªã<ref name="britanica" />ã
[[ãã§ã«ãã£ãã³ã»ãã»ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«|ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«]]ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèª'''äœç³»'''ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue [[ã©ã³ã°]]ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole [[ãããŒã«]]ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠãã<ref name="britanica" />ã
ã[[é³é»]]ã ãš ã[[æå³]]ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ãã<ref name="britanica" />ã
èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªã<ref name="yamamoto">{{Cite web|åæž|url=http://www.jsik.jp/?plugin=attach&refer=TableofContents1&openfile=KJ00002113963.pdf|author=å±±æ¬ æ|title=æ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒç¬¬6åç ç©¶å ±åäŒè¬æŒè«æé å°éã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ãããèšèªãšéèšèªã»ã¿ãŒããããžãŒã®èŠç¹ãã|publisher=æ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒ|accessdate=2022-04-05}}</ref>ã[[æœè±¡èšå·]]ã«ã¯[[æåè¡šçŸ]]ãš[[éæåè¡šçŸ]]ïŒ[[ç©åèšå·]]ã[[ãé³èšå·]]ãªã©ïŒããããæåè¡šçŸã¯[[èšèªè¡šçŸ]]ãš[[æåèšå·]]ã«åãããã<ref name="yamamoto" />ãèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠããã[[èª]]ïŒwordïŒã§ãªããã®ãããã[[ååŠåŒ]]H<sub>2</sub>Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ãååŠåŒã¯[[èªç¶èšèª]]ã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
[[ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªã]]ãšãããäžè¬ã«[[ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩]]ã®ä»£è¡šç[[å²åŠè
]]ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠãã[[ãã©ã³ã¹]]ã®å²åŠè
ã¯ããã声ããåºç€ãšãæåããã®ä»£æ¿ãšããçºæ³ãèšèªåŠã«ååšããããšäž»åŒµããããã«å¯Ÿãã[[æ¹å€]]ãæããããç«å Žã䞻匵ããã
{{main|ã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠ}}
{{main|差延}}
== åé¡ ==
èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ãããã[[å£èª]]ã[[å£é èšèª]]ã[[æžèšèšèª]]ã[[æèª]]ããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸã[[å±æèª]]ã»[[è çèª]]ã»[[å€ç«èª]]ãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã
{{main|èšèªé¡åè«}}
èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ã[[æ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話]]ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ã[[èŠèŠèšèª]]ããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ããããã[[æ¥æ¬æ話]]ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯[[é³å£°èšèª]]ã[[æåèšèª]]ãšã¯ç°ãªãã[[èŠèŠèšèª]]ããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã
以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªã'''[[èªç¶èšèª]]'''ãã®ã»ãã[[è¿ä»£]]以éã[[ãšã¹ãã©ã³ã]]ãªã©ã®ã'''[[人工èšèª]]'''ããå€æ°äœããã<ref group="泚é">èªç¶èšèªã®æã€ããã€ãã®æ§è³ªãå
šãåãã ã[[圢åŒèšèª]]ãšããŠèšèšãããŠãã人工èšèªãäžéšã«ã¯ããïŒ[[ãã°ã©ã³]]ãªã©ïŒã</ref><ref group="泚é">ïŒèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠïŒã[[åç©ã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³]]ã®äœç³»ãããèšèªããšåŒã¶ããšãããããšãã䞻匵ãããããããããã§ã ã¹ããŒçè«ã§ã¯ã[[æ®éææ³]]ããªã©ã®æŠå¿µã«ãããŠãèšèªã¯äººéã®ãã®ãšãã倧åæããããã©ãããæå³ã§ãèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠããªã®ãã¯äžæ確ã§ããã</ref>ã人工èšèªã¯ãèªç¶èšèªã®[[察矩èª]]ã§ããã
{{main|人工èšèª}}
== èšèªã®å€é· ==
åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯[[æ»èª (èšèª)|æ»èª]]ãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸã[[ããã©ã€èª]]ã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªãã[[æç« èª]]ãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãã[[ãã¬ã¹ãã]]ã«ç§»äœãã[[ãŠãã€äºº]]ãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãã<ref>ãç©èªããšã«ãµã¬ã ã®æŽå²ãp166ãç¬å·åäžãäžå€®å
¬è«æ°ç€Ÿã2010幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ã[[ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«]]建åœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ãã[[å€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ã[[ã©ãã³èª]]ã[[å€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èª]]ã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšããããã[[æå
ž]]ã[[å®æ]]è¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ã[[å
žç€Œèšèª]]ãååšããã
è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªã[[å±æ©èšèª]]ãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ã[[äžçã®äžäœå]]ãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåã[[ã©ãžãª]]ã»[[ãã¬ã]]ãšãã£ã[[ãã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢]]ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠãã<ref name="ååãªã-1">ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp108-111ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯[[è±èª]]ã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ããããã[[è±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©]]ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã
[[èšèªæ¶æ»
]]ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãã<ref name="ååãªã-1"/>ãããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããª[[å
é²åœ]]å
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ããã[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ã[[ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢]]ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšãã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3024935ããçµæžæé·ã§å°æ°èšèªã倱ããããç 究ãAFPBBã2014幎09æ03æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã[[2010幎]]ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®[[ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶]]ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2691446?pid=5282181ããæåŸã®è©±è
ãæ»äº¡ãæ¶æ»
å±æ©èšèªã絶æ»
ã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã®ãèªãAFPBBã2010幎02æ06æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ãä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºãããã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2783379ãããžã£ã©ã¯æãå亡ã®å±æ©ãã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ãAFPBBã2011幎01æ26æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ã
äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯[[èšèªã®äžèŠ§]]ãåç
§ã
== æŽå² ==
=== èµ·æº ===
{{main|èšèªã®èµ·æº}}
èšèªããã€ã©ã®ããã«çãŸããã®ãåãã£ãŠããããè€æ°ã®[[仮説]]ãååšãããäŸãã°[[ãã³ããŒã¯]]ã®èšèªåŠè
[[ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³]]ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªä»®èª¬ãåæããŠããã
; ããŒããŒèª¬("Pooh-pooh" theory)
: æããåºã声ããææ
ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: çç¬ãã"laugh"ããããããã·ã§ãŠïŒç¬ïŒããå«ã声ãã"hate"ããããããã±ã³ïŒå«ïŒããªã©ã
:
; ã¯ã³ã¯ã³èª¬("Bow Bow" theory)
: 鳎ã声ããåç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: ãã¢ãŠïœããã"cow"ãããããã®ã¥ãŠïŒçïŒãããã¯ãªïœã³ããã"wolf"ããããã¿ããã㊠ïŒçŒïŒããªã©ã
:
; ãã³ãã³èª¬("Ding-dong" theory)
: é³é¿ããèªç¶ç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: ããã«ãïŒãŽããŽãããã"thunder"ããã¿ãªãããã©ã€ïŒé·ïŒãããã¶ãŒãâŠããã"water"ãã¿ãããã¹ã€ïŒæ°ŽïŒããªã©ã
:
; ãšã€ã€ã³ãŒã©èª¬("Yo-he-ho" theory)
: ãã声ããè¡åã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: åæ¢ãä¿ã声ãã"stop"ããšãŸããããã€ïŒåïŒããåãæã®å£°ãã"work"ãã¯ãããããããŠïŒåŽïŒããªã©ã
: ãã®èª¬ã¯ãéå£è¡åããšãæã®æå³ã®ç¡ãã¯ããæããäžçåå°ã«æ®ã£ãŠããäºãããè£ä»ããããã
ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã
[[çç©åŠ]]çãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®[[ååçç©åŠ]]çç 究ã«ããã°ã[[FOXP2]]ãšåã¥ããããŠãã[[éºäŒå]]ã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããã<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586359?dopt=Abstract Nature. 413(6855):519-23.]</ref>ãããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯[[人é¡ã®é²å#ãã¢ã»ãµããšã³ã¹|çŸç人é¡]]ãš[[ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äºº]]ãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãã<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4PXN9TN-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0483b7dff86f2405ff5f39185950aa9e Current Biology 17:1908â1912]</ref>ãçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã
=== å€å ===
{{Main|èšèªå€å}}
çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠããã[[çããŠããåç³]]ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠ[[è±èª]]ã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã[[ã«ãŒããã¢èª]]ã[[ã¢ã«ããã¢èª]]ã[[ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èª]]çããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠ[[ãã€ãèª]]ã[[ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèª]]ã[[ã®ãªã·ã£èª]]ã[[ã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸ]]ã[[ãã«ãèªæŽŸ]]ã[[ãµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèª]]çããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã
èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®[[ç¥èª]]ããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒãã[[èªæ]]ãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«[[èªæŽŸ]]ãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªã[[å€ç«ããèšèª]]ãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯[[èšèªé£å]]ãšåŒã°ããã
åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±é[[èªåœ]]ããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã
äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã
ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçãããããã[[èšèªæ¥è§Š]]ãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšãã[[åçšèª]]ãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠãã[[æ··æèšèª]]ãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯[[ããžã³èšèª]]ãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšãã[[ã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèª]]ãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªã<ref>ããã©ã³ã¹èªåŠæŠè«ãp40-41ãé«é圊ã»å·å³¶æµ©äžéã»æž¡éæ·³ä¹èã駿河å°åºç瀟ã2010幎4æ1æ¥åççºè¡</ref>ãã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ã[[ææ³]]ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéãã[[æ¯èª]]話è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ãã<ref name="ååãªã-2">ãæå人é¡åŠããŒã¯ãŒããp97ãå±±äžæåžã»è¹æ³å»ºå€«ç·šãææé£ã1997幎9æ30æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ã[[æèª]]ãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯[[äžäž|äžäžãšãŒããã]]ã«ããã[[ã©ãã³èª]]ã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®[[å
±éèª]]ãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠ[[å°å·]]è¡ã®çºå±ã[[å®ææ¹é©]]ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãã<ref>å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp40 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560</ref>ãååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®[[æšæºèª]]ãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ã[[åœæ°åœå®¶]]ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ã<ref name="ååãªã-2"/>ã
æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ã[[ãã«ã©ã°ã¢]]ã®åäŸéã®éã§[[1970幎代]]åŸåã«çºçããã[[ãã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話]]ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã
== äžçã®èšèª ==
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Sekai-no-gengo.png|thumb|400px|äžçã®èšèªã®ååžå³]]
{{see also|èšèªã®äžèŠ§|èªæã®äžèŠ§|èªæ}}
çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã[[1939幎]]ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®[[ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€]]ïŒ[[:en:Louis Herbert Gray]]ïŒã¯èæž ''Foundations of Language''[https://archive.org/details/GrayFoundationsOfLanguage1939/mode/2up] ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã[[1979幎]]ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠããã[[äžçå ]]ã®ã[[èšèªåŠå€§èŸå
ž]]ããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠãã<ref>åç䜰倪éã»æŸåŽå¯ããæ¥æ¬èªãããããã®èšèªåŠããè¬è«ç€Ÿã1995幎ãp.22</ref>ã
ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããã<ref>ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp12-13ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ãããšãã°ãæ§[[ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢]]ã«å±ããŠãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢]]ã[[ã¯ãã¢ãã¢]]ã[[ãã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãã]]ã[[ã¢ã³ããã°ã]]ã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯[[æ¹èšé£ç¶äœ]]ã§ãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®[[ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäº]]ã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšããããã[[ç¬ç«èšèª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢èª]]ã[[ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª]]ã[[ãã¹ãã¢èª]]ã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ã<ref>ã人é¡ã®æŽå²ãå€ãã8ã€ã®ã§ãããš1ãèšèªã»å®æã»èŸ²èã»ãéç·šãp30-31ãç淳平ã岩波ãžã¥ãã¢æ°æžã2012幎4æ20æ¥ç¬¬1å·</ref>ãããã«[[2006幎]]ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ã]]ããç¬ç«ãããšã[[ã¢ã³ããã°ãèª]]ãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšã[[è€æ°äžå¿å°èšèª]]ãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã
éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯[[å京èª]]ããããå
ã«æç«ãã[[æ®é話]]ãšã[[äžæµ·èª]]ã[[åºæ±èª]]ãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠ[[äžåœèª]]å
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠãã<ref>ãäžåœã®å°å瀟äŒãšæšæºèªãåäžåœãäžå¿ã«ãp19ãé³æŒè¯ãäžå
瀟ã2005幎2æ23æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã
ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåç[[ã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£]]ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã
èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšããã[[æšæºèª]]ã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã
ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æ[[ãŠãŒã°æ]]ã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯[[ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»]]ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã[[西éšãŠãŒã°èª]]ã[[æ±éšãŠãŒã°èª]]ãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯[[挢æ°æ]]ã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯[[挢èª]]ã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ãã[[ã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæ]]ã®[[èšé«èª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããã
䜿çšãã[[æå]]ã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸã[[ææ³]]ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ããã[[ããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæå]]ãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãã[[ãã³ãã£ãŒèª]]ãš[[ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæå]]ãçšãã[[ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãã[[ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒèª]]ã¯ã[[ãã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèª]]ãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯[[æ¹èšé£ç¶äœ]]ãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã
== 話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ ==
=== æ¯èªè©±è
çµ±èšã§èŠã話è
æ° ===
{{main|æ¯èªè©±è
ã®æ°ãå€ãèšèªã®äžèŠ§}}
äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãã[[ãšã¹ãããŒã°]]第21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!1äœ
|[[äžåœèª]]||13å人
|{{Plainlist|
*{{PRC}}
*{{ROC}}
*{{MYS}}
*{{SIN}}}}
|-
!2äœ
|[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]||5å7700äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{ESP}}
*{{MEX}}
*{{ARG}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!3äœ
|[[ãã³ãã£ãŒèª]]||4å9000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{IND}}
*{{FJI}}
}}
|-
!4äœ
|[[è±èª]]||3å3500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{USA}}
*{{UK}}
*{{AUS}}
*{{CAN}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!5äœ
|[[ãã«ãã¬ã«èª]]||2å5000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{POR}}
*{{BRA}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!6äœ
|[[ãã³ã¬ã«èª]]||2å4300äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{BAN}}
*{{IND}}
}}
|-
!7äœ
|[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]||2å3500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{EGY}}
*{{KSA}}
*{{IRQ}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!8äœ
|[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]
|2å3000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{FRA}}
*{{BEL}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!9äœ
|[[ãã·ã¢èª]]||1å8000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{RUS}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!10äœ
|[[ãã€ãèª]]
|1å3000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{GER}}
*{{AUT}}
*{{ SUI}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!11äœ
|[[æ¥æ¬èª]]||1å2700äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{JPN}}
*{{PLW}}}}
|-
!12äœ
|[[ãã«ã³èª]]
|8800äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{TUR}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!13äœ
|[[æé®®èª]]
|8250äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{KOR}}
*{{PRK}}
*{{PRC}} (延蟺)}}
|-
!14äœ
|[[ãžã£ã¯èª]]
|7500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{IDN}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!15äœ
|[[ã©ãã³ããŒèª]]||4200äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{PAK}}ãªã©
}}
|}
=== æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ãšç·è©±è
æ°ã®å·® ===
äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯[[äžåœèª]]ã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯[[äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœ]]ãš[[äžè¯æ°åœ]]ãããã«[[ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«]]ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ãã[[æ®é話]]ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã
äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]ã§ãããããã¯[[ãšãŒããã倧éž]]ã®[[ã¹ãã€ã³]]ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã[[17äžçŽ]]ã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ãã[[æ°å€§éž]]ã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠã[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ããã³[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®[[ãã«ãã¬ã«èª]]åãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯[[ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã
äžèšã®è³æã§[[è±èª]]ã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯[[ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœ]]ã[[ã€ã®ãªã¹]]ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã
è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã[[17äžçŽ]]ãã[[19äžçŽ]]ãŸã§[[西æŽ]]ã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ã<ref>ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp196ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡</ref>[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã
話è
æ°7äœã®[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ãåºãå
±éèšèªåãæã€èšèªã§ãããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯[[ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³]]ã®èšèªãšããŠ[[ã€ã¹ã©ã ]]åå
šåã«äœ¿çšè
ãããããšãã«[[åã¢ããªã«]]ãã[[äžæ±]]ã«ãããŠæ¯èªè©±è
ãå€ãããå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯23ã«åœã«ã®ãŒã£ãŠããŠãã²ãšã€ã®[[ã¢ã©ã]]æååã圢æããŠããããã ããããæèªã§ãã[[ãã¹ããŒ]]ãšå£èªã§ãã[[ã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€]]ã«åãããŠãããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã¯ããã«å€æ°ã®æ¹èšã«ããããŠããã
[[åœéé£å|åœé£]]ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã[[ãã·ã¢èª]]ãäžåœèªã[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]ã[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯[[å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒ]]ã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ãã<ref>ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp209-210ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡</ref>ã
=== èšèªãšåœå®¶ ===
èšèªã¯[[åœå®¶]]ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããã[[ã«ãã]]ã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãã[[ãã«ã®ãŒ]]ã«ããã[[ãªã©ã³ãèª]]ãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°[[èšèªæŠäº]]ãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªãã[[æ±ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®ããã«ã[[西ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠ[[ãã³ã¬ã«èª]]ãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«[[ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥]]ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸããã<ref>倧æ©æ£æãæå±±çåŒç·šèã2003幎8æ8æ¥åç第1å·ãããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãç¥ãããã®60ç« ãp58ãæç³æžåº </ref>ã
ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯[[1970幎]]ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠ[[ãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœ]]ã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœ]]ã[[ãã€ãèªå
±åäœ]]ã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ã<ref>ãç©èªããã«ã®ãŒã®æŽå²ãp179ãæŸå°Ÿç§åãäžå
¬æ°æžã2014幎8æ25æ¥</ref>ãå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯[[ã¹ã€ã¹]]ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§[[ãã€ãèª]]ã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã[[1848幎]]ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»[[ã€ã¿ãªã¢èª]]ã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªã<ref>ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp86ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡</ref><ref name="ååãªã-3">森ç°å®äžãç©èªãã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãäžå
¬æ°æžãp198ã2000幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ãããã«[[1938幎]]ã«ã¯[[ããã³ã·ã¥èª]]ã[[åœèª]]ãšããã<ref>ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp111ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡</ref><ref name="ååãªã-3"/>ããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯[[ã€ã³ã]]ã§ããã[[1956幎]]以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠãã<ref>å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp123 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560</ref>ã
=== å
¬çšèªãå
±éèªãæ°æèª ===
{{seealso|å
¬çšèªã®äžèŠ§}}
åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ã[[å
¬çšèª]]-[[å
±éèª]]-æ°æèªïŒéšæèªã[[æ¹èš]]ïŒã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã
[[æ¥æ¬]]ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšããããã[[æšæºèª]]ã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ããã[[ã¢ããªã«å€§éž]]ã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§[[å®äž»åœ]]ã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡[[æè²]]ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠããã[[éŠéœ]]ãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšãã<ref>ãã¢ããªã«ã®ããšã°ãšç€ŸäŒãå€èšèªç¶æ³ãçãããšããããšãpp18-21ã梶èæš¹ã»ç é幞çšç·šèãäžå
瀟ã2009幎4æ30æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
== èšèªã®çç©åŠ ==
{{main|å¿çèšèªåŠ}}
{{main|ç¥çµèšèªåŠ}}
èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®'''å¿çåŠçç 究'''ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåãã'''[[è³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°]]ç 究'''ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã
=== èšèªã«é¢ããè³ã®é å ===
å€å
žçãª[[ãããŒã«é|ãããŒã«é å]]ã[[ãŠã§ã«ããã±é|ãŠã§ã«ããã±é å]]ã®ã»ãã[[å€åŽæº|ã·ã«ãŽã£ãŠã¹è£]]ãå²ãåºãç¯å²ïŒ[[çžäžå]]ã[[è§å]]ã[[äžæ¬¡èŽèŠé|äžæ¬¡ã»äºæ¬¡èŽèŠé]]ã[[äžæ¬¡éåé]]ã[[äœæ§æèŠé]]ãå·Š[[åé åé]]ãå·Š[[äžåŽé å]]ïŒã«ããã£ãŠãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§åéšãæå·ããããšãããããéã£ãã¿ã€ãã®[[倱èª]]ãåºçŸãããäŸãã°å·Šåé åéä»è¿ã®æå·ã§çãããããŒã«å€±èªã¯éå倱èªã§ãããèªçºèªã¯é[[æµæ¢æ§]]ãšãªã埩å±ãæžåãé害ããããå·Š[[åŽé è]]ä»è¿ã®é害ã§çãããŠã§ã«ããã±å€±èªã¯æèŠå€±èªã§ããèªçºèªã¯æµæ¢ã§ããããèšèªç解ã埩å±ãé害ãããæåã«ããèšèªç解ãäžè¯ã§ããã
ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯'''å·Šåçåªäœ'''ã§ãããããã声ã®ææïŒãããœãã£ïŒã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯'''å³åçåªäœ'''ã§ãããšèšãããŠããã
'''æåã®èªè'''ã«ã¯å·Š[[玡éç¶å]]ãäžã»[[äžåŸé å]]ãé¢äžãããã挢åïŒè¡šææåïŒãšã²ãããªïŒè¡šé³æåïŒã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã
=== ããã®çºéã«ãããèšèªæ©èœã®ç²åŸ ===
ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ã[[èªåé害]]ã[[ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀]]ã[[èªéç]]ãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšãã[[çåŸè«]]ãšããèããååšããã
æè¿ã®[[è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³]]ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã
== è泚 ==
{{è泚ãã«ã}}
=== 泚é ===
{{Notelist}}
=== åºå
ž ===
{{Reflist|2}}
== é¢é£é
ç® ==
* [[ç¹å¥:æ€çŽ¢/intitle:èšèª|ãèšèªããå«ãèšäºåã®äžèŠ§]]
* [[èšè]]
* [[èšèªåŠ]]
** [[çè«èšèªåŠ]] - [[瀟äŒèšèªåŠ]]ã»[[:Category:瀟äŒèšèªåŠ]] - [[é³å£°åŠ]]
** [[æŽå²èšèªåŠ]]ã»[[:Category:æŽå²èšèªåŠ]]
** [[å¿çšèšèªåŠ]]
** [[åå¥èšèªåŠ]]
* [[èšèªå]]
* [[èšèéã³]]
* [[èšèªèŽèŠçæ³]]
* {{ill2|åç©ã®èšèª|en|Animal language}}
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
{{Wiktionary|èšèª}}
{{Commons|Language}}
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèª}}ãç¥çµç§åŠã®ç«å Žããã®è§£èª¬ã
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèªèµ·æº|nolink=yes}}
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèªé²å|nolink=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030194958/http://encarta.msn.com/medias_761570647/Language.html MSN Encarta â Multimedia â Language] - [[ãŠã§ã€ããã¯ãã·ã³]]ïŒ2009幎10æ30æ¥ã¢ãŒã«ã€ãåïŒ{{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061227193537/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2098.html CIA â The World Factbook â Field Listing â Languages]{{ãªã³ã¯åã|date=2020幎6æ}}{{en icon}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue, Languages of the World]{{en icon}}
* {{Kotobank}}
{{Spedia|Language|Language}}
{{Normdaten}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ããã}}
[[Category:èšèª|*]]
[[Category:èšèªåŠ]]
[[Category:æ°æ]]
<!--[[tlh:Hol]]--> | [] | 102,059,746 | [
"http://www.jsik.jp/?plugin=attach&refer=TableofContents1&openfile=KJ00002113963.pdf",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586359?dopt=Abstract",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4PXN9TN-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0483b7dff86f2405ff5f39185950aa9e",
"https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3024935",
"https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2691446?pid=5282181",
"https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2783379",
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315#identifiers",
"https://archive.org/details/GrayFoundationsOfLanguage1939/mode/2up",
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Language?uselang=ja",
"https://bsd.neuroinf.jp/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E",
"https://bsd.neuroinf.jp/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90",
"https://bsd.neuroinf.jp/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20091030194958/http://encarta.msn.com/medias_761570647/Language.html",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20061227193537/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2098.html",
"http://www.ethnologue.com/",
"//kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E",
"http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language",
"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120423179",
"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120423179",
"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056449-6",
"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555618705171",
"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074518",
"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048532&P_CON_LNG=ENG",
"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562332",
"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114818&CON_LNG=ENG",
"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117210&CON_LNG=ENG"
] | 0 | 40,257 | 3,219 | [
"ISBNããžãã¯ãªã³ã¯ã䜿çšããŠããããŒãž",
"å€éšãªã³ã¯ããªã³ã¯åãã«ãªã£ãŠããèšäº/2020幎6æ",
"BNFèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"BNFdataèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"GNDèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"J9Uèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"LCCNèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"LNBèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"NDLèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"NKCèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"èšèª",
"èšèªåŠ",
"æ°æ"
] | [
"ã¹ããŒãã®å·»ç©",
"èšèªäžæ¢",
"åç©ã®èšèª",
"17äžçŽ",
"1848幎",
"1938幎",
"1939幎",
"1956幎",
"1970幎",
"1970幎代",
"1979幎",
"19äžçŽ",
"2006幎",
"2010幎",
"2äžçŽ",
"FOXP2",
"LGBTQèšèªåŠ",
"ã¢ã€ã³ã³",
"ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèª",
"ã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£",
"ã¢ããªã«å€§éž",
"ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœ",
"ã¢ã©ãã¢èª",
"ã¢ã©ã",
"ã¢ã«ãŒã³ãã³",
"ã¢ã«ããã¢èª",
"ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èª",
"ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶",
"ã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€",
"ã€ã®ãªã¹",
"ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«",
"ã€ã¹ã©ã ",
"ã€ã¿ãªã¢èª",
"ã€ã©ã¯",
"ã€ã³ã",
"ã€ã³ããã·ã¢",
"ãŠã£ã¯ã·ã§ããªãŒ",
"ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀",
"ãŠã§ã€ããã¯ãã·ã³",
"ãŠã§ã«ããã±é",
"ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæå",
"ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒèª",
"ãšãžãã",
"ãšã¹ãããŒã°",
"ãšã¹ãã©ã³ã",
"ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³",
"ãªã©ã³ãèª",
"ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢",
"ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢",
"ã«ãã",
"ã®ãªã·ã£èª",
"ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³",
"ã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèª",
"ã¯ãã¢ãã¢",
"ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª",
"ã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠ",
"ã³ããã³ã¯",
"ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³",
"ãµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢",
"ãµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèª",
"ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«",
"ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªã",
"ãžã£ã¯èª",
"ã¹ã€ã¹",
"ã¹ã«ã©ãŒããã£ã¢",
"ã¹ããŒã",
"ã¹ãã€ã³",
"ã¹ãã€ã³èª",
"ã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸ",
"ã»ã«ãã¢",
"ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª",
"ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ã",
"ã»ã«ãã¢èª",
"ã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæ",
"ããªãã£ã¯ã«ã³",
"ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»",
"ãã¬ã",
"ãã³ããŒã¯",
"ããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæå",
"ãã«ã³",
"ãã«ã³èª",
"ãé³èšå·",
"ãã€ã",
"ãã€ãèª",
"ãã€ãèªå
±åäœ",
"ãã«ã©ã°ã¢",
"ãã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話",
"ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äºº",
"ãã«ãèªæŽŸ",
"ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥",
"ããã¹ã¿ã³",
"ãã©ãª",
"ãã¬ã¹ãã",
"ãããŒã«",
"ãã³ãã£ãŒèª",
"ãã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèª",
"ããžã³èšèª",
"ãã£ãžãŒ",
"ãã§ã«ãã£ãã³ã»ãã»ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«",
"ãã¹ããŒ",
"ãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœ",
"ãã©ã³ã¹",
"ãã©ã³ã¹èª",
"ãã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœ",
"ãã©ãžã«",
"ãããŒã«é",
"ããã©ã€èª",
"ãã«ã®ãŒ",
"ãã³ã¬ã«èª",
"ãã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãã",
"ãã¹ãã¢èª",
"ããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãž",
"ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩",
"ãã«ãã¬ã«",
"ãã«ãã¬ã«èª",
"ãã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢",
"ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢",
"ã¡ãã·ã³",
"ã¢ã³ããã°ã",
"ã¢ã³ããã°ãèª",
"ãŠãã€äºº",
"ãŠãŒã°æ",
"ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢",
"ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäº",
"ãšãŒããã倧éž",
"ã©ãžãª",
"ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«",
"ã©ãã³èª",
"ã©ãã³ããŒèª",
"ã©ã³ã°",
"ã«ãŒããã¢èª",
"ãã°ã©ã³",
"ãã·ã¢",
"ãã·ã¢èª",
"ããã³ã·ã¥èª",
"äžæ¬¡èŽèŠé",
"äžæ¬¡éåé",
"äžçå ",
"äžæµ·èª",
"äžåŽé å",
"äžçã®äžäœå",
"äžäž",
"äžåœèª",
"äžæ±",
"äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœ",
"äžè¯æ°åœ",
"人工èšèª",
"äººæ Œ",
"人é",
"人é¡",
"人é¡ã®é²å",
"仮説",
"äœæ§æèŠé",
"äœç³»",
"åå¥èšèª",
"åå¥èšèªåŠ",
"åçšèª",
"åŽé è",
"å
é²åœ",
"å
¬çšèª",
"å
¬çšèªã®äžèŠ§",
"å
񂊦",
"å
žç€Œèšèª",
"ååçç©åŠ",
"åé åé",
"åç©ã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³",
"ååŠåŒ",
"åã¢ããªã«",
"åã¢ã¡ãªã«",
"å京èª",
"åã¢ã¡ãªã«",
"å°å·",
"å±æ©èšèª",
"å£èª",
"å£é èšèª",
"å€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èª",
"å€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èª",
"å²åŠè
",
"å³åœ¢",
"åœå®¶",
"åœæ°åœå®¶",
"åœèª",
"åœéé£å",
"å£ç»",
"声",
"å€åŽæº",
"倧è³",
"倧èŸæ³",
"倧éæ°åœ",
"倱èª",
"å€ç«ããèšèª",
"å€ç«èª",
"å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒ",
"å®äž»åœ",
"å®æ",
"å®ææ¹é©",
"察ç
§èšèªåŠ",
"察矩èª",
"å±æèª",
"差延",
"åºæ±èª",
"åºçŸ©",
"åºèŸè",
"圢åŒèšèª",
"圢æ
è«",
"å¿çèšèªåŠ",
"å¿çšèšèªåŠ",
"ææ³",
"æè",
"æå³",
"æå³è«_(èšèªåŠ)",
"æå¿",
"ææ
",
"æ¹å€",
"æœè±¡å",
"æå
ž",
"æè²",
"æå",
"æå",
"æåèšèª",
"ææ³",
"æç« èª",
"æèª",
"æ°å€§éž",
"æ¹èš",
"æ¹èšåŠ",
"æ¹èšé£ç¶äœ",
"æ¥æ¬",
"æ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæž",
"æ¥æ¬æ話",
"æ¥æ¬èª",
"æ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話",
"æ®é話",
"æ®éææ³",
"æžèšèšèª",
"æé®®æ°äž»äž»çŸ©äººæ°å
±ååœ",
"æé®®èª",
"æ±ããã¹ã¿ã³",
"æšæºèª",
"æŽå²èšèªåŠ",
"æ»èª_(èšèª)",
"æ¯èª",
"æ¯èªè©±è
ã®æ°ãå€ãèšèªã®äžèŠ§",
"æ¯èŒèšèªåŠ",
"æ³èšèªåŠ",
"æµæ¢æ§",
"æ··æèšèª",
"挢æ°æ",
"挢èª",
"ç¬ç«èšèª",
"ç矩",
"çè«èšèªåŠ",
"çããŠããåç³",
"çåŸè«",
"çæææ³",
"çç©åŠ",
"çç©èšèªåŠ",
"瀟äŒèšèªåŠ",
"ç¥èª",
"ç¥çµèšèªåŠ",
"ç©åèšå·",
"玡éç¶å",
"çµ±èªè«",
"çžäžå",
"èœå",
"è³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°",
"è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž",
"è çèª",
"èªç¶èšèª",
"èªéç",
"è±èª",
"è±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©",
"è¡çº",
"è€æ°äžå¿å°èšèª",
"西ããã¹ã¿ã³",
"西æŽ",
"èŠå",
"èŠèŠèšèª",
"è§å",
"èšè",
"èšèéã³",
"èšèªã®äžèŠ§",
"èšèªã®èµ·æº",
"èšèªäººé¡åŠ",
"èšèªå",
"èšèªå°çåŠ",
"èšèªå€å",
"èšèªåŠ",
"èšèªåŠå€§èŸå
ž",
"èšèªåŠè
ã®äžèŠ§",
"èšèªå¹Žä»£åŠ",
"èšèªæŠäº",
"èšèªæ¥è§Š",
"èšèªæ¶æ»
",
"èšèªç²åŸ",
"èšèªç³»çµ±è«",
"èšèªèŽèŠçæ³",
"èšèªé£å",
"èšèªé¡åè«",
"èšç®èšèªåŠ",
"èšéèšèªåŠ",
"èšå·",
"èªç¥èšèªåŠ",
"èª",
"èªåœ",
"èªæ",
"èªæã®äžèŠ§",
"èªæŽŸ",
"èªçšè«",
"èªåé害",
"è¿ä»£",
"è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³",
"éºäŒå",
"éå£",
"é³å£°",
"é³å£°åŠ",
"é³å£°èšèª",
"é³é»",
"é³é»è«",
"éŠéœ",
"æœè±¡èšå·",
"æåè¡šçŸ",
"éæåè¡šçŸ",
"èšèªè¡šçŸ",
"æåèšå·",
"ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€",
"西éšãŠãŒã°èª",
"æ±éšãŠãŒã°èª",
"èšé«èª",
"äžåŸé å",
"Category:å€éšãªã³ã¯ããªã³ã¯åãã«ãªã£ãŠããèšäº/2020幎6æ",
"Category:BNFèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:BNFdataèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:GNDèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:J9Uèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:LCCNèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:LNBèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:NDLèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:NKCèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº",
"Category:æŽå²èšèªåŠ",
"Category:瀟äŒèšèªåŠ",
"Category:èšèªåŠ",
"Template:èšèªåŠ",
"Wikipedia:åºå
žãæèšãã",
"Help:å
žæ 管ç",
"Help:è泚/èªè
åã",
"Portal:èšèªåŠ",
"TemplateâããŒã:èšèªåŠ"
] | 0.000007 | null | null |
|
{
"_type": "_doc",
"_id": "100"
} | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | ["Template:Redirect","Template:Dablink","Template:Hatnote","Template:Hatnote/styles.css","Template:S(...TRUNCATED) | wikitext | jawiki | "ã€ã³ããã·ã¢å
±ååœ Republik Indonesia åœã®æšèªïŒBhinneka Tunggal lka å€ãžã£ã¯èª:(...TRUNCATED) | ["æµ·ã®ã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã¯ãã€ã³ããšã€ã³ããã·ã¢ãæ¥ç¶ããã","18äžçŽã®ãã¿(...TRUNCATED) | ja | ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ | 100 | 2003-01-31T11:40:02 | ["classification.ores.articletopic/Geography.Regions.Asia.Southeast_Asia|932","classification.ores.a(...TRUNCATED) | "ã€ã³ããã·ã¢å
±ååœ Republik Indonesia åœã®æšèªïŒBhinneka Tunggal lka å€ãžã£ã¯èª:(...TRUNCATED) | ãããšããã | 2024-09-29T15:57:34 | [{"namespace":0,"title":"ã€ã³ããã·ã¢å
±ååœ"},{"namespace":0,"title":"ã€ã³ããã·ã¢è«ž(...TRUNCATED) | Q252 | ["åœå","åœæ","æŽå²","ç³åšæ代","çåœæ代","ãªã©ã³ã統治éå§","ç¬ç«éå",(...TRUNCATED) | "{{redirect|ã€ã³ããã·ã¢å
±ååœ|1949幎ãã1950幎ã«ãããŠååšããã€ã³ããã·(...TRUNCATED) | [{"country":"ID","coord":{"lon":106.82833333333333,"lat":-6.175},"globe":"earth","name":"ã€ã³ã(...TRUNCATED) | 102,028,054 | ["https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html","http://data.u(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | 128,049 | 10,410 | ["ãµã€ãºã«äœåãªpxãå«ãŸããç»åãæå®ãããŠããããŒãž","å€éšãªã³ã¯ã(...TRUNCATED) | ["ãã¢ã«ãã»ã¢ãã³","ãã³ãã³ã»ã¹ãµãã£ãš","ã©ã»ãã£ãã©ã»ããã¿ãªã(...TRUNCATED) | 0.000031 | null | null |
|
{
"_type": "_doc",
"_id": "10000"
} | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | ["Template:幎代ãã","Template:Infobox","Template:Year-definition","Template:Beginning-dow-of-ye(...TRUNCATED) | wikitext | jawiki | "1726幎ïŒ1726 ããïŒã¯ã西æŠïŒã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠïŒã«ãããç«ææ¥ããå§ãŸãå¹³(...TRUNCATED) | ["å幎çŽ: 2åå¹ŽçŽ äžçŽ: 17äžçŽ - 18äžçŽ - 19äžçŽ å幎çŽ: 1700幎代 1710幎代 1720(...TRUNCATED) | ja | 1726幎 | 10,000 | 2003-06-13T23:33:59 | [
"classification.ores.articletopic/History and Society.History|640"
] | "1726幎ïŒ1726 ããïŒã¯ã西æŠïŒã°ã¬ãŽãªãªæŠïŒã«ãããç«ææ¥ããå§ãŸãå¹³(...TRUNCATED) | 1726ãã | 2021-04-03T02:45:08 | [] | Q6936 | [
"ä»ã®çŽå¹Žæ³",
"ã«ã¬ã³ããŒ",
"ã§ãããš",
"èªç",
"æ»å»",
"é¢é£é
ç®"
] | "{{幎代ãã|1726}}\n{{year-definition|1726}}\n\n== ä»ã®çŽå¹Žæ³ ==\n{{ä»ã®çŽå¹Žæ³}}\n* [[(...TRUNCATED) | [] | 82,794,026 | [
"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1726?uselang=ja"
] | 0 | 1,750 | 782 | [
"åºå
žãå¿
èŠãšããèšè¿°ã®ããèšäº/2021幎4æ",
"1726幎"
] | ["Category:åºå
žãå¿
èŠãšããèšè¿°ã®ããèšäº/2021幎4æ","Category:1726幎没","Categor(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | null | null |
|
{
"_type": "_doc",
"_id": "1000000"
} | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | ["Template:äžçéºç£æŠèŠè¡š","Template:Infobox","Template:Ifempty","Template:PAGENAMEBASE","Tem(...TRUNCATED) | wikitext | jawiki | "ã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®é²å¡ç·ïŒã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®ãŒãããããïŒã¯ããªã©ã³ã(...TRUNCATED) | ["ããŒã«ãã³ã®èŠå¡ è±å Dutch Water Defence Lines ä»å Lignes dâeau de défense hollan(...TRUNCATED) | ja | ã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®é²å¡ç· | 1,000,000 | 2007-05-07T13:45:35 | ["classification.ores.articletopic/Geography.Regions.Europe.Western Europe|755","classification.ores(...TRUNCATED) | "ã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®é²å¡ç·ïŒã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®ãŒãããããïŒã¯ããªã©ã³ã(...TRUNCATED) | ããããŠãããã®ã»ããããã | 2022-12-15T06:01:49 | [
{
"namespace": 0,
"title": "ã¢ã ã¹ãã«ãã ã®ãã£ãã§ã³ã¹ã»ã©ã€ã³"
}
] | Q855003 | ["æ©èœ","建é ","éå¶","é²å¡ç·ã®42ã®èŠå¡","åéšåç·","å西éšåç·","西éšåç·(...TRUNCATED) | "{{äžçéºç£æŠèŠè¡š\n|site_img = File:Naarden kl Bijgewerkt.jpg\n|site_img_capt = ããŒã«ã(...TRUNCATED) | [] | 92,908,123 | ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855003#identifiers","https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/759/","https://(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | 6,118 | 28 | ["VIAFèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèšäº","ãªã©ã³ãã®èŠå¡","äžçéºç£ ãè¡","ãªã©(...TRUNCATED) | ["ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«:Location_map/data/Netherlands","Category:VIAFèå¥åãæå®ãããŠããèš(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | null | null |
|
{
"_type": "_doc",
"_id": "1000003"
} | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | ["Template:äžçéºç£æŠèŠè¡š","Template:Infobox","Template:Ifempty","Template:PAGENAMEBASE","Tem(...TRUNCATED) | wikitext | jawiki | "ããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒå¹²æå°ã¯ããªã©ã³ãå西éšåãã©ã³ãå·ã®éœåžããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒ(...TRUNCATED) | ["1869幎ã®ããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒã®å°å³ãå¹²æåœæã®åºç»ãã¯ã£ãããšããã è±å Dr(...TRUNCATED) | ja | ããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒå¹²æå° | 1,000,003 | 2007-05-07T13:47:38 | ["classification.ores.articletopic/Culture.Visual_arts.Architecture|615","classification.ores.articl(...TRUNCATED) | "ããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒå¹²æå°ã¯ããªã©ã³ãå西éšåãã©ã³ãå·ã®éœåžããŒã ã¹ã¿ãŒ(...TRUNCATED) | ãžãããããããããã¡ | 2023-10-12T04:56:09 | [] | Q9900 | [
"äœçœ®",
"ç»é²åºæº"
] | "{{äžçéºç£æŠèŠè¡š\n|site_img = File:Gem-Beemster-OpenTopo.jpg\n|site_img_capt = 1869幎ã®ã(...TRUNCATED) | [] | 97,370,003 | ["https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/899/","https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria","https://commons.wikimed(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | 2,459 | 27 | ["ãªã©ã³ãã®äžçéºç£","äžçéºç£ ã¯è¡","åæšå²","1999幎ç»é²ã®äžçéºç£","ç£(...TRUNCATED) | ["Template:äžçéºç£æŠèŠè¡š","Template:ãªã©ã³ãã®äžçéºç£","Ir.D.F.ãŽã¡ãŠããã(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | null | null |
End of preview.